Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acharyya, 1980, Structural framework and tectonic evolution of the eastern Himalaya, Himalayan Geology, 10, 412
Acharyya, 1994, The Cenozoic foreland basin and tectonics of the eastern sub-Himalaya: problems and prospects, Himalayan Geology, 15, 3
Acharyya, 1977, Geology of the Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalaya, 1
Ahmad, 2000, Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 467, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<467:ICOTSR>2.0.CO;2
Aikman, 2004, Preliminary results from the Yala Xiangbo leucogranite dome, SE Tibet, Himalayan Journal of Sciences, 2, 91, 10.3126/hjs.v2i4.809
Alam, 2003, An overview of the sedimentary geology of the Bengal basin in relation to the regional tectonic framework and basin-fill history, Sedimentary Geology, 155, 179, 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00180-X
Allègre, 1984, Structure and evolution of the Himalayan–Tibet orogenic belt, Nature, 307, 17, 10.1038/307017a0
Alsdorf, 1999, Tibetan satellite magnetic low: evidence for widespread melt in the Tibetan crust?, Geology, 27, 943, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0943:TSMLEF>2.3.CO;2
Amano, 1992, 2-Phase uplift of Higher Himalayas since 17 Ma, Geology, 20, 391, 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0391:TPUOHH>2.3.CO;2
Anastasio, 2004, Extra-basinal fluid infiltration, mass transfer, and volume strain during folding: insights from the Idaho–Montana thrust belt, American Journal of Science, 304, 333, 10.2475/ajs.304.4.333
Anderson, 1951
Appel, 1991, Magnetostratigraphy of the Miocene–Pleistocene Surai Khola Siwaliks in western Nepal, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 191, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03455.x
Argles, 2002, First evidence for high-grade, Himalaya-age synconvergent extension recognized within the western syntaxis—Nanga Parbat Pakistan, Journal of Structural Geology, 24, 1327, 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00136-5
Argles, 2003, Isotope studies reveal a complete Himalayan section in the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Geology, 31, 1109, 10.1130/G19937.1
Arita, 1983, Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the Lower Himalayas Central Nepal, Tectonophysics, 95, 43, 10.1016/0040-1951(83)90258-5
Arita, 1997, Thrust tectonics and uplift processes of the Nepal Himalaya revealed from fission-track ages, Journal of Geography, 106, 156, 10.5026/jgeography.106.156
Arita, 1997, Tectonothermal evolution of the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal: constraints from Ar/Ar ages from the Kathmandu Nappe, The Island Arc, 6, 372, 10.1111/j.1440-1738.1997.tb00047.x
Armijo, 1986, Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: field observations and tectonic implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 13,803, 10.1029/JB091iB14p13803
Armijo, 1989, Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 2787, 10.1029/JB094iB03p02787
Armstrong, 1968, vol. 78
Auden, 1934, The geology of the krol belt, Records of Geological Survey of India, 66, 357
Auden, 1935, Traverses in the Himalaya, Records of Geological Survey of India, 69, 123
Auden, 1937, The structure of the Himalaya in Garhwal, Records of Geological Survey of India, 71, 407
Avouac, 2003, Mountain building, erosion, and the seismic cycle in the Nepal, Advances in Geophysics, 46, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9
Avouac, 1996, Erosion as a driving mechanism of intracontinental mountain growth, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 17747, 10.1029/96JB01344
Axen, 1992, Pore pressure, stress increase, and fault weakening in low-angle normal faulting, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 8979, 10.1029/92JB00517
Baig, M.S., 1990. Structure and geochronology of pre-Himalayan and Himalayan orogenic events in the northwest Himalaya, Pakistan, with special reference to the Besham area. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis 300 pp.
Banks, 1986, Passive-roof duplex geometry in the frontal structures of the Kirtthar and Sulaiman Mountain Belt Pakistan, Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 229, 10.1016/0191-8141(86)90045-3
Baski, 1987, Widespread early Cretaceous flood-basalt volcanism in eastern India—Geochemical data from the Rajmahal Bengal Sylhet traps, Chemical Geology, 63, 133, 10.1016/0009-2541(87)90080-5
Baud, 1984, Geological observations in southeastern Zanskar and adjacent Lahul area (northwestern Himalaya), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 77, 171
Beaumont, 2001, Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation, Nature, 414, 738, 10.1038/414738a
Beaumont, 2004, Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 10.1029/2003JB002809
Bhanot, 1978, Rb-Sr whole rock age for Chail Series of northwestern Himalaya, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 19, 224
Bhargava, 1995, The Bhutan Himalaya: a geological account, Geological Survey of India Special Publication, 39
Bilham, 2001, Plateau ‘pop-up’ in the great 1897 Assam earthquake, Nature, 410, 806, 10.1038/35071057
Bird, 1978, Initiation of intracontinental subduction in Himalaya, Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 4975, 10.1029/JB083iB10p04975
Bird, 1991, Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10275, 10.1029/91JB00370
Bossart, 1988, The structure of the Nazara–Kashmir syntaxis, southern Himalayas Pakistan, Tectonics, 7, 273, 10.1029/TC007i002p00273
Boyer, 1982, Thrust systems, Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 66, 1196
Brookfield, 1993, The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous, Sedimentary Geology, 84, 1, 10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4
Brookfield, 1998, The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India–Asia collision: rivers draining southwards, Geomorphology, 22, 285, 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00082-2
Brown, 1993, Annapurna detachment fault in the Greater Himalaya of central Nepal, vol. 74, 461
Brozovic, 2000, Dynamic fluvial systems and gravel progradation in the Himalayan foreland, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 394, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<394:DFSAGP>2.0.CO;2
Brun, 1985, Strain trajectories above the Main Central Thrust (Himalaya) in southern Tibet, Nature, 313, 388, 10.1038/313388a0
Brunel, 1986, Ductile thrusting in the Himalayas: shear sense criteria and stretching lineation, Tectonics, 5, 247, 10.1029/TC005i002p00247
Brunel, 1986, Etude petro-structurale des chevauchements ductiles himalayens sur la transversale de l"Everest–Makulu (Nepal oriental), Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 117, 10.1139/e86-111
Brunel, 1984, Détermination d'un âge Cambrien des séris carbonatées a magnésite situées sous le Grand Chevauchment Himalayen (Main Central Thrust–Népal oriental) par la découvertre de paléobasidiospores, Geobios, 17, 595, 10.1016/S0016-6995(84)80031-5
Brunel, 1985, The Cambrian age of magnesites from E. Nepal as determined through the discovery of paleobasidiospores, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 26, 255
Burbank, 1992, Causes of recent Himalayan uplift deduced from deposited patterns in the Ganges basin, Nature, 357, 680, 10.1038/357680a0
Burbank, 2002, Rates of erosion and their implications for exhumation, Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 25, 10.1180/0026461026610014
Burbank, 1991, Models of aggradation versus progradation in the Himalayan Foreland, Geologische Rundschau, 80, 623, 10.1007/BF01803690
Burbank, 1993, Reduced Himalayan sediment production 8 Myr ago despite an intensified Monsoon, Nature, 364, 48, 10.1038/364048a0
Burbank, 1996, The Himalayan foreland basin, 149
Burbank, 2003, Decoupling of erosion and precipitation in the Himalayas, Nature, 426, 652, 10.1038/nature02187
Burchfiel, 1985, North–south extension within the convergent Himalayan region, Geology, 13, 679, 10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<679:NEWTCH>2.0.CO;2
Burchfiel, 1991, Extensional development of Gabo valley, southern Tibet, Tectonophysics, 194, 187, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90283-X
Burchfiel, 1992, The South Tibet Detachment System, Himalayan orogen: Extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 269, 1, 10.1130/SPE269-p1
Burchfiel, 2002, Possible large scale, Cenozoic, low-angle normal fault in the Namche Barwa area, eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 34, 84
Burg, 1984, Tectonics and structural formation of southern Tibet, China, Nature, 311, 219, 10.1038/311219a0
Burg, 1983, Deformation phases and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa block (southern Tibet China), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 76, 643
Burg, 1984, Deformation of leucogranites of the crystalline main central sheet in southern Tibet (China), Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 535, 10.1016/0191-8141(84)90063-4
Burg, 1984, Himalayan metamorphism and deformations in the northern Himalayan belt (Southern Tibet China), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69, 391, 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90197-3
Burg, 1987, Structure and metamorphism of a tectonically thickened continental crust—the Yalu Tsangpo suture zone (Tibet), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 321, 67, 10.1098/rsta.1987.0005
Burg, 1996, Structural evidence for back sliding of the Kohistan arc in the collisional system of northwest Pakistan, Geology, 24, 739, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0739:SEFBSO>2.3.CO;2
Burg, 1998, The Namche Barwa syntaxis: evidence for exhumation related to compressional crustal folding, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, 239, 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00002-6
Burtman, 1993, Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 281, 1, 10.1130/SPE281-p1
Butler, 2000, Geological structure of the southern part of the Nanga Parbat massif, Pakistan Himalaya, and its tectonic implications, vol. 170, 123
Calkin, 1975, Geology of the southern Himalayan in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 716-C, 10.3133/pp716C
Carosi, 1998, The South Tibetan detachment system in the Rongbuk valley, Everest region. Deformation features and geological implications, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, 299, 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00014-2
Carosi, 1999, Geology of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Khumbu Himal (Eastern Nepal), Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 785, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00014-0
Catlos, E.J., 2000. Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the main central thrust, Himalayan orogen, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 345 pp.
