Management of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumours

DeMatteo, 2000, Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival, Ann Surg, 231, 51, 10.1097/00000658-200001000-00008 Miettinen, 2001, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors—definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis, Virchows Arch, 438, 1, 10.1007/s004280000338 Fletcher, 2002, Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach, Hum Pathol, 33, 459, 10.1053/hupa.2002.123545 Mazur, 1983, Gastric stromal tumors: reappraisal of histogenesis, Am J Surg Pathol, 7, 507, 10.1097/00000478-198309000-00001 Hirota, 1998, Gain-of-function mutations of c-KIT in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Science, 279, 577, 10.1126/science.279.5350.577 Clary, 2001, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcoma of the abdomen and retroperitoneum: a clinical comparison, Ann Surg Oncol, 8, 290, 10.1007/s10434-001-0290-3 Nishida, 1998, Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumours with germline mutation of the KIT gene, Nat Genet, 19, 323, 10.1038/1209 Beghini, 2001, Germline mutation in the juxtamembrane domain of the KIT gene in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and urticaria pigmentosa, Cancer, 92, 657, 10.1002/1097-0142(20010801)92:3<657::AID-CNCR1367>3.0.CO;2-D Maeyama, 2001, Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor with hyperpigmentation: association with a germline mutation of the c-kit gene, Gastroenterology, 120, 210, 10.1053/gast.2001.20880 Carney, 1999, Gastric stromal sarcoma, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (Carney triad): natural history, adrenocortical component, and possible familial occurrence, Mayo Clin Proc, 74, 543, 10.4065/74.6.543 Ishida, 1996, Multiple small intestinal stromal tumors with skeinoid fibers in association with neurofibromatosis 1 (von Reclinghausen's disease), Pathol Int, 46, 689, 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03673.x Emory, 1999, Prognosis of gastrointestinal smooth-muscle (stromal) tumors, Am J Surg Pathol, 23, 82, 10.1097/00000478-199901000-00009 Strickland, 2001, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Cancer Control, 8, 252, 10.1177/107327480100800305 Pidhorecky, 2000, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management, Ann Surg Oncol, 7, 705, 10.1007/s10434-000-0705-6 Nishida, 2000, Biological and clinical review of stromal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, Histol Histopathol, 15, 1293 Crosby, 2001, Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the small intestine: a review of 50 cases from a prospective database, Ann Surg Oncol, 8, 50, 10.1007/s10434-001-0050-4 Catena, 2000, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: experience of an emergency surgery department, Dig Surg, 17, 503, 10.1159/000051948 Rudolph, 1998, Immunophenotype, proliferation, DNA ploidy, and biological behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a multivariate clinicopathologic study, Hum Pathol, 29, 791, 10.1016/S0046-8177(98)90447-6 Plaat, 2000, Soft tissue leiomyosarcomas and malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: differences in clinical outcome and expression of multidrug resistance proteins, J Clin Oncol, 18, 3211, 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.18.3211 Fong, 1993, Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults: analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients, Ann Surg, 217, 72, 10.1097/00000658-199301000-00012 Mudan, 2000, Salvage surgery for patients with recurrent gastrointestinal sarcoma: prognostic factors to guide patient selection, Cancer, 83, 66, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000101)88:1<66::AID-CNCR10>3.0.CO;2-0 Miettinen, 1999, Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: recent advances in understanding of their biology, Hum Pathol, 30, 1213, 10.1016/S0046-8177(99)90040-0 Lee, 2001, Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor: immunohistochemical and molecular identity with gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Am J Surg Pathol, 25, 979, 10.1097/00000478-200108000-00001 Kindblom, 1998, Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT): gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the intestinal cells of Cajal, Am J Pathol, 152, 1259 Heinrich, 2002, Inhibition of KIT tyrosine kinase activity: a novel molecular approach to the treatment of KIT-positive malignancies, J Clin Oncol, 20, 1692, 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1692 Hornick, 2002, Immunohistochemical staining for KIT (CD117) in soft tissue sarcomas is very limited in distribution, Am J Clin Pathol, 117, 188, 10.1309/LX9U-F7P0-UWDH-8Y6R