Noninvasive Imaging in Myocarditis

McCarthy, 2000, Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis, N Engl J Med, 342, 690, 10.1056/NEJM200003093421003 Feldman, 2000, Myocarditis, N Engl J Med, 343, 1388, 10.1056/NEJM200011093431908 Kuhl, 2005, High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with “idiopathic” left ventricular dysfunction, Circulation, 111, 887, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 Caforio, 2002, Circulating cardiac autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis: pathogenetic and clinical significance, Eur J Heart Fail, 4, 411, 10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00010-7 Sheppard, 2005, Myocardial expression of fas and recovery of left ventricular function in patients with recent-onset cardiomyopathy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 1036, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.067 Theleman, 2001, Acute myocarditis (predominately lymphocytic) causing sudden death without heart failure, Am J Cardiol, 88, 1078, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02000-8 Doolan, 2004, Causes of sudden cardiac death in young Australians, Med J Aust, 180, 110, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb05830.x Felker, 1999, The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy, Medicine (Baltimore), 78, 270, 10.1097/00005792-199907000-00005 Aretz, 1987, Myocarditis, Am J Cardiovasc Pathol, 1, 3 Chow, 1989, Insensitivity of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 14, 915, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90465-8 Hauck, 1989, Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error, Mayo Clin Proc, 64, 1235, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61286-5 Shirani, 1993, Gross and semiquantitative histologic findings in mononuclear cell myocarditis causing sudden death, and implications for endomyocardial biopsy, Am J Cardiol, 72, 952, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)91113-V Friedrich, 1998, Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis, Circulation, 97, 1802, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1802 De Cobelli, 2006, Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 1649, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.067 Baughman, 2006, Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria, Circulation, 113, 593, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663 Linder, 1985, Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocytes in uninflamed ventricular myocardium, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 109, 917 Wojnicz, 2001, Randomized, placebo-controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy: two-year follow-up results, Circulation, 104, 39, 10.1161/01.CIR.104.1.39 Pinamonti, 1988, Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis, Am J Cardiol, 62, 285, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90226-3 Nieminen, 1984, Echocardiography in acute infectious myocarditis: relation to clinical and electrocardiographic findings, Am J Cardiol, 53, 1331, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90089-4 Mendes, 1999, Ventricular remodeling in active myocarditis, Am Heart J, 138, 303, 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70116-X Hiramitsu, 2001, Transient ventricular wall thickening in acute myocarditis: a serial echocardiographic and histopathologic study, Jpn Circ J, 65, 863, 10.1253/jcj.65.863 Adsett, 2003, Eosinophilic heart: marked left ventricular wall thickening and myocardial dysfunction improving with corticosteroid therapy, Echocardiography, 20, 369, 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2003.03043.x Kondo, 1985, Reversible asymmetric septal hypertrophy in acute myocarditis, Jpn Circ J, 49, 589, 10.1253/jcj.49.589 Wilansky, 1989, Acute myocarditis presenting as asymmetric septal hypertrophy, Can J Cardiol, 5, 75 Carvalho, 1996, Prognostic value of posterior wall thickness in childhood dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, Eur Heart J, 17, 1233, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015041 Muro, 2001, Prediction of contractile reserve by cyclic variation of integrated backscatter of the myocardium in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction, Heart, 85, 165, 10.1136/heart.85.2.165 Naito, 1994, Analysis of transmural trend of myocardial integrated ultrasound backscatter for differentiation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 24, 517, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90312-3 Angermann, 1997, Recognition of acute cardiac allograft rejection from serial integrated backscatter analyses in human orthotopic heart transplant recipients, Circulation, 95, 140, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.1.140 Lieback, 1996, Clinical value of echocardiographic tissue characterization in the diagnosis of myocarditis, Eur Heart J, 17, 135, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014671 Ueda, 2000, Echocardiographic observation of acute myocarditis with systemic lupus erythematosus, Jpn Circ J, 64, 144, 10.1253/jcj.64.144 Omi, 2002, Ultrasonic tissue characterization in acute myocarditis: a case report, Circ J, 66, 416, 10.1253/circj.66.416 Felker, 2000, Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 227, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00690-2 Mendes, 1994, Right ventricular dysfunction: an independent predictor of adverse outcome in patients with myocarditis, Am Heart J, 128, 301, 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90483-9 Kaul, 1984, Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography, Am Heart J, 107, 526, 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90095-4 Naqvi, 1999, Myocardial contractile reserve on dobutamine echocardiography predicts late spontaneous improvement in cardiac function in patients with recent onset idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 34, 1537, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00371-X Urhausen, 2003, Images in cardiovascular medicine, Circulation, 108, e21, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000075302.23631.D1 Jacobs, 1984, Lyme myocarditis diagnosed by gallium scan, J Pediatr, 105, 950, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80086-4 O’Connell, 1984, Gallium-67 imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and biopsy-proven myocarditis, Circulation, 70, 58, 10.1161/01.CIR.70.1.58 Matsuura, 1987, Gallium-67 myocardial imaging for the detection of myocarditis in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome): the usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography, Br Heart J, 58, 385, 10.1136/hrt.58.4.385 Khaw, 1979, Specificity of localization of myosin-specific antibody fragments in experimental myocardial infarction, Circulation, 60, 1527, 10.1161/01.CIR.60.7.1527 Kishimoto, 1991, Natural evolution of cardiac function, cardiac pathology and