Catlos, 2001, Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 16177, 10.1029/2000JB900375
Catlos, 2002, Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in situ Th–Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: Eastern Nepal and western Garhwal, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 459, 10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00039-6
Catlos, 2002, P–T–t constraints on the evolution of the Sikkim Himalaya, 6
Catlos, 2004, Late Miocene movement within the Himalayan Main Central Thrust shear zone, Sikkim, north-east India, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 22, 207, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00509.x
Cerveny, 1988, History of uplift and relief of the Himalaya during the past 18 million years; evidence from sandstones of the Siwalik Group, 43
Cerveny, 1989, Tectonic and geomorphic implications of Siwalik Group heavy minerals, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan, vol. 232, 129
Cerveny, 1989, Zircon fission-track ages from the Gasherbrum Diorite, Karakoram Range, northern Pakistan, Geology, 17, 1044, 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<1044:ZFTAFT>2.3.CO;2
Chatterji, 1977, The stratigraphy and structure of the parts of the Simla Himalaya—a synthesis, Memoir of Geologic Survey of India, 106, 408
Chaudhry, 1990, Position of the Main Central Thrust in the tectonic framework of Western Himalaya, Tectonophysics, 174, 321, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90329-7
Chemenda, 1995, A mechanism for syn-collisional rock exhumation and associated normal faulting—results from physical modeling, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 132, 225, 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00042-B
Chemenda, 2000, Evolution model of the Himalaya–Tibet system: geopoem based on new modeling, geological and geophysical data, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 174, 397, 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00277-0
Chen, 1990, The Kangmar dome—a metamorphic core complex in southern Xizang (Tibet), Science, 250, 1552, 10.1126/science.250.4987.1552
Clark, 2000, Topographic ooze: building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, 28, 703, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<703:TOBTEM>2.0.CO;2
Clark, 2004, Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns, Tectonics, 23, TC1006, 10.1029/2002TC001402
Clift, 2001, Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 1039, 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:DOTIFA>2.0.CO;2
Clift, 2002, The stratigraphic evolution of the Indus Fan and the history of sedimentation in the Arabian Sea, Marine Geophysical Researches, 23, 223, 10.1023/A:1023627123093
Clift, 2002, Nd and Pb isotope variability in the Indus River System: implications for sediment provenance and crustal heterogeneity in the Western Himalaya, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 200, 91, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00620-9
Colchen, 1982, La paléogéographie des orogènes, l'example de l'Himalaya, Memoir Geol. l'Univ. Dijon, 7, 453
Colchen, 1986
Coleman, 1996, Orogen-parallel and orogen-perpendicular extension in the central Nepalese Himalayas, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 298, 553
Coleman, 1998, U–Pb constraints on Oligocene–Miocene deformation and anatexis within the central Himalaya, Marsyandi valley, Nepal, American Journal of Science, 298, 553, 10.2475/ajs.298.7.553
Coleman, 1995, Evidence for Tibetan plateau uplift before 14-Myr ago from a new minimum age for east west extension, Nature, 374, 49, 10.1038/374049a0
Collettini, 2001, Normal faults, normal friction?, Geology, 29, 927, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0927:NFNF>2.0.CO;2
Copeland, 1990, Episodic rapid uplift in the Himalaya revealed by 40Ar/39Ar analysis of detrital K-feldspar and muscovite, Bengal fan, Geology, 18, 54, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0354:ERUITH>2.3.CO;2
Copeland, 1991, An early Pliocene thermal disturbance of the Main Central Thrust, central Nepal: implications for Himalayan tectonics, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 8475, 10.1029/91JB00178
Copeland, 1996, Cooling history of the Kathmandu crystalline nappe: Ar/Ar results
Corfield, 2000, Crustal shortening across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, India, vol. 170, 395
Corfield, 1999, Photang thrust sheet: an accretionary complex structurally below the Spontang ophiolite constraining timing and tectonic environment of ophiolite obduction, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India, Journal of the Geological Society, 156, 1031, 10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.1031
Corfield, 2001, Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction history of the Spontang ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India, Journal of Geology, 109, 715, 10.1086/323191
Coward, 1985, Thrust tectonics and the deep structure of the Pakistan Himalaya, Geology, 13, 417, 10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<417:TTATDS>2.0.CO;2
Coward, 1988, Folding and imbrication of the Indian crust during Himalayan collision, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 326, 89, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0081
Critelli, 1994, Provenance of the lower Tertiary Murree redbeds (Hazara–Kashmir syntaxis, Pakistan) and the initial rising of the Himalayas, Sedimentary Geology, 89, 265, 10.1016/0037-0738(94)90097-3
Critelli, 1994, Sandstone petrology and provenance of the Siwalik Group (northwestern Pakistan and western–southwestern Nepal), Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 815
Curray, 1991, Possible greenschist metamorphism at the base of a ∼22-km sedimentary section, Bay of Bengal, Geology, 19, 1097, 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1097:PGMATB>2.3.CO;2
Curray, 1971, Growth of the Bengal deep-sea fan and denudation in the Himalayas, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82, 563, 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[563:GOTBDF]2.0.CO;2
Curray, 2003, The Bengal fan: morphology, geometry, stratigraphy, history and processes, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19, 1191, 10.1016/S0264-8172(03)00035-7
Dahlen, 1984, Non-cohesive critical Coulomb wedges—an exact solution, Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 125, 10.1029/JB089iB12p10125
Dahlstrom, 1970, Balanced cross sections, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 6, 743, 10.1139/e69-069
Daniel, 2003, Exhumation of the Main Central Thrust from lower crustal depths, Eastern Bhutan Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 21, 317, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00445.x
Davies, 1995, Slab breakoff: a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 129, 85, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)00237-S
Davidson, 1997, Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystallines, Bhutan, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15, 593, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00044.x
Debon, 1986, The 4 plutonic belts of the Transhimalaya and Himalaya—a chemical, mineralogical, isotopic, and chronological synthesis along a Tibet–Nepal section, Journal of Petrology, 27, 219, 10.1093/petrology/27.1.219
DeCelles, 1998, Eocene–early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal, Tectonics, 17, 741, 10.1029/98TC02598
DeCelles, 1998, Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 2, 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0002:NFBDEU>2.3.CO;2
DeCelles, 2000, Tectonic implications of U–PL zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal, Science, 288, 497, 10.1126/science.288.5465.497
DeCelles, 2001, Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal, Tectonics, 20, 487, 10.1029/2000TC001226
DeCelles, 2002, Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 21, 1062, 10.1029/2001TC001322
DeCelles, 2004, Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 227, 313, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.019
de Sigoyer, 2000, Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya: multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites, Geology, 28, 487, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<487:DTICSA>2.0.CO;2
de Sigoyer, 2004, Exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure Tso Morari unit in eastern Ladakh (NW Himalaya): A case study, Tectonics, 23, 10.1029/2002TC001492
Deng, 1998
Dewey, 1988, Extensional collapse of orogens, Tectonics, 7, 1123, 10.1029/TC007i006p01123
Dewey, 1970, Mountain belts and new global tectonics, Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 2625, 10.1029/JB075i014p02625
Dewey, 1973, Tibetan, Variscan and Precambrian basement reactivation: products of continental collision, Journal of Geology, 81, 683, 10.1086/627920
Dewey, 1988, The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 327, 379, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0135
Dewey, 1989, Tectonic evolution of the India–Eurasia collision zone, Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 717
Dèzes, P.J., 1999. Tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the central Himalayan domain in southeast Zanskar (Kashmir, India). PhD thesis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 160 pp.
Dèzes, 1999, Synorogenic extension: quantitative constraints on the age and displacement of the Zanskar shear zone (northwest Himalaya), Geological Society of American Bulletin, 111, 364, 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0364:SEQCOT>2.3.CO;2
Diamond, 2002, Structural and sedimentologic evolution of a Miocene supradetachment basin, Silver Peak range and adjacent areas, west-central Nevada, International Geology Review, 44, 588, 10.2747/0020-6814.44.7.588
Dickinson, 2003, The place and power of myth in geoscience: an associate editor's perspective, American Journal of Science, 303, 856, 10.2475/ajs.303.9.856
Ding, 2001, Cenozoic structural and metamorphic evolution of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (Namche Barwa), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192, 423, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00463-0
Ding, 2003, Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet: evidence for a transition from oceanic to continental subduction, Journal of Petrology, 44, 1833, 10.1093/petrology/egg061
Ding, 2005, Paleocene–Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India–Asia collision, south central Tibet, Tectonics, 24, TC3001, 10.1029/2004TC001729
DiPietro, 2001, U–Pb zircon ages from the Indian plate in northwest Pakistan and their significance to Himalayan and pre-Himalayan geologic history, Tectonics, 20, 510, 10.1029/2000TC001193
DiPietro, 2004, Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: a view from the west, Tectonics, 23, TC5001, 10.1029/2003TC001554
DiPietro, 1999, Geological map of the Indus syntaxis and surrounding area, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan, vol. 328, 159
DiPietro, 2000, The main mantle thrust in Pakistan: its character and extent, vol. 74, 375
Dogra, 1985, Palyonology of Dharmsala beds, Himachal Pradesh, Journal of Palaentological Society of India, 30, 63
Dorsey, 1995, Evolution of a large miocene growth-structure in the upper plate of the Whipple detachment fault, northeastern Whipple Mountains, California, Basin Research, 7, 151, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1995.tb00101.x
Draganits, E., 2000. The Muth Formation in the Pin Valley (Spiti, N-India): Depositional Environment and Ichnofauna of a Lower Devonian Barrier Island System. PhD thesis, University of Viena, Viena.
