Effects of ionic strength on the size and compactness of chitosan nanoparticles
Tóm tắt
In this work, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate (TPP). The effects of the ionic strength of the solvent employed in the particle preparation on the average size and compactness of the particles were investigated. In addition, the effects of the chitosan concentration and the crosslinker to polymer ratio on the particle characteristics were studied. The chitosan–TPP nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and turbidity measurements. The compactness of the nanoparticles was estimated with a method based on the size of the nanoparticles and the turbidity of the nanoparticle suspension. All the investigated preparation parameters, i.e., the ionic strength of the solvent, the chitosan concentration, and the TPP to chitosan ratio, affected the particle characteristics. For instance, smaller and more compact particles were formed in saline solvents, compared to particles formed in pure water. Further, the addition of monovalent salt rendered it possible to prepare particles in the nanometer size range at a higher polymer concentration. Solvent salinity is thus an important parameter to address in the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles crosslinked with TPP.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Hamman JH (2010) Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs 8(4):1305–1322
Ravi Kumar MNV, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H, Domb AJ (2004) Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 104(12):6017–6084
Anthonsen MW, Smidsrød O (1995) Hydrogen ion titration of chitosans with varying degrees of N-acetylation by monitoring induced 1H-NMR chemical shifts. Carbohyd Polym 26(4):303–305. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(95)00010-5
Park JH, Saravanakumar G, Kim K, Kwon IC (2010) Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. Adv Drug Del Rev 62(1):28–41. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.10.003
Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite RM, Chiellini E (2011) Chitosan—a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 36(8):981–1014. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.001
Illum L (1998) Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharm Res 15(9):1326–1331
Plapied L, Duhem N, des Rieux A, Préat V (2011) Fate of polymeric nanocarriers for oral drug delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 16(3):228–237. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2010.12.005
Lee SJ, Koo H, Jeong H, Huh MS, Choi Y, Jeong SY, Byun Y, Choi K, Kim K, Kwon IC (2011) Comparative study of photosensitizer loaded and conjugated glycol chitosan nanoparticles for cancer therapy. J Contr Release 152(1):21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.027
Na JH, Koo H, Lee S, Min KH, Park K, Yoo H, Lee SH, Park JH, Kwon IC, Jeong SY, Kim K (2011) Real-time and non-invasive optical imaging of tumor-targeting glycol chitosan nanoparticles in various tumor models. Biomaterials 32(22):5252–5261. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.076
Koo H, Huh MS, Sun I-C, Yuk SH, Choi K, Kim K, Kwon IC (2011) In vivo targeted delivery of nanoparticles for theranosis. Acc Chem Res 44(10):1018–1028. doi:10.1021/ar2000138
Petros RA, DeSimone JM (2010) Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(8):615–627
Chouhan R, Bajpai AK (2010) Release dynamics of ciprofloxacin from swellable nanocarriers of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate): an in vitro study. Nanomedicine 6:453–462. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.006
Keawchaoon L, Yoksan R (2011) Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B 84:163–171. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.031
Kim S, Kim J-H, Kim D (2011) pH sensitive swelling and releasing behavior of nano-gels based on polyaspartamide graft copolymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 356:100–106. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.003
Jonassen H, Kjøniksen A-L (2011) Optical-scattering method for the determination of the local polymer concentration inside nanoparticles. Phys Rev E 84(2):022401
Lin Y-H, Sonaje K, Lin KM, Juang J-H, Mi F-L, Yang H-W, Sung H-W (2008) Multi-ion-crosslinked nanoparticles with pH-responsive characteristics for oral delivery of protein drugs. J Contr Release 132(2):141–149
Ajun W, Yan S, Li G, Huili L (2009) Preparation of aspirin and probucol in combination loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release study. Carbohyd Polym 75(4):566–574