antimyosin scan in a murine myocarditis model, J Am Coll Cardiol, 17, 821, 10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80203-7 Ballester, 1990, Indium-111-monoclonal antimyosin antibody studies after the first year of heart transplantation, Circulation, 82, 2100, 10.1161/01.CIR.82.6.2100 Yasuda, 1987, Indium 111-monoclonal antimyosin antibody imaging in the diagnosis of acute myocarditis, Circulation, 76, 306, 10.1161/01.CIR.76.2.306 Carrio, 1988, Indium-111 antimyosin scintigraphy to assess myocardial damage in patients with suspected myocarditis and cardiac rejection, J Nucl Med, 29, 1893 Narula, 1996, Diagnostic accuracy of antimyosin scintigraphy in suspected myocarditis, J Nucl Cardiol, 3, 371, 10.1016/S1071-3581(96)90070-7 Dec, 1990, Antimyosin antibody cardiac imaging: its role in the diagnosis of myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 16, 97, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90463-Y Obrador, 1994, Presence, evolving changes, and prognostic implications of myocardial damage detected in idiopathic and alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy by 111In monoclonal antimyosin antibodies, Circulation, 89, 2054, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.5.2054 Martin, 2004, Role of noninvasive antimyosin imaging in infants and children with clinically suspected myocarditis, J Nucl Med, 45, 429 Lekakis, 1995, Natural evolution of antimyosin scan and cardiac function in patients with acute myocarditis, Int J Cardiol, 52, 53, 10.1016/0167-5273(95)02440-8 Narula, 1995, Antimyosin uptake and myofibrillarlysis in dilated cardiomyopathy, J Nucl Cardiol, 2, 470, 10.1016/S1071-3581(05)80038-8 Gagliardi, 1991, Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of acute myocarditis in infants and children, and comparison with endomyocardial biopsy, Am J Cardiol, 68, 1089, 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90501-B Gagliardi, 1999, MRI for the diagnosis and follow-up of myocarditis, Circulation, 99, 458, 10.1161/circ.99.3.457/a Roditi, 2000, MRI changes in myocarditis—evaluation with spin echo, cine MR angiography and contrast enhanced spin echo imaging, Clin Radiol, 55, 752, 10.1053/crad.2000.0519 Laissy, 2002, MRI of acute myocarditis: a comprehensive approach based on various imaging sequences, Chest, 122, 1638, 10.1378/chest.122.5.1638 McCrohon, 2003, Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Circulation, 108, 54, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000078641.19365.4C Hunold, 2005, Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 184, 1420, 10.2214/ajr.184.5.01841420 Mahrholdt, 2004, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology, Circulation, 109, 1250, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81 Abdel-Aty, 2005, Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 1815, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.069 Laissy, 2005, Differentiating acute myocardial infarction from myocarditis: diagnostic value of early- and delayed-perfusion cardiac MR imaging, Radiology, 237, 75, 10.1148/radiol.2371041322 Wagner, 2003, Long-term follow-up of patients paragraph sign with acute myocarditis by magnetic paragraph sign resonance imaging, Magma, 16, 17, 10.1007/s10334-003-0007-7 Magnani, 2006, Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment, Circulation, 113, 876, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584532 Liu, 2005, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis: prospects for detecting myocardial inflammation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 1823, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.002 Ino, 1997, Late persistent expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on myocardial tissue in children with lymphocytic myocarditis, Cardiovasc Res, 34, 323, 10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00002-3 Seko, 1998, Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2, and CD40 in the heart of patients with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, Circulation, 97, 637, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.7.637 Weller, 2003, Ultrasound imaging of acute cardiac transplant rejection with microbubbles targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1, Circulation, 108, 218, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000080287.74762.60 Kondo, 2004, Leukocyte-targeted myocardial contrast echocardiography can assess the degree of acute allograft rejection in a rat cardiac transplantation model, Circulation, 109, 1056, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000115586.25803.D5 Riou, 2002, Assessment of myocardial inflammation produced by experimental coronary occlusion and reperfusion with 99mTc-RP517, a new leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist that preferentially labels neutrophils in vivo, Circulation, 106, 592, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000023878.04716.6D Kanno, 2001, Macrophage accumulation associated with rat cardiac allograft rejection detected by magnetic resonance imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, Circulation, 104, 934, 10.1161/hc3401.093148 Blankenberg, 1999, In vivo detection of apoptotic cell death: a necessary measurement for evaluating therapy for myocarditis, ischemia, and heart failure, J Nucl Cardiol, 6, 531, 10.1016/S1071-3581(99)90026-0 Tokita, 2003, 99mTc-Hynic-annexin V imaging to evaluate inflammation and apoptosis in rats with autoimmune myocarditis, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 30, 232, 10.1007/s00259-002-1006-z Peker, 2004, Imaging apoptosis with (99m)Tc-annexin-V in experimental subacute myocarditis, J Nucl Med, 45, 1081 Narula, 2001, Annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection, Nat Med, 7, 1347, 10.1038/nm1201-1347 Kown, 2001, In vivo imaging of acute cardiac rejection in human patients using (99m)technetium labeled annexin V, Am J Transplant, 1, 270, 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2001.001003270.x Lauer, 1997, Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 1354, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00317-3 Smith, 1997, Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis, Circulation, 95, 163, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.1.163 Herskowitz, 1990, Induction of major histocompatibility complex antigens within the myocardium of patients with active myocarditis: a nonhistologic marker of myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 15, 624, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90637-5 Kuhl, 1998, Antimyosin scintigraphy and immunohistologic analysis of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis—evidence of myocardial cell damage and inflammation in the absence of histologic signs of myocarditis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 1371, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00397-0