Duncan, 2003, How steep are the Himalaya? Characteristics and implications along-strike topographic variations, Geology, 31, 75, 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0075:HSATHC>2.0.CO;2
Dunlap, 1997, Thermomechanical evolution of a ductile duplex, Tectonics, 16, 983, 10.1029/97TC00614
Duroy, 1989, Subsurface densities and lithospheric flexure of the Himalayan foreland in Pakistan, Special Paper-Geological Society of America, 222, 217, 10.1130/SPE232-p217
Edwards, 1995, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) region; evidence for late Miocene to Pliocene disturbances along the MCT, Marsyandi River valley, west-central Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 10, 41, 10.3126/jngs.v10i0.36342
Edwards, 1997, When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene north–south extension in the High Himalaya revealed by Th–Pb monazite dating of the Khula Kangri granite, Geology, 25, 543, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0543:WDTRCL>2.3.CO;2
Edwards, 1996, Multi-stage development of the southern Tibet detachment system near Khula Kangri. New data from Gonto La, Tectonophysics, 260, 1, 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00073-X
Edwards, 1999, Southern Tibet detachment system at Khula Kangri, eastern Himalaya: a large-area, shallow detachment stretching into Bhutan?, Journal of Geology, 107, 623, 10.1086/314366
England, 1989, Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 17561, 10.1029/JB094iB12p17561
England, 1993, Cause and effect among thrust and normal faulting, anatectic melting and exhumation in the Himalaya, vol. 74, 401
England, 1992, Heat sources for Tertiary metamorphism and anatexis in the Annapurna-Manaslu region, central Nepal, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 2107, 10.1029/91JB02272
Ernst, 1995, Contrasting plate-tectonic styles of the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu and Franciscan metamorphic belts, Geology, 23, 353, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0353:CPTSOT>2.3.CO;2
Finlayson, 2002, Spatial coincidence of rapid inferred erosion with young metamorphic massifs in the Himalayas, Geology, 30, 219, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0219:SCORIE>2.0.CO;2
Fontan, 2000, Metamorphic evolution, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and tectonic model for the Neelum valley, Azad Kashmir, NE Pakistan, vol. 170, 431
Forshee, 1995, Evolution of monolithological breccia deposits in supradetachment basins, Whipple Mountains, California, Basin Research, 7, 181, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1995.tb00103.x
Forsyth, 1992, Finite extension and low-angle normal faulting, Geology, 20, 27, 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0027:FEALAN>2.3.CO;2
Foster, 2000, The significance of monazite U–Th–Pb age data in metamorphic assemblages; a combined study of monazite and garnet chronometry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181, 327, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00212-0
Foster, 2002, The tertiary collision-related thermal history of the NW Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 827, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00410.x
France-Lanord, 1993, Evolution of the Himalaya since Miocene time: isotopic and sedimentological evidence from the Bengal fan, vol. 74, 603
Frank, 1973, Relations between metamorphism and orogeny in a typical section of the Indian Himalayas, Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 20, 303, 10.1007/BF01081339
Frank, 1995, Geological map of the Kishwar–Chamba–Kulu region (NW Himalayas India), Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 138, 299
Friedmann, 1995, Rift basins and supradetachment basins—intracontinental extensional end-members, Basin Research, 7, 109, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.1995.tb00099.x
Fuchs, 1975, Contributions to the Geology of the Northwestern Himalayas, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 32, 1
Fuchs, 1995, Geological traverse across the western Himalaya—a contribution to the geology of eastern Ladakh, Lahul, and Chamba, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 138, 665
Gaetani, 1991, Multicyclic history of the northern India continental margin (northwestern Himalaya), American Association of Petroleum of Geologists Bulletin, 75, 1427
Galy, 1996, The late Oligocene–early Miocene Himalayan belt: constraints deduced from isotopic compositions of early Miocene turbidites in the Bengal fan, Tectonophysics, 260, 109, 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00079-0
Gansser, 1964
Gansser, 1983
Gapais, 1992, Synconvergence spreading of the Higher Himalaya crystalline in Ladakh, Tectonics, 11, 1045, 10.1029/92TC00819
Garzanti, 1993, Sedimentary evolution and drowning of a passive margin shelf (Giumal Group; Zanskar Tethys Himalaya, India): palaeoenvironmental changes during final break-up of the Gondwanaland, vol. 74, 277
Garzanti, 1999, Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 805, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00017-6
Garzanti, 1986, Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya, Sedimentary Geology, 48, 237, 10.1016/0037-0738(86)90032-1
Garzanti, 1987, Sedimentary record of the northward flight of India and its collision with Eurasia (Ladakh Himalaya India), Geodynamica Acta, 1, 297, 10.1080/09853111.1987.11105147
Garzanti, 1994, Transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in the Paleozoic to Mesozoic succession of the Dolpo-Manang Synclinorium and Thakkhola Graben (Nepal Tethys Himalaya), Eclogae Geologiecae Helvetiae, 87, 613
Garzanti, 1996, Paleogeographic and paleotectonic evolution of the Himalayan range as reflected by detrital modes of Tertiary sandstones and modern sands (Indus transect, India and Pakistan), Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, 273
Garzanti, 2005, Petrology of Indus River sands: a key to interpret erosion history of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 287, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.008
Garzione, 2000, High times on the Tibetan Plateau: paleoelevation of the Thakkhola graben, Nepal, Geology, 28, 339, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<339:HTOTTP>2.0.CO;2
Garzione, 2003, East–west extension and Miocene environmental change in the southern Tibetan plateau: Thakkhola graben, central Nepal, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 3, 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0003:EWEAME>2.0.CO;2
Gee, 1989, Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of northern Pakistan, Special Paper-Geological Society of America, 232, 95, 10.1130/SPE232-p95
Gehrels, 2002, Initiation of the Himalayan orogen as an early Paleozoic think-skinned thrust belt, Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 34, 410
Gehrels, 2003, Initiation of the Himalayan orogen as an early Paleozoic thin-skinned thrust belt, GSA Today, 13, 4, 10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<4:IOTHOA>2.0.CO;2
George, 1993, The tectonic implications of contrasting granite magmatism between Kohistan island arc and the Nanga Parbat–Haramosh Massif, Pakistan Himalaya, vol. 74, 173
George, 1995, Isotopic constraints on the cooling history of the Nanga Parbat–Haramosh Massif and Kohistan arc, western Himalaya, Tectonics, 14, 237, 10.1029/94TC02906
Godin, 1999, Back folds in the core of the Himalayan orogen: an alternative interpretation, Geology, 27, 151, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0151:BFITCO>2.3.CO;2
Godin, 1999, High strain zone in the hanging wall of the Annapurna detachment, central Nepal Himalaya, vol. 328, 199
Godin, 2001, Crustal thickening leading to exhumation of the Himalayan Metamorphic core of central Nepal: insight from U–Pb Geochronology and Ar-40/Ar-39 Thermochronology, Tectonics, 20, 729, 10.1029/2000TC001204
Godwin-Austen, 1864, Geological notes on part of the North-Western Himalayas, Quarterly Journal of Geological Society of London, 20, 383, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1864.020.01-02.47
Graham, 1975, Himalayan–Bengal model for flysch dispersal in Appalachian–Ouachita system, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, 273, 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<273:HMFFDI>2.0.CO;2
Grasemann, 1999, Flow controlled inverted metamorphism in shear zones, Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 450, 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00071-1
Grasemann, 1999, Quantitative kinematic flow analysis from the Main Central Thrust Zone (NW-Himalaya, India): implications for a decelerating strain path and the extrusion of orogenic wedges, Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 837, 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00077-2
Greco, 1993, A section through the Indian plate, Kaghan Valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan, vol. 74, 221
Greco, 1989, The crystalline rocks of the Kaghan valley (NE-Pakistan), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 629
Grujic, 1996, Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics, Tectonophysics, 260, 21, 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00074-1
Grujic, 2002, Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 177, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00482-X
Guillot, 1993, The emplacement of the Manaslu granite of Central Nepal: field and magnetic susceptibity constraints, vol. 74, 413
Guillot, 1995, Contact-metamorphism and depth of emplacement of the Manaslu granite (Central Nepal)—implications for Himalayan orogenesis, Tectonophysics, 241, 99, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)00144-X
Guillot, 1997, Eclogitic metasediments from the Tso Morari area (Ladakh, Himalaya): evidence for continental subduction during India–Asia convergence, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 128, 197, 10.1007/s004100050303
Guillot, 1999, Contrasting metamorphic and geochronologic evolution along the Himalayan belt, vol. 328, 117
Gururajan, 2003, Geology and tectonic history of the Lhhit Valley, eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 341, 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00040-8
Guzman-Speziale, 1996, Seismicity and active tectonics of the Western Sunda Arc, 63
Haines, 2003, INDEPTH III seismic data: from surface observations to deep crustal processes in Tibet, Tectonics, 22, 10.1029/2001TC001305
Hallet, 2001, Distorted drainage basins as markers of crustal strain east of the Himalaya, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 13697, 10.1029/2000JB900335
Hallet, 1996, Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: a review of field data and their implications, Global and Planetary Change, 12, 213, 10.1016/0921-8181(95)00021-6
Harris, 1994, Decompression and anatexis of Himalayan metapelites, Tectonics, 13, 1537, 10.1029/94TC01611
Harris, 1988, Isotope geochemistry of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 327, 263, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0129
Harris, 2004, The pressure–temperature–time path of migmatites from the Sikkim Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 22, 249, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00511.x
Harrison, 1992, Raising Tibet, Science, 255, 1663, 10.1126/science.255.5052.1663
Harrison, 1993, Isotopic preservation of Himalayan Tibetan uplift, denudation, and climatic histories of two molasse deposits, Journal of Geology, 101, 157, 10.1086/648214
Harrison, 1995, Activation of the Nyainqentanghla shear zone: implications for uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 14, 658, 10.1029/95TC00608
Harrison, 1997, A Late Miocene–Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism, Earth Planetary Science Letters, 146, E1, 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00215-4
