Assessing the Efficacy of Treatments for ADHD
Tóm tắt
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing psychiatric condition that affects significant numbers of children, adolescents and adults. Clinicians in a variety of practice settings (hospital, outpatient, residential, research) strive to diagnose, treat and monitor ADHD in an efficient and evidence-based manner. Tools that facilitate the gathering and interpretation of information from a variety of sources can effectively augment a diagnostic assessment, and can also be useful for longitudinal monitoring. Multiple assessment tools are available, with varying degrees of psychometric validity, clinical utility and overall feasibility (time and cost). This review provides an overview of several available ADHD rating scales and continuous performance tests, and offers a discussion of potential strengths and weaknesses of the instruments. While these tools do not in and of themselves make a diagnosis of ADHD, they can certainly assist in the diagnostic assessment, be crucial in assessing the efficacy of medications in clinical trials, and be a useful adjunct in the clinical management of ADHD.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR1; citation_publisher=American Psychiatric Association
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study; citation_author=RA Barkley, M Fischer, CS Edelbrock; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=546-57; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007; citation_id=CR2
citation_journal_title=Biol Psychiatry; citation_title=Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication; citation_author=RC Kessler, LA Adler, R Barkley; citation_volume=57; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1442-51; citation_doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001; citation_id=CR3
citation_journal_title=J Abnorm Child Psychol; citation_title=Psychiatric and psychological morbidity as a function of adaptive disability in preschool children with aggressive and hyperactive-impulsive-inattentive behavior; citation_author=TL Shelton, RA Barkley, C Crosswait; citation_volume=26; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=475-94; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1022603902905; citation_id=CR4
citation_journal_title=JAMA; citation_title=Use and costs of medical care for children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=CL Leibson, SK Katusic, WJ Barbaresi; citation_volume=285; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=60-6; citation_doi=10.1001/jama.285.1.60; citation_id=CR5
citation_journal_title=Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=The Texas Children’ s Medication Algorithm Project: revision of the algorithm for pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=SR Pliszka, ML Crismon, CW Hughes; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=642-57; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Arch Gen Psychiatry; citation_title=A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD; citation_author=; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1073-86; citation_doi=10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=J Abnorm Child Psychol; citation_title=Psychosocial treatment strategies in the MTA study: rationale, methods, and critical issues in design and implementation; citation_author=KC Wells, WE Pelham, RA Kotkin; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=483-505; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1005174913412; citation_id=CR8
citation_title=Hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression in clinical practice; citation_inbook_title=Advances in behavioral pediatrics; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_id=CR9; citation_author=J Loney; citation_author=R Milich; citation_publisher=Plenum
citation_title=ADHD Rating Scale IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR10; citation_author=GJ DuPaul; citation_author=TJ Power; citation_author=AD Anastopoulos; citation_publisher=Guilford
citation_journal_title=Int J Methods Psychiatr Res; citation_title=ADHD rating scale IV: psychometric properties from a multinational study as a clinician-administered instrument; citation_author=S Zhang, DE Faries, M Vowles; citation_volume=14; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=186-201; citation_doi=10.1002/mpr.7; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Scand J Psychol; citation_title=Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity symptoms in Icelandic school children: assessment with the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Rating Scale-IV; citation_author=P Magnusson, J Smart, H Gretarsdottir; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=301-6; citation_doi=10.1111/1467-9450.404130; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=J Atten Disord; citation_title=Validation of the ADHD rating scale as a clinician administered and scored instrument; citation_author=DE Faries, I Yalcin, D Harder; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=107-15; citation_doi=10.1177/108705470100500204; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=J Psychopathol Behav Assess; citation_title=Teacher ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Hispanic children; citation_author=RD Ramirez, ES Shapiro; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=275-93; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1021934705392; citation_id=CR14
citation_title=School based assessments and interventions for ADD students; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR15; citation_author=J Swanson; citation_publisher=K.C. Publishing
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment; citation_author=JM Swanson, HC Kraemer, SP Hinshaw; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=168-79; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-200102000-00011; citation_id=CR16
citation_journal_title=Am J Psychiatry; citation_title=A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children; citation_author=C Conners; citation_volume=126; citation_publication_date=1969; citation_pages=884-8; citation_id=CR17
citation_journal_title=J Abnorm Child Psychol; citation_title=Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population; citation_author=M Gaub, CL Carlson; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=103-11; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1025775311259; citation_id=CR18
