Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students

Akbulut, 2016, In search of a measure to investigate cyberloafing in educational settings, Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 616, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.002 Anderson, 1988, Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411, 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 Andreassen, 2014, Predictors of use of social network sites at work-A specific type of cyberloafing, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 19, 906, 10.1111/jcc4.12085 Askew, 2014, Explaining cyberloafing: the role of the theory of planned behavior, Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.006 Augner, 2012, Associations between problematic mobile phone use and psychological parameters in young adults, International Journal of Public Health, 57, 437, 10.1007/s00038-011-0234-z Aypay, 2010, The adaptation study of general self-efficacy (GSE) scale to Turkish, Inonu University Journal of The Faculty of Education, 11, 113 Bandura, 1997 Barnes, 2009 Baturay, 2015, An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle, Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 358, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.081 Bentler, 1980, Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures, Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588, 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 Bian, 2015, Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital, Social Science Computer Review, 33, 61, 10.1177/0894439314528779 Bicen, 2015, Determining the effects of technological tool use habits on social lives, Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 457, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.012 Blanchard, 2008, Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: the role of norms and external locus of control, Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1067, 10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.008 Bollen, 1989, A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models, Sociological Methods & Research, 17, 303, 10.1177/0049124189017003004 Brown, 1998, Self-regulation and the addictive behaviors, 61 Browne, 1993, Alternative ways of assessing model fit, Vol. 154 Çevik, 2015, Özdüzenlemenin dikkat kontrolü boyutu: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması, Başkent University Journal of Education, 2, 229 Chen, 2015, Examining the effects of perceived enjoyment and habit on smartphone addiction: the role of user type, 224 Chiu, 2014, The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on Taiwanese university students: a mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy, Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024 Choi, 2012, The influence of smartphone addiction on mental health, campus life and personal relations-Focusing on K university students, Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society, 23, 1005, 10.7465/jkdi.2012.23.5.1005 Chóliz, 2012, Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: the test of mobile phone dependence (TMD), Progress in Health Science, 2, 33 Corno, 1993, The best-laid plans modern conceptions of volition and educational research, Educational Researcher, 22, 14, 10.3102/0013189X022002014 Dawe, 2004, The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 343, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007 Demirci, 2014, Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population, Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 226e234, 10.5455/bcp.20140710040824 Diehl, 2006, Assessing attention control in goal pursuit: a component of dispositional self-regulation, Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 306, 10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_06 Doorn, 2011 Eerde, 2000, Procrastination: self-regulation in initiating aversive goals, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 372, 10.1111/1464-0597.00021 EMarketer, 2014 Fornell, 1981, Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39, 10.1177/002224378101800104 Garrett, 2008, Disaffection or expected outcomes: understanding personal Internet use during work, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 937, 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00425.x Griffiths, 1998, Internet addiction: does it really exist?, 61 Hadlington, 2015, Cognitive failures in daily life: exploring the link with Internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use, Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 75, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.036 Hair, 1984 Hair, 2006, Vol. 6 Hong, 2012, A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2152, 10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020 Hu, 1999, Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1, 10.1080/10705519909540118 Huang, 2013, An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform, International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3, 217, 10.7763/IJIET.2013.V3.267 Jacobsen, 2011, The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 275, 10.1089/cyber.2010.0135 Jeong, 2016, What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games, Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035 Junco, 2012, No A 4 U: the relationship between multitasking and academic performance, Computers & Education, 59, 505, 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023 Junco, 2012, In-class multitasking and academic performance, Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2236, 10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.031 Kalaycı, 2010 Karoly, 1993, Mechanisms of self-regulation: a systems view, Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 23, 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000323 Kelloway, 1998 Kibona, 2015, Smartphones’ effects on academic performance of higher learning students, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 2, 777 Kim, 2011, Conceptualizing personal web usage in work contexts: a preliminary framework, Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2271, 10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.006 Kim, 2002, A study of internet addiction: status, causes, and remedies, Journal of Korean Home Economics Association English Edition, 3, 1 Kim, 2015, When do employees cyberloaf? an interactionist perspective examining personality, justice, and empowerment, Human Resource Management Kline, 2010 Ko, 2012, A research on addictive use of smartphone by university students, Journal of Digital Contents Society, 13, 501, 10.9728/dcs.2012.13.4.501 Ko, 2015, NUGU: a group-based intervention app for improving self-regulation of limiting smartphone use, 1235 Köpetz, 2013, Motivation and self-regulation in addiction a call for convergence, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 3, 10.1177/1745691612457575 Kuhl, 1992, A theory of self-regulation: action versus state orientation, self-discrimination and some applications, Applied Psychology, 41, 97, 