Harrison, 1997, New insights into the origin of two contrasting Himalayan granite belts, Geology, 25, 899, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0899:NIITOO>2.3.CO;2
Harrison, 1998, Orographic evolution of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau, 38
Harrison, 1998, A model for the origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 27017, 10.1029/98JB02468
Harrison, 1999, The origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism: models and constraints, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 755, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00018-8
Harrison, 2000, The Zedong window: a record of superposed tertiary convergence in southeastern Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 19211, 10.1029/2000JB900078
Hauck, 1998, Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at similar to 90 degrees east longitude from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles, Tectonics, 17, 481, 10.1029/98TC01314
Hayden, 1913, Relationship of the Himalayas to the Indo-Gangetic Plains and the Indian Peninsula, Records of Geological Survey of India, 43, 138
Heim, 1939, 1
Henry, 1997, Kinematic, thermal, and petrological model of the Himalayas: constraints related to metamorphism within the underthrust Indian crust and topographic elevation, Tectonophysics, 273, 31, 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00287-9
Herren, 1987, Zanskar shear zone: northeast–southwest extension within the Higher Himalaya, Geology, 15, 409, 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<409:ZSZNEW>2.0.CO;2
Hike, 2000, Southern limit of mantle-derived geothermal helium emissions in Tibet: implications for lithospheric structure, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 180, 297, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00174-6
Hodges, 2000, Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives, Geological Society America Bulletin, 112, 324, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2
Hodges, 1988, Thermal evolution of the Greater Himalaya, Garhwal, India, Tectonics, 7, 583, 10.1029/TC007i003p00583
Hodges, 1992, Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan orogen, Science, 258, 1446, 10.1126/science.258.5087.1466
Hodges, 1994, Thermobarometric and 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic constraints on Eohimalayan metamorphism in the Dinggy area, southern Tibet, Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology, 117, 151, 10.1007/BF00286839
Hodges, 1996, Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas, Tectonics, 15, 1264, 10.1029/96TC01791
Hodges, 2001, Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics, Tectonics, 20, 799, 10.1029/2001TC001281
Honegger, 1982, Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 60, 253, 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90007-3
Hooker, 1854, Himalayan Journals, 2
Hubbard, 1989, Thermobarometric constraints on the thermal history of the Main Central thrust zone and Tibetan slab, eastern Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 19, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00572.x
Hubbard, 1996, Ductile shear as a cause of inverted metamorphism: example from the Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Geology, 104, 493, 10.1086/629842
Hubbard, 1989, 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on deformation and metamorphism in the MCT Zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya, Tectonics, 8, 865, 10.1029/TC008i004p00865
Hubbard, 1995, Tectonic exhumation of the Nanga–Parbat massif, northern Pakistan, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 213, 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00075-N
Huerta, 1998, The thermal structure of collisional orogens as a response to accretion, erosion, and radiogenic heating, Journal of Geophysical, 15287, 10.1029/98JB00593
Hughes, 1992, Trace fossils from the Phe formation (Lower Cambrian), Zanskar Valley, northwestern India, Memoirs Queensland Museum, 32, 139
Hughes, 1999, Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Himalayan Cambrian trilobites, vol. 328, 109
Hughes, 2002, Kunmingaspis (Trilobita) putatively from the Yunling Collage, and the Cambrian faunal history of the eastern Himalayan syntaxial region, Journal of Paleontology, 76, 709, 10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0709:KTPFTY>2.0.CO;2
Hurtado, 2001, Neotectonics of the Thakkhola graben and implications for recent activity on the South Tibetan fault system in the central Nepal Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 222, 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0222:NOTTGA>2.0.CO;2
Huyghe, 2001, Propagation of the thrust system and erosion in the Lesser Himalaya: geochemical and sedimentological evidence, Geology, 29, 1007, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1007:POTTSA>2.0.CO;2
Ingersoll, 1979, Petrology and provenance of Neogene sand from Nicobar and Bengal fans, DSDP sites 211 and 218, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 1217
Jacobs, 2004, Himalayan-type indenter-escape tectonics model for the southern part of the late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic East African–Antarctic, Geology, 32, 721, 10.1130/G20516.1
Jager, 1971, Rb–Sr age determination of biotites and whole rock samples from the Mandi and Chor granite (H. P.), India, Eclogae Geologiecae Helvetiae, 64, 523
Jain, 1993, Inverted metamorphism in the intracontinental ductile shear zone during Himalayan collision tectonics, Geology, 21, 407, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0407:IMITID>2.3.CO;2
Jain, 1974, Stratigraphy and structure of the Siang district, Arunachal (NEFA) Himalaya, Himalayan Geology, 4, 28
Jain, 1999, Collision tectonics in the NW Himalaya: deformation, metamorphism, emplacement of leucogranite along Beas-Parbati Valleys, Himachal Pradesh, Gondwana Research Group Memoir, 6, 3
Jain, 2000, Timing, quantification and tectonic modeling of Pliocene–Quaternary movements in the NW Himalaya: evidence from fission-track dating, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 179, 437, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00133-3
Jamieson, 1996, Tectonic assembly of inverted metamorphic sequences, Geology, 24, 839, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0839:TAOIMS>2.3.CO;2
Jamieson, 2004, Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 10.1029/2003JB002811
Jaupart, 1985, Heat focusing, granite genesis and inverted metamorphic gradient in continental collision zones, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 73, 385, 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90086-X
Johnson, 1994, Culmination and domal uplift in the Himalaya, Tectonophysics, 239, 139, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90111-2
Johnson, 2002, Shortening budgets and the role of continental subduction during the India–Asia collision, Earth-Science Reviews, 59, 101, 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00071-5
Johnson, 1991, Sedimentation and tectonics of the Sylhet trough, Bangladesh, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103, 1513, 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1513:SATOTS>2.3.CO;2
Johnson, 1997, Rb–Sr ages of micas from the Kathmandu complex, Central Nepalese Himalaya: implications for the evolution of the Main Central Thrust, Journal of the Geological Society, 154, 863, 10.1144/gsjgs.154.5.0863
Johnson, 2001, Synthrusting metamorphism, cooling, and erosion of the Himalayan Kathmandu Complex, Nepal, Tectonics, 20, 394, 10.1029/2001TC900005
Jouanne, 1999, Oblique convergence in the Himalayas of western Nepal deduced from preliminary results of GPS measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1933, 10.1029/1999GL900416
Kapp, 2004, Indian punch rifts Tibet, Geology, 32, 993, 10.1130/G20689.1
Kapp, 2001, Unbending of the lithosphere as a mechanism for active rifting in Tibet: insight from elastic modeling, EOS Transaction, American Geophysical Union, 82
Klootwijk, 1985, The Himalayan arc: large-scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending, and back-arc spreading, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 75, 316, 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90099-8
Kohn, 2002, Petrologic case for Eocene slab breakoff during the Indo-Asian collision, Geology, 30, 591, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0591:PCFESB>2.0.CO;2
Kumar, 1997, Geology of Arunachal Pradesh, Geological Society of India, Bangalore
Kumar, 1995, Late Cenozoic–Quaternary thermo-tectonic history of Higher Himalaya n Crystalline (HC) in Kishtwar–Padar–Zanskar region, NW Himalayan: evidence from fission ages, Journal of geological Society of India, 45, 375
Kumar, 2001, Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India, Science, 294, 2328, 10.1126/science.1066195
Kündig, 1989, Domal structures and high-grade metamorphism in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline, Zanskar region, northwest Himalaya, India, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 43, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00574.x
Lahiri, 1941, Geology of Buxa Duras, Quarterly Journal of Geological Society of London, 13, 1
Lal, 1999, Cooling and exhumation history of the Mandi granite and adjoining tectonic units, Himachal Pradesh, and estimation of closure temperature from external surface of zircon, vol. 6, 207
Larson, 1999, Kinematics of the India–Eurasia collision zone from GPS, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 1077, 10.1029/1998JB900043
La Touche, 1883, Notes on the geology of the Aka Hills, Assam, Records of Geological Survey of India, 18, 121
Laubscher, 1961, Ein Fernschubhypothese der Jurafaltung, Ecologae Geologae Helvetiae, 54, 221
Lavé, 2000, Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 5735, 10.1029/1999JB900292
Law, 2004, Strain, deformation temperatures and vorticity of flow at the top of the Greater Himalayan slab, Everest massif, Tibet, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 161, 305, 10.1144/0016-764903-047
Lee, 2000, Evolution of the Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: structural, petrologic, and thermochronologic constraints, Tectonics, 19, 872, 10.1029/1999TC001147
Leech, 2005, The onset of India–Asia continental collision: Early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234, 83, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.038
LeFort, 1975, Himalayas—collided range—present knowledge of continental arc, American Journal of Science, A275, 1
Lefort, 1996, Evolution of the Himalaya, 95
LeFort, 1999, Pre-Tertiary felsic magmatism of the Nepal Himalaya: recycling of continental crust, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 607, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00015-2
LeFort, 1987, Crustal generation of the Himalayan leucogranites, Tectonophysics, 134, 39, 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90248-4
Lemmonier, 1999, Electrical structure of the Himalaya of central Nepal: high conductivity around the mid-crustal ramp along the MHT, Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 3261, 10.1029/1999GL008363
Le Pichon, 1992, Kinematics, topography, shortening, and extrusion in the India–Eurasia collision, Tectonics, 11, 1085, 10.1029/92TC01566
Lister, 1989, The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, USA, Journal of Structural Geology, 11, 65, 10.1016/0191-8141(89)90036-9
Liu, Z.Q., 1988. Geologic map of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau and its neighboring regions (scale at 1:1,500,000). Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Geologic Publishing House, Beijing.