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: effects of comorbidity and gender; citation_author=JH Newcorn, JM Halperin, PS Jensen; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=137-46; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-200102000-00008; citation_id=CR19
ADHD.net [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.ADHD.net
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
citation_journal_title=J Clin Child Psychol; citation_title=Factors influencing elementary school teachers’ ratings of ADHD and ODD behaviors; citation_author=J Stevens, AL Quittner, H Abikoff; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=406-14; citation_doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_4; citation_id=CR21
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Efficacy of a new pattern of delivery of methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD: effects on activity level in the classroom and on the playground; citation_author=JM Swanson, S Gupta, L Williams; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1306-14; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-200211000-00011; citation_id=CR22
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Analog classroom assessment of Adderall in children with ADHD; citation_author=JM Swanson, S Wigal, LL Greenhill; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=519-26; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-199805000-00014; citation_id=CR23
citation_journal_title=Psycho-pharmacol Bull; citation_title=Reliability and validity of the SKAMP rating scale in a laboratory school setting; citation_author=SB Wigal, S Gupta, D Guinta; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=47-53; citation_id=CR24
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Impairment and deportment responses to different methylphenidate doses in children with ADHD: the MTA titration trial; citation_author=LL Greenhill, JM Swanson, B Vitiello; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=180-7; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-200102000-00012; citation_id=CR25
Conners C. Conners’ rating scales: revised technical manual. North Tonawanda (NY): Multi-Health Systems, 1997 [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.mhs.com
[Accessed 2008 Mar 3]
citation_journal_title=J Abnorm Child Psychol; citation_title=Obtaining systematic teacher reports of disruptive behavior disorders utilizing DSM-IV; citation_author=ML Wolraich, ID Feurer, JN Hannah; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=141-52; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1022673906401; citation_id=CR27
Wolraich ML. Vanderbilt ADHD Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS) and the Vanderbilt ADHD Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS), 2003 [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.nichq.org
[Accessed 2008 Feb 8]
citation_title=Assessing child behavior problems in a medical setting: development of the Pediatric Behavior Scale; citation_inbook_title=Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families. Vol. 3; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=57-90; citation_id=CR29; citation_author=S Lindgren; citation_author=GG Koeppl; citation_publisher=JAI Press
citation_journal_title=J Pediatr Psychol; citation_title=Psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale in a referred population; citation_author=ML Wolraich, W Lambert, MA Doffing; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=559-67; citation_doi=10.1093/jpepsy/jsg046; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=J Dev Behav Pediatr; citation_title=Assessing the impact of parent and teacher agreement on diagnosing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=ML Wolraich, EW Lambert, L Bickman; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=41-7; citation_doi=10.1097/00004703-200402000-00007; citation_id=CR31
Swanson J, Schuck S, Mann M, et al. Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: the SNAP and SWAN ratings scales, 2001 [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.adhd.net
[Accessed 2006 Dec 24]
Swanson J, Schuck S, Mann M, et al. Over-identification of extreme behavior in the evaluation and diagnosis of ADHD/ HKD, 2001 [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.adhd.net/SNAP_SWAN.pdf
[Accessed 2006 Dec 24]
citation_journal_title=J Clin Child Psychol; citation_title=Normative data on the IOWA Conners teacher rating scale; citation_author=WE Pelham, R Milich, DA Murphy; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=259-62; citation_doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp1803_9; citation_id=CR34
citation_journal_title=Pediatrics; citation_title=Once-a-day concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings; citation_author=WE Pelham, EM Gnagy, L Burrows-Maclean; citation_volume=107; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=e105; citation_doi=10.1542/peds.107.6.e105; citation_id=CR35
citation_journal_title=J Consult Clin Psychol; citation_title=The reliability, validity, and unique contributions of self-report by adolescents receiving treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=BH Smith, WE Pelham, E Gnagy; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=489-99; citation_doi=10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.489; citation_id=CR36
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adderall and methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=SR Pliszka, RG Browne, RL Olvera; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=619-26; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-200005000-00016; citation_id=CR37
citation_journal_title=J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry; citation_title=Response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety; citation_author=IR Diamond, R Tannock, RJ Schachar; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=402-9; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-199904000-00012; citation_id=CR38
citation_journal_title=J Child Psychol Psychiatry; citation_title=Response execution and inhibition in children with AD/HD and other disruptive disorders: the role of behavioural activation; citation_author=A Scheres, J Oosterlaan, JA Sergeant; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=347-57; citation_doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00728; citation_id=CR39
Brown TE. Brown attention-deficit disorder scales for children and adolescents. San Antonio (TX): Psychological Corporation, 2001 [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.psychcorp.com