Lecoin, 1996, Origin of the c-kit positive intestinal cells in the avian bowel, Development, 122, 725, 10.1242/dev.122.3.725 Sakurai, 1999, Embryonic form of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (Seenb/MCH-B) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor and intestitial cells of Cajal, Am J Pathol, 154, 23, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65246-7 Miettinen, 1999, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors/GISTs in the omentum and mesentery: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases, Am J Surg Pathol, 23, 1109, 10.1097/00000478-199909000-00015 Reith, 2000, Extragastrointestinal (soft tissue) stromal tumors: an analysis of 48 cases with emphasis on histologic predictors of outcome, Mod Pathol, 13, 77, 10.1038/modpathol.3880099 Sakurai, 2001, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and KIT-positive mesenchymal cells in the omentum, Pathol Int, 51, 524, 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01224.x Vanderwinden, 2000, CD34 immunoreactivity and interstitial cells of Cajal in the human and mouse gastrointestinal tract, Cell Tissue Res, 302, 145, 10.1007/s004410000264 Chak, 1997, Endosonographic differentiation of benign and malignant stromal cell tumors, Gastrointest Endosc, 45, 468, 10.1016/S0016-5107(97)70175-5 Wieczorek, 2001, Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with emphasis on the differential diagnosis with leiomyosarcoma, Cancer, 93, 276, 10.1002/cncr.9042 Bonavina, 1995, Surgical therapy of esophageal leiomyoma, J Am Coll Surg, 181, 257 Sanders, 1996, Gastric smooth muscle tumors: diagnostic dilemmas and factors affecting outcome, World J Surg, 20, 992, 10.1007/s002689900150 Miettinen, 2002, Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review, Hum Pathol, 33, 478, 10.1053/hupa.2002.124123 Ng, 1992, Prognostic factors influencing survival in gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas, Ann Surg, 215, 68, 10.1097/00000658-199201000-00010 Chou, 1996, Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: analysis of prognostic factors, Surgery, 119, 171, 10.1016/S0039-6060(96)80165-6 Taniguchi, 1999, Effect of c-kit mutation on prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Cancer Res, 59, 4297 Conlon, 1995, Primary gastrointestinal sarcomas: analysis of prognostic variables, Ann Surg Oncol, 2, 26, 10.1007/BF02303698 Evans, 1985, Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a study of 56 cases followed for a minimum of 10 years, Cancer, 56, 2242, 10.1002/1097-0142(19851101)56:9<2242::AID-CNCR2820560918>3.0.CO;2-5 Dougherty, 1991, Sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract: separation into favorable and unfavorable prognostic groups by mitotic count, Ann Surg, 214, 569, 10.1097/00000658-199111000-00006 Heinrich, 2002, Biology and genetic aspects of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: KIT activation and cytogenetic alterations, Hum Pathol, 33, 484, 10.1053/hupa.2002.124124 Spritz, 1994, A YAC contig spaning a cluster of human type III receptor protein tyrosine kinase genes (PDGFRA-KIT-KDR) in chromosome segment 4q12, Genomics, 22, 431, 10.1006/geno.1994.1405 Yarden, 1988, Human proto-oncogene c-KIT: a new cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase for an unidentified ligand, EMBO J, 6, 3341, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02655.x Broudy, 1997, Stem cell factor and hematopoiesis, Blood, 90, 1345, 10.1182/blood.V90.4.1345 Weiler, 1996, JAK2 is associated with the c-kit proto-oncogene product and is phosphorylated in response to stem cell factor, Blood, 87, 3688, 10.1182/blood.V87.9.3688.bloodjournal8793688 Hemesath, 1998, MAP kinase links the transcription factor microphthalmia to c-kit signalling in melanocytes, Nature, 391, 298, 10.1038/34681 Brizzi, 1999, STAT protein recruitment and activation in c-kit deletion mutants, J Biol Chem, 274, 16965, 10.1074/jbc.274.24.16965 Heinrich, 2000, Inhibition of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase by STI571, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Blood, 96, 925, 10.1182/blood.V96.3.925 Tsuura, 1994, Preferential localization of c-kit product in tissue mast cells, basal cells of skin, epithelial cells of breast, small cell lung carcinoma, and seminoma/dysgerminoma in humans: immunohistochemical study of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, Virchows Arch, 424, 135, 10.1007/BF00193492 Arber, 1998, Paraffin section detection of the c-kit gene product (CD117) in human tissues: value in the diagnosis of mast cell disorders, Hum Pathol, 28, 498, 10.1016/S0046-8177(98)90066-1 Rubin, 2001, KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Cancer Res, 