Microblogging-Based Civic Participation on Environment in China: A Case Study of the PM 2.5 Campaign
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - Tập 27 - Trang 2077-2105 - 2015
Tóm tắt
Poor air quality has been affecting the Chinese people for many years due to the country’s speedy industrialization and urbanization. However, very few initiatives had been taken by civil society until 2011. The air pollution campaign between October 2011 and March 2012 initiated on a Chinese microblogging website, mobilized millions of citizens and effected policy change. It is often seen as a milestone in the chronology of public participation in China. Using process tracing, participant observations, framing analysis and in-depth interviews, the article analyses this campaign by revealing its major actors and frames mobilizing issue entrepreneurs and environmental publics. Our analysis generates two findings: first, microblogging platforms can greatly expand the networks of Chinese environmental activists by involving public figures and governmental agencies; second, the frame which links air pollution to health and appreciates governmental efforts is critical to the success of civic participation in China’s environmental governance.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639.
Busgen, M. (2006). NGOs and the research for Chinese civil society environmental non-governmental organisations in the Nujiang campaign. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies.
Calhoun, C., & Yang, G. (2008). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere. In P. Ho & R. L. Edmonds (Eds.), China’s embedded activism: Opportunities and constraints of a social movement. London: Routledge.
Chen, J. (2010). Transnational environmental movement: Impacts on the green civil society in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 503–523.
China Internet Network Information Center. (2012). The 30th survey report. http://www1.cnnic.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201209/t20120928_36586.htm.
Cohen, J. A. A. (1992). Civil society and political theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Creed, W. E. D., Langstraat, J. A., & Scully, M. A. (2002). A picture of the frame: Frame analysis as technique and as politics. Organizational Research Methods, 5, 34–55.
Deng, Y., & Yang, G. (2013). Pollution and protest in China: Environmental mobilization in context. The China Quarterly, 214, 321–336.
Economy, E. (2005). Environmental Enforcement in China. In K. Day (Ed.), China’s environment and the challenge of sustainable development. East Gate, NY: Armonk.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organisation of experience. New York: Harper.
Ho, P. (2008). Introduction: Embedded activism and political change in a semi-authoritarian context. In P. Ho & R. L. Edmonds (Eds.), China’s embedded activism: Opportunities and constraints of a social movement. London: Routledge.
Johnson, T. (2011). Environmental information disclosure in China: Policy developments and NGO responses. Policy & Politics, 39(3), 399–416.
Kingdon, J. W. (2003). Agendas, alternatives, and public polices. Boston: Little Brown.
Latour, B. (2004). Why has critique run out of steam? Critical Inquiry, 30(2), 225–248.
Lemos, G. (2012). End of the Chinese dream: Why Chinese people fear the future. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
Marshall, J. (2013). PM 2.5. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(22), 8756.
Mayer, B. (2009). Blue-green coalitions. Fighting for safe workplaces and healthy communities. Ithaca: ILR Press.
Men, J. (2012). The EU and China: Mismatched partners? Journal of Contemporary China, 21(74), 333–349.
Mertha, A. C. (2008). China’s water warriors: Citizen action and policy change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Oksanen, K. (2011). Framing the democracy debate in Hong Kong. Journal of Contemporary China, 20(70), 479–497.
Salamon, L. (1991). Global civil society: An overview. Milano: Galleria Salamon.
Unger, J., & Chan, A. (1995). China, corporatism, and the East Asian model. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 33, 29–53.
Van Rooij, B. (2010). The people vs. pollution: Understanding citizen action against pollution in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(63), 55–77.
Weller, R. P. (2006). Discovering nature: Globalization and environmental culture in China and Taiwan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wu, F. (2011). Strategic state engagement in transnational activism: AIDS prevention in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 20(71), 621–637.
Xie, L. (2007). Environmental activism in urban China: The role of personal networks. Ph.D. dissertation, Environmental Policy, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
Xie, L. (2009). Environmental activism in China. London: Routledge.
Xie, L. (2011). China’s environmental activism in the age of globalization. Asian Politics & Policy, 3(2), 207–224.
Yang, G. (2005). Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China. The China Quarterly, 181, 46–66.
Yang, G. (2003). Weaving a Green Web: The internet and environmental activism in China. China Environment Series, 6, 89–92.
Yang, G., & Turner, S. (2005). Liberal democracy 3.0: Civil society in an age of experts. London: Sage.
Yang, G., & Calhoun, G. (2008). Media, power, and protest in China: From the cultural revolution to the internet. Harvard Asia Pacific review, 9(2), 9–13.
Yang, G. (2009). The power of the Internet in China: Citizen activism online. New York: Columbia University Press.
Yang, G. (2010). Civic environmentalism. In Y. Hsing & K. W. Lee (Eds.), Reclaiming Chinese Society: The new social activism. London: Routledge.
Yin, R. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods (1st ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Boyd, O., & Meng, S. (2011). Battle of the blue skies. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4691-Battle-of-the-blue-skies.
Boyd, O. (2012). Beijing’s blue skies… or little white lies? http://www.theecologist.org/investigations/climate_change/1470508/beijings_blue_skiesor_little_white_lies.html.
Chu, L. (2012). What smog can’t conceal? http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4734-What-the-smog-can-t-conceal.
FlorCruz, J. F. (2012). Beijing’s New Year surprise: PM 2.5 readings. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/world/asia/florcruz-china-pollution/index.html.
Guo, K. (2011). China decides to accept PM 2.5. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7685519.html.
Hsu, A. (2012). China’s new Air Quality Index: How does it measure up? http://hsu.me/2012/03/chinas-new-air-quality-index-how-does-it-measure-up/.
Ma, J. (2012). A dream of blue skies. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4804-A-dream-of-blue-skies.
Zhou, R. (2012). The diplomacy of air pollution. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4971-The-diplomacy-of-air-pollution.
China Daily. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-01/24/content_14491058.htm.
Chinadialogue. (October, 2011). Retrieved August 11, 2012, from https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/4582-A-Chinese-environmental-update/en.
Chinadialogue. (December, 2011). Retrieved August 5, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4713-A-Chinese-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (December, 2011). Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4661-Beijing-s-hazardous-blue-sky.
Chinadialogue. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4728-A-Chinese-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 3, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4719-A-Chinese-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 6, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4734-What-the-smog-can-t-conceal.
Chinadialogue. (February, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4756-A-Chinese-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (March, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4791-A-Chinese-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (March, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4804-A-dream-of-blue-skies.
Chinadialogue. (May, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/4938-A-global-environmental-update.
Chinadialogue. (July, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5031-Beijing-seeks-to-kill-coal-with-gas.
CNN. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/27/world/asia/florcruz-china-pollution/index.html.
Science Daily. (2009). Retrieved August 11, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090724113548.htm.
The Guardian. (April, 2012). Retrieved August 4, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/apr/10/internet-beijing-dirty-air-pollution.
The New York Times. (December, 2011). Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/world/asia/beijing-journal-anger-grows-over-air-pollution-in-china.html.
The New York Times. (January, 2012). Retrieved August 9, 2012, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/world/asia/internet-criticism-pushes-china-to-act-on-air-pollution.html?pagewanted=all.
Xinhuanet. (October, 2012). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/2012-10/28/c_123879079.htm.