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00688.x Kwon, 2013, Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS), PLoS ONE, 8, e56936, 10.1371/journal.pone.0056936 LaRose, 2004, A social cognitive theory of Internet uses and gratifications: toward a new model of media attendance, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 358, 10.1207/s15506878jobem4803_2 LaRose, 2003, Unregulated Internet usage: addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation?, Media Psychology, 5, 225, 10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_01 Lavoie, 2001, Cyber-slacking and the procrastination super highway: a web-based survey of on-line procrastination, attitudes and emotion, Social Science Computer Review, 19, 431, 10.1177/089443930101900403 Lee, 2007, Understanding personal web usage in organizations, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 17, 75 Lee, 2014, The SAMS: smartphone addiction management system and verification, Journal of Medical Systems, 38, 1, 10.1007/s10916-013-0001-1 Lee, 2014, The dark side of smartphone usage: psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress, Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047 Lee, 2015, Smartphone addiction in university students and its implication for learning, 297 Lepp, 2014, The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students, Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049 Leung, 2008, Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong, Journal of Children and Media, 2, 93, 10.1080/17482790802078565 Lim, 2001 Lim, 2002, How do I loaf here? Let me count the ways, Communications of the ACM, 45, 66, 10.1145/502269.502300 Lin, 2015, Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App), Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003 Mardia, 1970, Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications, Biometrika, 57, 519, 10.1093/biomet/57.3.519 Martinotti, 2011, Problematic mobile phone use in adolescence: a cross-sectional study, Journal of Public Health, 19, 545, 10.1007/s10389-011-0422-6 McCoy, 2010, Perceived self-efficacy and technology proficiency in undergraduate college students, Computers & Education, 55, 1614, 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.003 Mok, 2014, Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 817 Muraven, 2000, Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle?, Psychological bulletin, 126, 247, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247 Noyan, 2015, Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale-short version among university students, Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 73, 10.5455/apd.176101 Olufadi, 2015, A configurational approach to the investigation of the multiple paths to success of students through mobile phone use behaviors, Computers & Education, 86, 84, 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.03.005 Oulasvirta, 2012, Habits make smartphone use more pervasive, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16, 105, 10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2 Paraskeva, 2008, Individual characteristics and computer self-efficacy in secondary education teachers to integrate technology in educational practice, Computers & Education, 50, 1084, 10.1016/j.compedu.2006.10.006 Park, 2011, The effect of users’ characteristics and experiential factors on the compulsive usage of the smartphone, 438 Park, 2012, Social implications of smartphone use: Korean college students’ smartphone use and psychological well-being, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 491, 10.1089/cyber.2011.0580 Park, 2014, The conceptual model on smartphone addiction among early childhood, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2, 147, 10.7763/IJSSH.2014.V4.336 Pew Research Center, 2015 Pi, 2013, Self-diagnostic system for smartphone addiction using multiclass SVM, Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society, 24, 13, 10.7465/jkdi.2013.24.1.13 Prasad, 2010 Restubog, 2011, Yielding to (cyber)-temptation: exploring the buffering role of self-regulation in the relationship between organizational justice and cyberloafing behavior in the workplace, Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 247, 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.006 Roberts, 2014, The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3, 254, 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.015 Salehan, 2013, Social networking on smartphones: when mobile phones become addictive, Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2632, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.003 Samaha, 2016, Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life, Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045 Schermelleh-Engel, 2003, Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23 Schwarzer, 1995, 159 Schwarzer, 1999 Shin, 2013, Automatically detecting problematic use of smartphones, 335 Sultan, 2009, Factors influencing consumer acceptance of mobile marketing: a two-country study of youth markets, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 308, 10.1016/j.intmar.2009.07.003 Tabachnick, 2007 Takao, 2009, Addictive personality and problematic mobile phone use, CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 501, 10.1089/cpb.2009.0022 Thomee, 2011, Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults a prospective cohort study, BMC Public Health, 11, 66, 10.1186/1471-2458-11-66 Tindell, 2012, The use and abuse of cell phones and text messaging in the classroom: a survey of college students, College Teaching, 60, 1, 10.1080/87567555.2011.604802 van Deursen, 2015, Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: the role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender, Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039 Wagner, 2012, Lost sleep and cyberloafing: evidence from the laboratory and a daylight saving time quasi-experiment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1068, 10.1037/a0027557 Walsh, 2007, Young and connected: psychological influences of mobile phone use amongst Australian youth Wilkowski, 2008, The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: an integrative analysis, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 3, 10.1177/1088868307309874 Yaşar, 2013 Yellowees, 2007, Problematic internet use or internet addiction, Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1447, 10.1016/j.chb.2005.05.004 Yildirim, 2015, A growing fear Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students, Information Development, 1 Yılmaz, 2015, Cyberloafing as a barrier to the successful integration of information and communication technologies into teaching and learning environments, Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 290, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.023 Zimmerman, 1995, Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: a social cognitive perspective, Educational Psychologist, 30, 217, 10.1207/s15326985ep3004_8 Zimmerman, 2000, Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective, 13