Liu, 1994, Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas, Geologische Rundschau, 82, 32, 10.1007/BF00211893
Liu, 1999, Jurassic sedimentary facies and paleogeography of the former Indian passive margin in southern Tibet, vol. 328, 75
Liu, 1997, Petrology of high-pressure granulites from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 15, 451, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00033.x
Lombardo, 2000, Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: implications for the Himalayan orogeny, Journal of Geodynamics, 30, 37, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00026-5
Lombardo, 1993, Geology and tectonomagmatic evolution of the eastern Himalaya along the Chomolungma–Makalu transect, vol. 74, 341
Lombardo, 2000
Lyon-Caen, 1985, Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and the Ganga Basin, Tectonics, 4, 513, 10.1029/TC004i006p00513
Macfarlane, 1992, A structural analysis of the Main Central thrust zone, Langtang National Park, central Nepal Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 1389, 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1389:ASAOTM>2.3.CO;2
Macfarlane, 1993, Chronology of tectonic events in the crystalline core of the Himalaya, Langtang National Park, central Nepal, Tectonics, 12, 1004, 10.1029/93TC00916
Macfarlane, 1995, An evaluation of the inverted metamorphic gradient at Langtang National Park, Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 13, 595, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00245.x
Makovsky, 1996, Structural elements of the southern Tethyan Himalaya crust from wide-angle seismic data, Tectonics, 15, 997, 10.1029/96TC00310
Makovsky, 1999, Midcrustal reflector on INDEPTH wide-angle profiles: an ophiolitic slab beneath the India–Asia suture in southern Tibet?, Tectonics, 18, 793, 10.1029/1999TC900022
Mallet, 1875, On the geology and mineral resources of the Darjiling district and the Western Duars, Memoir of Geological Survey of India, 11, 1
Maluski, 1988, Argon-39–Argon-40 dating of metamorphic and plutonic events in the north and High Himalaya belts (southern Tibet–China), Tectonics, 7, 299, 10.1029/TC007i002p00299
Marquer, 2000, Pre-alpine high-grade metamorphism in High Himalaya crystalline sequences: Evidence from Lower Palaeozoic Kinnaur Kailas granite and surrounding rocks in the Sutlej Valley (Himachal Pradesch, India), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 93, 207
Masek, 1994, Rift flank uplift in Tibet: evidence for a viscous lower crust, Tectonics, 13, 659, 10.1029/94TC00452
McCaffery, 1998, Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau, Geology, 26, 691, 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0691:ROOCIT>2.3.CO;2
McClelland, 2003, Late-stage extensional exhumation of high-pressure granulites in the Greenland Caledonides, Geology, 31, 259, 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0259:LSEEOH>2.0.CO;2
McDougall, 1999
Means, 1990, One dimensional kinematics of stretching faults, Journal of Structural Geology, 12, 267, 10.1016/0191-8141(90)90010-V
Mehta, 1977, Geochronology of the Kulu–Mandi belt: its implications for the Himalayan tectonogenesis, Geologisches Rundschau, 6, 156, 10.1007/BF01989570
Meigs, 1995, Middle–late Miocene (>10 Ma) formation of the Main Boundary Thrust in the western Himalaya, Geology, 23, 423, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0423:MLMMFO>2.3.CO;2
Melosh, 1990, Mechanical basis for low-angle normal faulting in the Basin and Range province, Nature, 343, 331, 10.1038/343331a0
Metcalfe, 1993, Pressure, temperature and time constraints on metamorphism across the Main Central Thrust zone and High Himalayan slab in the Garhwal Himalaya, vol. 74, 485
Miller, 1999, Post-collisional potassic and ultrapotassic magmatism in SW Tibet: geochemical and Sr–Nd–O isotopic constraints for mantle source characteristics and magma genesis, Journal of Petrology, 40, 1399, 10.1093/petrology/40.9.1399
Miller, 2000, Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism, Precambrian Research, 103, 191, 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00091-7
Miller, 2001, The early Paleozoic magmatic event in the northwest Himalaya, India: source, tectonic setting and age of emplacement, Geological Magazine, 138, 237, 10.1017/S0016756801005283
Mishra, 2004, Large-wavelength gravity anomalies over the Indian continent: indicators of lithospheric flexure and uplift and subsidence of Indian Peninsular Shield related to isostasy, Current Science, 86, 861
Mohan, 1989, Geothermometry and development of the inverted metamorphism in Dajeeling-Sikkim region in eastern Nepal, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 95, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00577.x
Molnar, 1988, A review of geophysical constraints on the deep structure of the Tibetan plateau, the Himalaya and the Karakoram, and their implications, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 326, 33, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0080
Molnar, 1990, Temperatures, heat flux, and frictional stress near major thrust faults, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 4833, 10.1029/JB095iB04p04833
Molnar, 1989, Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan plateau and its margins, Geophysical Journal International, 99, 123, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02020.x
Molnar, 1978, Active tectonics of Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 5361, 10.1029/JB083iB11p05361
Molnar, 1993, Mantle dynamics, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon, Review of Geophysics, 31, 357, 10.1029/93RG02030
Morley, 1988, Out-of-sequence thrusts, Tectonics, 7, 539, 10.1029/TC007i003p00539
Mukherjee, 2003, Carbonate-bearing UHPM rocks from the Tso-Morari region, Ladakh, India: petrological implications, International Geology Review, 45, 49, 10.2747/0020-6814.45.1.49
Murphy, 1999, Relationship between leucogranites and the Qomolangma detachment in the Rongbuk Valley, south Tibet, Geology, 27, 831, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0831:RBLATQ>2.3.CO;2
Murphy, 2003, Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and Indus-Yalu suture zone, southwest Tibet, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 21, 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0021:SEASOT>2.0.CO;2
Murphy, 1997, Significant crustal shortening in south-central Tibet prior to the Indo-Asian collision, Geology, 25, 719, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0719:DTIACA>2.3.CO;2
Murphy, 2002, Structural evolution of the Gurla Mandhata detachment system, southwest Tibet: implications for the eastward extent of the Karakoram fault system, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 428, 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0428:SEOTGM>2.0.CO;2
Myrow, 2003, Integrated tectonostratigraphic analysis of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, 433, 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00280-2
Nabelek, 2001, Thermo-rheological, shear heating model for leucogranite generation, metamorphism, and deformation during the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogeny, Black Hills, South Dakota, Tectonophysics, 342, 371, 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00171-8
Najman, 2000, Reconstructing early Himalayan tectonic evolution and paleogeography from Tertiary foreland basin sedimentary rocks, northern India, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 435, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<435:REHTEA>2.0.CO;2
Najman, 1993, Early stages of foreland basin evolution in the Lesser Himalaya, N India, vol. 74, 541
Najman, 1997, Laser Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of single detrital muscovite grains from early foreland-basin sedimentary deposits in India: implications for early Himalayan evolution, Geology, 25, 535, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0535:LAADOS>2.3.CO;2
Najman, 2000, Early Himalayan exhumation: isotopic constraints from the Indian foreland basin, Terra Nova, 12, 28, 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00268.x
Najman, 2001, Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin, Nature, 410, 194, 10.1038/35065577
Najman, 2002, A reinterpretation of the Balakot formation: implications for the tectonics of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan, Tectonics, 21, 10.1029/2001TC001337
Najman, 2003, Early–middle Miocene paleodrainage and tectonics in the Pakistan Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 1265, 10.1130/B25165.1
Nakata, 1989, Active faults of the Himalaya of India and Nepal, Special Paper-Geological Society of America, 232, 243, 10.1130/SPE232-p243
Nelson, 1996, Partially molten middle crust beneath Southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684, 10.1126/science.274.5293.1684
Neumayer, 2004, Eohimalayan fold and thrust belt in the NW-Himalaya (Lingti-Pin Vallleys): shortening and depth to detachment calculation, Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 95/96, 28
Neogi, 1998, High P–T polymetamorphism, dehydration, melting, and generation of migmatites and granites in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Complexes, Sikkim, India, Journal of Petrology, 39, 61, 10.1093/petrology/39.1.61
Ni, 1984, Seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone: geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya, Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 1147, 10.1029/JB089iB02p01147
Nie, 1994, Exhumation of the Dabie-Shan ultrahigh-pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan–Ganzi flysch sequence, central China, Geology, 22, 999, 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0999:EOTDSU>2.3.CO;2
Norlander, 2002, Partial melting and decompression of the Thor-Odin dome, Shuswap metamorphic core complex, Canadian Cordillera, Lithos, 61, 103, 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00075-0
O'Brien, 2001, Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India–Asia collision, Geology, 29, 435, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0435:CIHEAI>2.0.CO;2
Ojha, 2000, Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Neogene Siwalik Group at Khutia Khola, far western Nepal, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 424, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<424:MPSOTN>2.0.CO;2
Pan, G., Ding, J., Yao, D., Wang, L., 2004. Geological map of Qinghai-Xiang (Tibet) plateau and adjacent areas (1:1,500,000). Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey, Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House, Chengdu, China.
Pandey, 1999, Seismotectonics of Nepal Himalayas from a local seismic network, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 703, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00034-6
Pandy, 2003, Microstructural and fluid inclusion constraints on the evolution of Jakhri thrust zone in the Satluj valley of NW Himalaya, Current Science, 84, 1355
Papritz, 1989, Evidence for the occurrence of Permian Panjal Trap basalts in the Lesser and Higher Himalayas of the western syntaxis area, NE Pakistan, Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 602
Parrish, 1996, Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan Sequences, Nepalese Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 904, 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0904:ICOTAA>2.3.CO;2
Parsons, 1993, Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faulting?, Geology, 21, 247, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0247:DMILAN>2.3.CO;2
Pascoe, 1910
Patel, R.C., Singh, S., Asokan, A., Manickavasagam, R.M., Jain, A.K., 1993. Extensional tectonics in the Himalayan orogen, Zanskar, NW India. In: Treloar, P.J., Searle, M.P. (Eds), Himalayan Tectonics. The Geological Society Special Publication 74, 265–276. 445–459.