[Accessed 2008 Mar 3]
citation_title=WISC-III: clinical use and interpretation; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR41; citation_publisher=Elsevier
O’Laughlin EM, Murphy MJ. Use of computerized continuous performance tasks for assessment of ADHD: a guide for practitioners [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.division42.org/MembersArea/IPfiles/IPSum2000/ce_AssessofADHD.html
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
citation_journal_title=ADHD Rep; citation_title=Can neuropsychological tests help diagnose ADD/ ADHD?; citation_author=R Barkley; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=1-3; citation_id=CR43
citation_title=Test of variables of attention: professional manual (version 7.0); citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR44; citation_author=LM Greenberg; citation_publisher=Universal Attention Disorders
citation_title=Conners’ continuous performance test computer program 3.0: users manual; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR45; citation_author=K Conners; citation_publisher=Multi-Health Systems
citation_title=Intermediate visual and auditory continuous performance test: administration and interpretation manual (version 1.2); citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR46; citation_author=JA Sandford; citation_publisher=BrainTrain
Gordon Systems and GSI Publications [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.gsi-add.com/gordondiagnosticsystem.htm
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
The TOVA Company [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.tovacompany.com/store
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
Multi-Health Systems Inc. [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.mhs.com
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
BrainTrain: changing the way people think [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.braintrain.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?.Screen=CTGY&Category_Code=IVA
[Accessed 2007 Mar 25]
citation_title=Assessing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR51; citation_author=AD Anastopoulos; citation_author=TL Shelton; citation_publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum
citation_title=Tests and observational measures; citation_inbook_title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=369-88; citation_id=CR52; citation_author=M Gordon; citation_author=RA Barkley; citation_author=BJ Lovett; citation_publisher=Guilford
citation_title=University of California, Irvine, laboratory school protocol for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies; citation_inbook_title=Ritalin: theory and practice; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=405-30; citation_id=CR53; citation_author=JM Swanson; citation_author=D Agler; citation_author=E Fineberg; citation_publisher=Mary Ann Liebert
citation_journal_title=J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol; citation_title=A practical impairment measure: psychometric properties of the Impairment Rating Scale in three samples of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; citation_author=GA Fabiano, WE Pelham, D Waschbusch; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=369-85; citation_doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3503_3; citation_id=CR54
citation_title=Social skills rating system; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_id=CR55; citation_author=FM Gresham; citation_author=SN Elliott; citation_publisher=American Guidance Service
citation_journal_title=School Psychol Rev; citation_title=Teacher ratings of academic skills: the development of the Academic Performance Rating Scale; citation_author=GJ DuPaul, MD Rapport, LM Perriello; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=284-300; citation_id=CR56
Pearson: assessments for specialized education needs [online]. Available from URL:
http://ags.pearsonassessments.com/group.asp?.nGroupInfoID=a3400
[Accessed 2007 Jul 1]
citation_journal_title=Arch Gen Psychiatry; citation_title=A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS); citation_author=D Shaffer, MS Gould, J Brasic; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=1228-31; citation_doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010; citation_id=CR58
citation_title=Multiaxial classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders in children and adolescents; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR59; citation_author=R Michael; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press
citation_journal_title=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Global assessment of psychosocial functioning in child and adolescent psychiatry: a review of three unidimensional scales (CGAS, GAF, GAPD); citation_author=BE Schorre, IH Vandvik; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=273-86; citation_doi=10.1007/s00787-004-0390-2; citation_id=CR60
citation_journal_title=Eval Program Plann; citation_title=Child global rating scales: selecting a measure of client functioning in a large mental health system; citation_author=JL Sorensen, WA Hargreaves, S Friedlander; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=337-47; citation_doi=10.1016/0149-7189(82)90006-4; citation_id=CR61
Clinical global impressions. In: Guy W, editor. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology, revised. Rockville (MD): National Institute of Mental Health, 1976: 218–22. DHEW publication no. ADM 76-338
Likert scaling [online]. Available from URL:
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php
[Accessed 2008 Feb 8]
citation_journal_title=Scales assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; citation_title=Ten-year review of rating scales: V; citation_author=BR Collett, JL Ohan, KM Myers; citation_volume=42; citation_issue=9; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=1015-37; citation_id=CR64
citation_journal_title=Psychol Rep; citation_title=Review of clinical validation of ADHD behavior rating scales; citation_author=SM Snyder, JR Hall, SL Cornwell; citation_volume=99; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=363-78; citation_doi=10.2466/pr0.99.2.363-378; citation_id=CR65
citation_journal_title=J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol; citation_title=Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents; citation_author=WE Pelham, GA Fabiano, GM Massetti; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=449-76; citation_doi=10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_5; citation_id=CR66