Mi F-L, Shyu S-S, Lee S-T, Wong T-B (1999) Kinetic study of chitosan–tripolyphosphate complex reaction and acid-resistive properties of the chitosan–tripolyphosphate gel beads prepared by in-liquid curing method. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 37(14):1551–1564
Ma Z, Yeoh HH, Lim L-Y (2002) Formulation pH modulates the interaction of insulin with chitosan nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 91:1396–1404. doi:10.1002/jps.10149
Csaba N, Koping-Hoggard M, Fernandez-Megia E, Novoa-Carballal R, Riguera R, Alonso MJ (2009) Ionically crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles as gene delivery systems: effect of PEGylation degree on in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. J Biomed Nanotechnol 5(2):162–171
Janes KA, Alonso MJ (2003) Depolymerized chitosan nanoparticles for protein delivery: preparation and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 88(12):2769–2776. doi:10.1002/app.12016
Liu H, Gao C (2009) Preparation and properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles. Polym Adv Technol 20(7):613–619
Shah S, Pal A, Kaushik VK, Devi S (2009) Preparation and characterization of venlafaxine hydrochloride-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release of drug. J Appl Polym Sci 112(5):2876–2887
Wang X, Chi N, Tang X (2008) Preparation of estradiol chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70(3):735–740
Wang X, Zheng C, Wu Z, Teng D, Zhang X, Wang Z, Li C (2009) Chitosan–NAC nanoparticles as a vehicle for nasal absorption enhancement of insulin. J Biomed Mater Res, Part B 88B(1):150–161
Wu Y, Yang W, Wang C, Hu J, Fu S (2005) Chitosan nanoparticles as a novel delivery system for ammonium glycyrrhizinate. Int J Pharm 295(1–2):235–245
Yang H-C, Hon M-H (2009) The effect of the molecular weight of chitosan nanoparticles and its application on drug delivery. Microchem J 92(1):87–91
Gan Q, Wang T, Cochrane C, McCarron P (2005) Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B 44(2–3):65–73
Zhang H, Oh M, Allen C, Kumacheva E (2004) Monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 5(6):2461–2468. doi:10.1021/bm0496211
Huang Y, Lapitsky Y (2011) Monovalent salt enhances colloidal stability during the formation of chitosan/tripolyphosphate microgels. Langmuir 27(17):10392–10399. doi:10.1021/la201194a
Tsai ML, Bai SW, Chen RH (2008) Cavitation effects versus stretch effects resulted in different size and polydispersity of ionotropic gelation chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticle. Carbohyd Polym 71(3):448–457
Al-Manasir N, Zhu KZ, Kjoniksen AL, Knudsen KD, Karlsson G, Nystrom B (2009) Effects of temperature and pH on the contraction and aggregation of microgels in aqueous suspensions. J Phys Chem B 113(32):11115–11123. doi:10.1021/jp901121g
Schärtl W (2007) Light scattering from polymer solutions and nanoparticle dispersions. Springer, Berlin
Siegert AJF (1943) Radiation laboratory report no. 465. MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
López-León T, Carvalho ELS, Seijo B, Ortega-Vinuesa JL, Bastos-González D (2005) Physicochemical characterization of chitosan nanoparticles: electrokinetic and stability behavior. J Colloid Interface Sci 283(2):344–351
Tsaih ML, Chen RH (1997) Effect of molecular weight and urea on the conformation of chitosan molecules in dilute solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 20(3):233–240. doi:10.1016/s0141-8130(97)01165-3
de Campos AM, Diebold Y, Carvalho ELS, Sanchez A, Alonso MJ (2004) Chitosan nanoparticles as new ocular drug delivery systems: in vitro stability, in vivo fate, and cellular toxicity. Pharm Res 21:803–810. doi:10.1023/B:PHAM.0000026432.75781.cb
Chen W, Hsu C, Huang J, Tsai M, Chen R (2011) Effect of the ionic strength of the media on the aggregation behaviors of high molecule weight chitosan. J Polym Res:1-11. doi:10.1007/s10965-010-9543-9
Tanaka H (1992) Appearance of a moving droplet phase and unusual networklike or spongelike patterns in a phase-separating polymer solution with a double-well-shaped phase diagram. Macromolecules 25:6377–6380
Tanaka H (1993) Unusual phase separation in a polymer solution caused by asymmetric molecular dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 71(19):3158–3161
Zhang G, Wu C (2006) Folding and formation of mesoglobules in dilute copolymer solutions. Adv Polym Sci 195:101–1076
Piçarra S, Martinho JMG (2001) Viscoelastic effects on dilute polymer solutions phase demixing: fluorescence study of a poly(ε-caprolactone) chain in THF. Macromolecules 34(1):53–58. doi:10.1021/ma001231t