Patriat, 1984, India–Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates, Nature, 311, 615, 10.1038/311615a0
Paudel, 2002, Locating the Main Central Thrust in central Nepal using lithologic, microstructural and metamorphic criteria, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 26, 29, 10.3126/jngs.v26i0.32078
Pêcher, 1989, The metamorphism in the central Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 31, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00573.x
Pêcher, 1991, The contact between the Higher Himalaya crystallines and the Tibetan sedimentary series: miocene large scale dextral shearing, Tectonics, 10, 587, 10.1029/90TC02655
Pêcher, 1986, The metamorphism in central Himalaya: its relations with the thrust tectonic, Sciences de la Terre, Mémoire, 47, 285
Pêcher, 1989, La structure du Haut-Himalaya au Garhwal (Indes), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 655
Pilgrim, 1906, Notes on the geology of a portion of Bhutan, Records of Geological Survey of India, 34, 22
Pinet, 1987, A thermal model for the distribution in space and time of the Himalayan granites, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 84, 87, 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90179-8
Pognante, 1991, First report of eclogites from the Himalayan belt, Kaghan valley (northern Pakistan), European Journal of Mineralogy, 3, 613, 10.1127/ejm/3/3/0613
Pognante, 1990, The crystalline units of the High Himalayas in the Lahul–Zanskar region (northwestern India): metamorphic–tectonic history and geochronology of the collided and imbricated Indian plate, Geological Magazine, 127, 101, 10.1017/S0016756800013807
Pogue, 1992, Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Peshawar basin, Pakistan: correlations and implications, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 915, 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0915:PAMSOT>2.3.CO;2
Pogue, 1999, Stratigraphic and structural framework of Himalayan foothills, northern Pakistan, vol. 328, 257
Powell, 1973, Plate tectonics and the Himalayas, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20, 1, 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90134-9
Powell, 1973, Polyphase deformation in Phanerozoic rocks of the central Himalayan gneiss, northwest India, Journal of Geology, 81, 127, 10.1086/627830
Powers, 1998, Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Debra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 1010, 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1010:SASOTK>2.3.CO;2
Price, 1986, The southeastern Canadian Cordilleran thrust faulting, tectonic wedge, and delamination of the lithosphere, Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 239, 10.1016/0191-8141(86)90046-5
Qayyum, 1996, Newly discovered Paleogene deltaic sequence in the Katawaz basin, Pakistan and its tectonic implications, Geology, 24, 835, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0835:NDPDSI>2.3.CO;2
Qu, 1994, Oblique thrust systems in the Altay orogen, China, Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 9, 277, 10.1016/0743-9547(94)90035-3
Quidelleur, 1997, The thermal evolution and slip history of the Renbu Zedong Thrust, southeastern Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 2659, 10.1029/96JB02483
Rahman, 2003, Ar-40/Ar-39 multigrain dating of detrital white mica of sandstone of the Surma Group in the Sylhet Trough, Bengal Basin, Bangladesh, Sedimentary Geology, 155, 383, 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00188-4
Rai, 1998, Pressure-temperature evolution in the Kathmandu and Gosainkund regions, Central Nepal, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, 283, 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00019-1
Raiverman, 2000
Ramstein, 1997, Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years, Nature, 386, 788, 10.1038/386788a0
Rao, 1973, The subsurface geology of the Indo-Gangetic plains, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 14, 217
Ratschbacher, 1992, Deformation and motion along the southern margin of the Lhasa block (Tibet) prior to and during the India–Asian collision, Journal of Geodynamics, 16, 21, 10.1016/0264-3707(92)90017-M
Ratschbacher, 1994, Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India–Asia collision, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 19817, 10.1029/94JB00932
R.G.H. Raynolds. 1980. The Pliocene-Pleistocene structural and stratigraphic evolution of the eastern Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. PhD thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 256 pp.
Raynolds, 1981, Did the ancestral Indus flow into the Ganges drainage, Geological Bulletin of University of Peshawar, 14, 141
Reuber, 1986, Geometry of accretion and oceanic thrusting of the Spongtang Ophiolite, Ladakh-Himalaya, Nature, 321, 396, 10.1038/321592a0
Ricou, 1994, Tethys reconstructed: plates, continental fragments and their boundaries since 260 Ma from central America to South-eastern Asia, Geodynamica Acta, 7, 169, 10.1080/09853111.1994.11105266
Robinson, 2001, The kinematic evolution of the Nepalese Himalaya interpreted from Nd isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192, 507, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00451-4
Robinson, 2003, Kinematic model for the Main Central Thrust in Nepal, Geology, 31, 359, 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0359:KMFTMC>2.0.CO;2
Robyr, 2002, Thrusting, extension, and doming during the polyphase tectonometamorphic evolution of the High Himalayan Crystalline Zone in NW India, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 221, 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00039-1
Rowley, 1996, Age of collision between India and Asia: a review of the stratigraphic data, Earth Planetary Science Letters, 145, 1, 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4
Royden, 1993, The steady-state thermal structure of eroding orogenic belts and accertionary prisms, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 4487, 10.1029/92JB01954
Royden, 1996, Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: implications for strain partitioning in the crust, Journal Geophysics Research, 101, 17679, 10.1029/96JB00951
Royden, 1997, Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet, Science, 276, 788, 10.1126/science.276.5313.788
Ruppel, 1994, Pressure–temperature–time paths from 2-dimensional thermal models—prograde, retrograde, and inverted metamorphism, Tectonics, 13, 17, 10.1029/93TC01824
Sakai, 1983, Geology of the Tansen Group of the Lesser Himalaya in Nepal, Memoir of Faculty of Sciences Kyushu University Series, D XXV, 27
Sakai, 1984, Stratigraphy of Tansen area in the Nepal Lesser Himalayas, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 4, 41
Sakai, 1989, Rifting of the Gandwanaland and uplifting of the Himalayas recorded in Mesozoic and Tertiary fluvial sediments in the Nepal Himalayas, 723
Sakai, 1992, Radiometric ages of alkaline volcanic rocks from the upper Gondwana of the Lesser Himalayas, west central Nepal, and their tectonic significance. Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Katmandu, 2, 65
Sakai, 1999, Inverted metamorphism in the Pre-Siwalik foreland basin sediments beneath the crystalline nappe, western Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 727, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00035-8
Sangode, 1996, Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Siwalik sequence of Haripur area (H.P.), NW Himalaya, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 47, 683
Saxena, 1971, The crystalline axis of the Himalaya, Indian shield and continental drift, Tectonophysics, 12, 433, 10.1016/0040-1951(71)90044-8
Scaillet, 1990, Badrinath–Gangotri plutons (Garhwal, India)—petrological and geochemical evidence for fractionation processes in a High Himalayan leucogranite, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 163, 10.1016/0377-0273(90)90017-A
Scaillet, 1995, The Gangotri granite (Garhwal Himalaya)—Laccolithic emplacement in an extending collisional belt, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 585, 10.1029/94JB01664
Schärer, 1984, U–Pb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhimalaya) plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69, 311, 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90190-0
Schärer, 1986, U–(Th)–Pb systematic and ages of Himalayan leucogranites, south Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 77, 35, 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90130-5
Schelling, 1992, The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the eastern Nepal Himalaya, Tectonics, 11, 925, 10.1029/92TC00213
Schelling, 1999, Frontal structural geometries and detachment tectonic of the northeastern Karachi arc, southern Kirthar Range, Pakistan, vol. 328, 287
Schelling, 1991, Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal, Himalaya, Tectonics, 10, 851, 10.1029/91TC01011
Schenider, 1993, The metamorphism of the Tibetan series from the Manang area, Marsyandi valley, central Nepal, vol. 74, 357
Schlup, 2003, Exhumation history of eastern Ladakh revealed by Ar-40/Ar-39 and fission-track ages: the Indus River-Tso Morari transect, NW Himalaya, Journal of the Geological Society, 160, 385, 10.1144/0016-764902-084
Schneider, 1999, Mazemo Pass pluton and Jutial pluton, Pakistan Himalaya: age and implications for entrapment mechanism of two granites in the Himalaya, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 136, 273, 10.1007/s004100050538
Schneider, 1999, Mazeno Pass Pluton and Jutial Pluton, Pakistan Himalaya: age and implications for entrapment mechanisms of two granites in the Himalaya, Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 136, 273, 10.1007/s004100050538
Schneider, 1999, Early Miocene anatexis identified in the western syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya, Earth and Planetary Science, 167, 121, 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00022-9
