People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - Tập 118 Số 17 - 2021
Erle C. Ellis1, Nicolas Gauthier2,3, Kees Klein Goldewijk4,5, Rebecca Bliege Bird6, Nicole Boivin7,8, Sandra Dı́az9, Dorian Q. Fuller10,11, Jacquelyn L. Gill12, Jed O. Kaplan13, Naomi Kingston14, Harvey Locke15, Crystal N. H. McMichael16, Darren Ranco17, Torben C. Rick18, M. Rebecca Shaw19, Lucas Stephens20, Jens‐Christian Svenning21, James E. M. Watson22,23
1Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250;
2Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
3School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
4Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
5PBL The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2594 AV The Hague, The Netherlands;
6Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801;
7Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany 07745;
8School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia QLD 4072;
9Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina 5000;
10Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom
11School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 710069;
12School of Biology and Ecology and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469;
13Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
14United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, CB3 0DL United Kingdom;
15Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, Banff, AB, Canada T2L 1G1;
16Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
17Department of Anthropology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469;
18Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560;
19The World Wide Fund for Nature, San Francisco, CA 94105;
20Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
21Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
22School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072;
23Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460

Tóm tắt

SignificanceThe current biodiversity crisis is often depicted as a struggle to preserve untouched habitats. Here, we combine global maps of human populations and land use over the past 12,000 y with current biodiversity data to show that nearly three quarters of terrestrial nature has long been shaped by diverse histories of human habitation and use by Indigenous and traditional peoples. With rare exceptions, current biodiversity losses are caused not by human conversion or degradation of untouched ecosystems, but rather by the appropriation, colonization, and intensification of use in lands inhabited and used by prior societies. Global land use history confirms that empowering the environmental stewardship of Indigenous peoples and local communities will be critical to conserving biodiversity across the planet.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Tập 118 Số 17

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