61, 8118 Kitayama, 1996, Neoplastic transformation of normal hematopoietic cells by constitutively activating mutations of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase, Blood, 88, 995, 10.1182/blood.V88.3.995.995 Kitamura, 1998, Molecular pathology of c-KIT proto-oncogene and development of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Ann Chir Gynaecol, 87, 282 Corless, 2002, KIT mutations are common in incidental gastrointestinal stromal tumors one centimeter or less in size, Am J Pathol, 160, 1567, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61103-0 Heinrich, 2002, KIT mutational status predicts clinical response to STI571 in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 21, 2a Lasota, 1999, Mutations in exon 11 of c-kit occur preferentially in malignant versus benign gastrointestinal stromal tumors and do not occur in leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas, Am J Pathol, 154, 53, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65250-9 Andersson, 2002, The complexity of KIT mutations and chromosome rearrangements and their clinical correlations in gastrointestinal stromal (pacemaker cell) tumors, Am J Pathol, 160, 15, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64343-X Lux, 2000, KIT extracellular and kinase domain mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Am J Pathol, 156, 791, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64946-2 Lasota, 2000, Mutations in exons 9 and 13 of KIT gene are rare events in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 200 cases, Am J Pathol, 157, 1091, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64623-8 Fukasawa, 2000, Allelic loss of 14q and 22q, NF mutation, and genetic instability occur independently of c-kit mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Jpn J Cancer Res, 91, 1241, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00910.x El-Rifai, 1996, DNA copy number losses in chromosome 14: an early change in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Cancer Res, 56, 3230 Allander, 2001, Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with KIT mutations exhibit a remarkably homogeneous gene expression profile, Cancer Res, 61, 8624 DeMatteo, 2002, Clinical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: before and after STI571, Hum Pathol, 33, 466, 10.1053/hupa.2002.124122 Karakousis, 1992, Surgery for disseminated abdominal sarcoma, Am J Surg, 163, 560, 10.1016/0002-9610(92)90556-7 Chen, 1998, Complete hepatic resection of metastases from leiomyosarcoma prolongs survival, J Gastrointest Surg, 2, 151, 10.1016/S1091-255X(98)80006-1 Zalupski, 1991, Phase III comparison of doxorubicin and dacarbazine given by bolus versus infusion in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group Study, J Natl Cancer Inst, 83, 926, 10.1093/jnci/83.13.926 Edmonson, 1999, Contrast of response to D-MAP plus sargramostin between patients with advanced malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors and patients with other advanced leiomyosarcomas, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 18 Blair, 1994, Ifosfamide and etoposide in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas, Am J Clin Oncol, 17, 480, 10.1097/00000421-199412000-00005 Carroll, 1997, CGP 57148, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits the growth of cells expressing BCR-ABL, TEL-ABL, and TEL-PDGFR fusion proteins, Blood, 90, 4947, 10.1182/blood.V90.12.4947 Druker, 2001, Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia, New Engl J Med, 344, 1031, 10.1056/NEJM200104053441401 Demetri, 2002, Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors, N Engl J Med, 347, 472, 10.1056/NEJMoa020461 Van Oosterom, 2001, Safety and efficacy of imatinib mesylate (STI571) in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a phase I study, Lancet, 358, 1421, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06535-7 Joensuu, 2001, Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor, N Engl J Med, 344, 1052, 10.1056/NEJM200104053441404 Joensuu, 2001, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571) as an anticancer agent for solid tumors, Ann Med, 33, 451, 10.3109/07853890109002093 Van den Abbeele, 2002, 18F-FDG-PET predicts response to imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), Proc Am Assoc Clin Oncol, 21, 403a Gorre, 2001, Clinical resistance to STI571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification, Science, 293, 876, 10.1126/science.1062538 Hirota, 2001, Gain-of-function mutation at the extracellular domain of KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours, J Pathol, 193, 505, 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH818>3.0.CO;2-E