Searle, 1986, Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the High Himalayan, Tibetan Tethyan and Indus suture zones of Zanskar and Ladakh, western Himalaya, Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 923, 10.1016/0191-8141(86)90037-4
Searle, 1999, Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest–Lhotse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 227, 10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0227
Searle, 2003, The South Tibetan Detachment system and the Manaslu leucogranite: a structural re-interpretation and restoration of the Annapurna–Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal, Journal of Geology, 111, 505, 10.1086/376763
Searle, 1989, Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya, Journal of metamorphic Petrology, 7, 127, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00579.x
Searle, 1989, Metamorphic, magmatic, and tectonic evolution of the central Karakoram in the Biafo–Baltoro–Hushe regions of northern Pakistan, vol. 232, 47
Searle, 1992, Pressure, temperature, and time constraints on Himalayan metamorphism from eastern Kashmir and western Zanskar, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 753, 10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0753
Searle, 1997, Shisha Pangma leucogranite, South Tibetan Himalaya: field relations, geochemistry, age, origin and emplacement, Journal of Geology, 105, 295, 10.1086/515924
Searle, 1999, Thermal and mechanical models for the structural and metamorphic evolution of the Zanskar.105 High Himalaya, vol. 164, 139
Searle, 1999, Age of crustal melting, emplacement and exhumation history of the Shivling leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya, Geological Magazine, 136, 513, 10.1017/S0016756899002885
Searle, 2003, The structural geometry, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Everest massif, High Himalaya of Nepal–South Tibet, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 345, 10.1144/0016-764902-126
Seeber, 1984, Some elements of continental subduction along the Himalayan front, Tectonophysics, 105, 263, 10.1016/0040-1951(84)90207-5
Seeber, 1998, Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform, Geology, 26, 791, 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0791:SPATHA>2.3.CO;2
Sengör, 1984, The Cimmeride orogenic system of the tectonics of Eurasia, Special Paper-Geological Society of America, 195, 10.1130/SPE195-p1
Sengör, 1996, Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis, 486
Sharma, 1977, Geology of the Kulu-Rampur belt, Himachal Pradesh, Geological Survey of India Memoir, 106, 235
Shen, 2001, Large-scale crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 6793, 10.1029/2000JB900389
Sheridan, 1976, Sedimentary basins of the Atlantic margin of North America, Tectonophysics, 36, 113, 10.1016/0040-1951(76)90010-X
Shi, 1987, Two-dimensional modeling of the P–T–t paths of regional metamorphism in simple overthrust terrains, Geology, 15, 1048, 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1048:TMOTPP>2.0.CO;2
Simpson, 2000, Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphism and crustal melting in the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya, Geology, 28, 403, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<403:TEOMCD>2.0.CO;2
Singh, 1990, An outline of the geological framework of the Arunachal Himalaya, Journal of Himalayan Geology, 1, 189
Singh, 2002, Tracing the distribution of erosion in the Brahmaputra watershed from isotopic compositions of stream sediments, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202, 645, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00822-1
Singh, 1995, Deformational and strain patterns of the Jutogh Nappe along the Sutlej Valley in Jeori-Wangtu region, Himachal Pradesh, India, Himalayan Geology, 16, 41
Singh, 2002, SHRIMP U–Pb in zircon geochronology of the Chor granitoid: evidence for Neoproterozoic magmatism in the Lesser Himalayan granite belt of NW India, Precambrain Research, 118, 285, 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00107-9
Smith, 1992, Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U–Pb in monazite, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 113, 93, 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90213-F
Smith, 1994, Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the Indian plate, Northwest Himalaya, Pakistan, Journal of Geology, 102, 493, 10.1086/629694
Sorkhabi, 1999, Himalaya and Tibet: mountain root to mountain top, vol. 328, 1
Sorkhabi, 1996, Fission-track and 40Ar/39Ar evidence for episodic denudation of the Gangotri granites in the Garhwal Higher Himalaya, India, Tectonophysics, 260, 187, 10.1016/0040-1951(96)00083-2
Sorkhabi, 1997, Tectonic and cooling history of the Garhwal Higher Himalaya (Bhagirathi Valley): constraints from thermochronological data, Gondwana Research Group Memoir, 6, 217
Sorkhabi, 1999, Tectonic and cooling history of the Garhwal Higher Himalaya (Bhagirathi Valley): constraints from thermochronological data, vol. 6, 217
Sozbilir, 2002, Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz Graben, western Anatolia, Turkey, Geodinamica Acta, 15, 277, 10.1016/S0985-3111(02)01093-8
Spencer, 1984, Role of tectonic denudation in warping and uplift of low-angle normal faults, Geology, 12, 95, 10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<95:ROTDIW>2.0.CO;2
Spencer, 1989, Role of crustal flexure in initiation of low-angle normal faults and implications for structural evolution of the Basin and Range province, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 1765, 10.1029/JB094iB02p01765
Spring, 1992, Nappe tectonics, extension, and metamorphic evolution in the Indian Tethys Himalaya (Higher Himalaya, SE Zanskar and NW Lahul), Tectonics, 11, 978, 10.1029/92TC00338
Srikantia, 1977, Sedimentary cycles in the Himalaya and their significance in the orogenic evolution of the mountain belt—international colloquium, C.N.R.S. (Paris), 268, 395
Srikantia, 1981, The lithostratigraphy, sedimentation, and structure of Proterozoic–Phanerozoic formations of Spiti basin in the Higher Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh, India, vol. 1, 41
Srivastava, 1994, Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and Lesser Himalaya, Jumoan and Garhwal (India): implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold and thrust belt, Tectonics, 13, 89, 10.1029/93TC01130
Srivastava, 1996, Deformation mechanisms and inverted thermal profiles in the North Almora Thrust mylonite zone, Kumaon Lesser Himalaya, India, Journal of Structural Geology, 18, 27, 10.1016/0191-8141(95)00085-R
Stäubli, 1989, Polyphase metamorphism and the development of the Main Central Thrust, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 73, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00576.x
Steck, 2003, Geology of the NW Indian Himalaya, Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 96, 147
Steck, 1993, The tectonic evolution of the Northwestern Himalaya in eastern Ladakh and Lahul, India, vol. 74, 265
Steck, 1998, Geological transect across the Tso Morari and Spiti areas: the nappe structures of the Tethys Himalaya, Eclogae Geologiecae Helvetiae, 91, 103
Steck, 1999, The NE-directed Shikar Beh Nappe: a major structure of the Higher Himalaya, Eclogae Geologiecae Helvetiae, 92, 239
Stephenson, 2000, Inverted metamorphism and the Main Central Thrust: field relations and thermobarometric constraints from the Kishtwar Window, NW Indian Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, 571, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00277.x
Stephenson, 2001, Structure of the Main Central Thrust zone and extrusion of the high Himalayan deep crustal wedge, Kishtwar-Zanskar Himalaya, Journal of the Geological Society, 158, 637, 10.1144/jgs.158.4.637
Stewart, 1972, Initial deposits in the cordilleran geosyncline: evidence of a late precambrian (<850 m.y.) continental separation, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 1345, 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1345:IDITCG]2.0.CO;2
Stöcklin, 1980, Geology of Nepal and its regional frame, Journal of the Geological Society, 137, 1, 10.1144/gsjgs.137.1.0001
Stüwe, 2001, Ar-40/Ar-39, pressure, temperature and fission-track constraints on the age and nature of metamorphism around the Main Central Thrust in the eastern Bhutan Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 85, 10.1016/S1367-9120(00)00018-3
Suppe, 1983, Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding, American Journal of Science, 283, 648, 10.2475/ajs.283.7.684
Swapp, 1991, Inverted metamorphism within the Tibetan slab of Bhutan—evidence for a tectonically transported hear source, Canadian Mineralogist, 29, 1019
Takagi, 2003, Kinematic history of the Main Central Thrust zone in the Langtang area, Nepal, Tectonophysics, 366, 151, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00052-0
Tapponnier, 2001, Geology-oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau, Science, 294, 1671, 10.1126/science.105978
Taylor, 2003, Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east–west extension and north–south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 22
Teng, 1990, Geotectonic evolution of late Cenozoic arc-continent collision in Taiwan, Tectonophysics, 183, 57, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90188-E
Thakur, 1992
Thakur, 1998, Structure of the Chamba nappe and position of the Main Central Thrust in Kashmir Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 16, 269, 10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00011-7
Thakur, 2004, Active tectonics of Himalayan frontal thrust and seismic hazard to Ganga Plain, Current Science in India, 86, 1554
Thakur, 1974, Tectonics of eastern region, Current Science in India, 43, 783
Thakur, V.C., Rawat, B.S., 1992. Geological Map of Western Himalaya, 1:1,000,000. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India.
Tiwari, 1991, Microfaunal remains from the upper Dharmsala formation, Dharmsala, Kangra Valley, H.P., Journal of Palaentological Society of India, 36, 31
Tonarini, 1993, Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in the Pakistan Himalaya: implications for India–Eurasia collision, Terra Nova, 5, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00221.x
Treloar, 1991, Indian Plate motion and shape: constraints on the geometry of the Himalayan orogen, Tectonophysics, 191, 189, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90055-W
Treloar, 1993, Tectonics of the Himalayan collision between the Indian plate and the Afghan Block: a synthesis, vol. 74, 69
Treloar, 1990, Cooling, uplift and exhumation rates in the crystalline thrust stack of the North Indian Plate, west of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Tectonophysics, 180, 323, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90317-2
Treloar, 1989, K–Ar and Ar–Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: constraints on the timing of suturing, deformation, metamorphism and uplift, Tectonics, 8, 881, 10.1029/TC008i004p00881
Treloar, 1991, Structural evolution and asymmetric uplift of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya, Geologische Rundschau, 80, 411, 10.1007/BF01829374
Treloar, 2000, Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya, vol. 170, 137
Treloar, 2003, Exhumation of early Tertiary, coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya, Journal of The Geological Society, 160, 367, 10.1144/0016-764902-075
Trevidi, 1984, Rb–Sr ages of granitic rocks within the Lesser Himalayan Nappes, Kumaun, Journal of Geological Society of India, 25, 641
Uddin, 1998, Unroofing history of the eastern Himalaya and the Indo-Burman Ranges: heavy-mineral study of Cenozoic sediments from the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 465, 10.2110/jsr.68.465
Uddin, 1998, Cenozoic history of the Himalayan-Bengal system: sand composition in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 497, 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0497:CHOTHB>2.3.CO;2
Upreti, 1996, Stratigraphy of the western Nepal Lesser Himalaya: a synthesis, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 13, 11, 10.3126/jngs.v13i0.32127
Upreti, 1999, An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 577, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00047-4
Upreti, 1999, Lesser Himalayan crystalline nappes of Nepal: problems of their origin, Special Paper—Geological Society of America, vol., 328, 225
Valdiya, 1978, Extension and analogues of the Chail Nappe in Kumaun Himalaya, Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 1
Valdiya, 1979, An outline of the structural setup of the Kumaun Himalaya, Journal of Geological Society of India, 20, 145
Valdiya, 1980
Valdiya, 1981, tectonics of the central sector of the Himalaya, vol. 3, 87
Valdiya, 1988, Tectonics and evolution of the central sector of the Himalaya, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 326, 151, 10.1098/rsta.1988.0083
Valdiya, 1989, Trans-Himadri intracrustal fault and basement upwards south of the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, vol. 232, 153
Vance, 1999, Timing of prograde metamorphism in the Zanskar Himalaya, Geology, 27, 395, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0395:TOPMIT>2.3.CO;2
Van der Voo, 1999, Tethyan subducted slabs under India, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171, 7, 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00131-4
Vannay, 1998, Inverted metamorphism in the High Himalaya of Himachal Pradesh (NW India): phase equilibria versus thermobarometry, Schweizerische Mineralogissche und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 78, 107
Vannay, 2001, Himalayan inverted metamorphism and syn-convergence extension as a consequence of a general shear extrusion, Geological Magazine, 138, 253, 10.1017/S0016756801005313
Vannay, 1996, Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 635, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.1996.00426.x
Vannay, 1995, Tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Upper Lahul (NW Himalaya, India), Tectonics, 14, 253, 10.1029/94TC02455
Vannay, 1999, Himalayan inverted metamorphism constrained by oxygen isotope thermometry, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 137, 90, 10.1007/s004100050584
Vannay, 2004, Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: Evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion, Tectonics, 23, TC1014, 10.1029/2002TC001429
Verma, 1976, Geological observations in parts of Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA), Himalayan Geology, 6, 259
Vigneresse, 2002, The paradoxical aspect of the Himalayan granites, vol. 9, 1
Wadia, 1931, The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny, Records of Geological Survey of India, 65, 189
Wadia, 1934, The Cambrian–Trias sequences of northwest Kashmir (parts of the Mazaffarabad and Baramula District), Records of Geological Survey of India, 68, 121
Wadia, 1953
Walker, 1999, Metamorphism, melting, and extension: age constraints from the High Himalayan slab of southeast Zanskar and northwest Lahaul, Journal of Geology, 107, 473, 10.1086/314360
Walker, 2001, An integrated tectonothermal model for the evolution of the High Himalaya in western Zanskar with constraints from thermobarometry and metamorphic modeling, Tectonics, 20, 810, 10.1029/2000TC001249
Wang, 1985
Wang, 2001, Geologic and geomorphic origins of the east Himalayan gap, Chinese Journal of Geology, 36, 122
Wernicke, 1992, Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the U.S. Cordillera, 553
Westaway, 1999, The mechanical feasibility of low-angle normal faulting, Tectonophysics, 308, 407, 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00148-1
White, 2001, Metamorphism and exhumation of the NW Himalaya constrained by U–Th–Pb analyses of detrital monazite grains from early foreland basin sediments, Journal of the Geological Society, 158, 625, 10.1144/jgs.158.4.625
White, 2002, Constraints on the exhumation and erosion of the High Himalayan Slab, NW India, from foreland basin deposits, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195, 29, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00565-9
Whittington, 1999, Lithostratigraphic correlations in the western Himalaya—an isotopic approach, Geology, 27, 585, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0585:LCITWH>2.3.CO;2
Whittington, 2000, Tracing the origin of the western Himalaya: an isotopic comparison of the Nanga Parbat massif and Zanskar Himalaya, vol. 170, 201
Wiesmayr, 2002, Eohimalayan fold and thrust belt: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the NW-Himalaya (India), Tectonics, 2, 1058, 10.1029/2002TC001363
Windley, 1983, Metamorphism and tectonics of the Himalaya, Geological Society of London Journal, 140, 849, 10.1144/gsjgs.140.6.0849
Winslow, 1995, Metamorphism and melting of the lithosphere due to rapid denudation, Pakistan Himalaya, Journal of Geology, 103, 395, 10.1086/629759
Winslow, 1996, Geochronological constraints on syntaxial development in the Nanga Parbat region, Pakistan, Tectonics, 15, 1292, 10.1029/96TC00032
Wobus, 2003, Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front?, Geology, 31, 861, 10.1130/G19730.1
Wobus, 2005, Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya, Nature, 434, 1008, 10.1038/nature03499
Wu, 1998, Yadong cross structure and South Tibetan Detachment in the east central Himalaya (89–90 E), Tectonics, 17, 28, 10.1029/97TC03386
Wyss, 2000, Metamorphic evolution of the northern Himachal Himalaya: phase equilibria constraints and thermobarometry, Schweizerische Mineralogische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 80, 317
Wyss, 1999, Structural and metamorphic evolution of the northern Himachal Himalayas, NW India–(Spiti–eastern Lahul–Parvati valley traverse), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 92, 3
Xizang BGMR (Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1993
Xu, 1990, Age and geochemistry of granites and metamorphic rocks in south-central Xizang (Tibet), 287
Xu, 1985, Magmatism and metamorphism in the Lhasa block (Tibet): a geochronological study, Journal of Geology, 93, 41, 10.1086/628918
Yang, 1992, Mylonite–migmatite lithogenic series—an important tectono-dynamic rock forming process, Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 16, 151
Yeats, 1987, Timing of structural events in the Himalaya foothills of northwest Pakistan, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 161, 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<161:TOSEIT>2.0.CO;2
Yeats, 1984, Tectonics of the Himalayan thrust belt in northern Pakistan, 177
Yeats, 1991, Contemporary tectonics of the Himalayan frontal fault system: folds, blind thrusts and 1905 Kangra earthquake, Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 215, 10.1016/0191-8141(91)90068-T
Yin, 1989, Origin of regionally, rooted low-angle normal faults—a mechanical model and its tectonic implications, Tectonics, 8, 469, 10.1029/TC008i003p00469
Yin, 1990, Reply to “comment on origin of regional, rooted low-angle normal faults: a mechanical model and its tectonic implications”, Tectonics, 9, 547, 10.1029/TC009i003p00547
Yin, 1991, Mechanics of wedge-shaped fault blocks: 1. An elastic solution for compressional wedges, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 14245, 10.1029/93JB00555
Yin, 1993, Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faulting-comment, Geology, 21, 956, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0956:DMILAN>2.3.CO;2
Yin, 2000, Mode of Cenozoic east–west Extension in Tibet suggests a common origin of rifts in Asia during Indo-Asian collision, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 21745, 10.1029/2000JB900168
Yin, 2002, A passive-roof thrust model for the emplacement of the Orocopia-Pelona Schist in Southern California, Geology, 30, 183, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0183:PRTMFT>2.0.CO;2
Yin, 2004, Gneiss domes and gneiss dome systems, vol. 380, 1
Yin, 1992, Structural and stratigraphic development of the Whipple–Chemehuevi detachment fault system, southeastern California: implications for the geometrical evolution of domal and basinal low-angle normal faults, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 104, 659, 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0659:SASDOT>2.3.CO;2
Yin, 2000, Geologic evolution of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28, 211, 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211
Yin, 1993, An indentation model for North and South China collision and the development of the Tanlu and Honam fault systems, eastern Asia, Tectonics, 12, 801, 10.1029/93TC00313
Yin, 1996, A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, 442
Yin, 1994, Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system, southeastern Tibet, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 18175, 10.1029/94JB00504
Yin, 1999, Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 1644, 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1644:TDHOSA>2.3.CO;2
Yin, 2002, Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 1257, 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1257:THOTAT>2.0.CO;2
Yin, 2003, The Kumharsain shear zone in the Garhwal Himalaya, a segment of the folded South Tibet Detachment south of the Greater Himalayan Crystyallines?, Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 34, 30
Yin, A., Dubey, C.S., Kelty, T.K., Gehrels, G.E., Chou, C.Y., Grove, M, Lovera, M. submitted for publication. Structural Architecture of the Eastern Himalaya and its Implications for Asymmetric Development of the Himalayan Origin. Geology.
Zeitler, 1985, Cooling history of the NW Himalaya, Tectonics, 4, 127, 10.1029/TC004i001p00127
Zeitler, 1991, Petrogenic and tectonic significance of young leucogranites from the northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan, Tectonics, 10, 729, 10.1029/91TC00168
Zeitler, 1989, Geochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbat–Haramosh massif, Pakistan, vol. 232, 1
Zeitler, 2001, Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan: metamorphic consequences of thermal–mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion, Tectonics, 20, 712, 10.1029/2000TC001243
Zhang, J., Guo, L., submitted for publication. Yalashangbo dome: a metamorphic core complex and the exposure of Southern Tibetan Detachment System in northern Himalaya. Tectonophysics.
Zhang, 1992
Zhao, 1987, Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust: a two-dimensional finite element model study, Tectonics, 6, 489, 10.1029/TC006i004p00489
Zhao, 1993, Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet, Nature, 366, 557, 10.1038/366557a0
Zhu, 2005, Age of initiation of the India–Asia collision in the east-central Himalaya, Journal of Geology, 113, 265, 10.1086/428805
Ziabrev, 2004, Bainang Terrane, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture, southern Tibet (Xizang, China): a record of intra-Neotethyan subduction–accretion processes preserved on the roof of the world, Journal of the Geological, 161, 523, 10.1144/0016-764903-099
Zhong, 1993, Dynamic feedback between a continent-like raft and thermal convection, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 12219, 10.1029/93JB00193