Aqueous metal-air batteries: Fundamentals and applications

Pan, 2019, Recent advances in fuel cells based propulsion systems for unmanned aerial vehicles, Appl. Energy, 240, 473, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.079 Winter, 2004, What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors?, Chem. Rev., 104, 4245, 10.1021/cr020730k Steele, 2001, Materials for fuel-cell technologies, Nature, 414, 345, 10.1038/35104620 Pan, 2017, Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells for cogeneration of electricity and valuable chemicals, J. Power Sources, 365, 430, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.013 Armand, 2009, Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future, Nat. Mater., 8, 621, 10.1038/nmat2448 Suen, 2017, Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, 337, 10.1039/C6CS00328A Pan, 2019, A direct ethylene glycol fuel cell stack as air-independent power sources for underwater and outer space applications, J. Power Sources, 437, 226944, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226944 Pan, 2019, Performance characteristics of a passive direct ethylene glycol fuel cell with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, Appl. Energy, 250, 846, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.072 Dunn, 2011, Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices, Science, 334, 928, 10.1126/science.1212741 Fu, 2017, Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries: progress, challenges, and perspectives, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201604685 Pan, 2019, Mathematical modeling of direct ethylene glycol fuel cells incorporating the effect of the competitive adsorption, Appl. Therm. Eng., 147, 1115, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.073 Lin, 2017, Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries, Nat. Nanotechnol., 12, 194, 10.1038/nnano.2017.16 Li, 2017, Metal-air batteries: will they Be the future electrochemical energy storage device of choice?, ACS Energy Lett., 2, 1370, 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00119 Bruce, 2011, Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage, Nat. Mater., 11, 19, 10.1038/nmat3191 Cheng, 2012, Metal-air batteries: from oxygen reduction electrochemistry to cathode catalysts, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 2172, 10.1039/c1cs15228a Girishkumar, 2010, Lithium-air battery: promise and challenges, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 1, 2193, 10.1021/jz1005384 Yu, 2018, Mixed metal sulfides for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201701592 Pan, 2018, Advanced architectures and relatives of air electrodes in Zn-air batteries, Adv. Sci., 5, 10.1002/advs.201700691 Xu, 2015, Rechargeable Zn-air batteries: progress in electrolyte development and cell configuration advancement, J. Power Sources, 283, 358, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.114 Gu, 2017, Rechargeable zinc-air batteries: a promising way to green energy, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 7651, 10.1039/C7TA01693J Lu, 2016, The role of nanotechnology in the development of battery materials for electric vehicles, Nat. Nanotechnol., 11, 1031, 10.1038/nnano.2016.207 Zhang, 2015, A metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions, Nat. Nanotechnol., 10, 444, 10.1038/nnano.2015.48 Raccichini, 2014, The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage, Nat. Mater., 14, 271, 10.1038/nmat4170 Zhang, 2015, Nanostructured Mn-based oxides for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 699, 10.1039/C4CS00218K Chen, 2015, Nonstoichiometric oxides as low-cost and highly-efficient oxygen reduction/evolution catalysts for low-temperature electrochemical devices, Chem. Rev., 115, 9869, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00073 Grande, 2015, The lithium/air battery: still an emerging system or a practical reality?, Adv. Mater., 27, 784, 10.1002/adma.201403064 Aurbach, 2016, Advances in understanding mechanisms underpinning lithium-air batteries, Nat. Energy, 1, 16128, 10.1038/nenergy.2016.128 Meng, 2016, In situ coupling of strung Co4N and intertwined N-C fibers toward free-standing bifunctional cathode for robust, efficient, and flexible Zn-air batteries, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 10226, 10.1021/jacs.6b05046 Geng, 2018, Transition metal sulfides based on graphene for electrochemical energy storage, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201703259 Liu, 2018, Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries, Green Energy Environ., 3, 20, 10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001 Fang, 2018, Recent advances in aqueous zinc-ion batteries, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 2480, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01426 Zhang, 2014, Magnesium-air batteries: from principle to application, Mater. Horiz., 1, 196, 10.1039/C3MH00059A Reddy, 2011 Li, 2014, Recent advances in zinc-air batteries, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 5257, 10.1039/C4CS00015C Fu, 2017, Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries: progress, challenges, and perspectives, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201604685 Park, 2004, Effect of PTFE contents in the gas diffusion media on the performance of PEMFC, J. Power Sources, 131, 182, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.037 Pan, 2018, Advanced architectures and relatives of air electrodes in Zn-air batteries, Adv. Sci., 5, 10.1002/advs.201700691 Wang, 2003, Studies on the oxygen reduction catalyst for zinc-air battery electrode, J. Power Sources, 124, 278, 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00737-7 Davydova, 2016, Nitrogen-doped carbonaceous catalysts for gas-diffusion cathodes for alkaline aluminum-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 306, 329, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.112 Yang, 2004, Preparation and characterization of electrochemical properties of air cathode electrode, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29, 135, 10.1016/S0360-3199(03)00090-9 Li, 2013, Non-precious cathode electrocatalyst for magnesium air fuel cells: activity and durability of iron-polyphthalocyanine absorbed on carbon black, J. Power Sources, 242, 157, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.082 Zhang, 2014, Nickel cobalt oxide/carbon nanotubes hybrid as a high-performance electrocatalyst for metal/air battery, Nanoscale, 6, 10235, 10.1039/C4NR02125H Flegler, 2017, Screen printed bifunctional gas diffusion electrodes for aqueous metal-air batteries: combining the best of the catalyst and binder world, Electrochim. Acta, 258, 495, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.088 Shu, 2013, High performance cathode based on carbon fiber felt for magnesium-air fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 5885, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.093 Xue, 2015, Template-directed fabrication of porous gas diffusion layer for magnesium air batteries, J. Power Sources, 297, 202, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.141 Yang, 2007, Comparison of CNF and XC-72 carbon supported palladium electrocatalysts for magnesium air fuel cell, Carbon, 45, 397, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.09.003 Li, 2009, Impact of polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion binder pretreatment with ethanol on the performance of gas diffusion electrodes, Acta Phys. - Chim. Sin., 25, 2205, 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20091119 Grbovic, 2003, New carbon materials as a support for oxygen electrode in fuel cells, 225 Xu, 2018, Enhancement of oxygen transfer by design nickel foam electrode for zinc-air battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A809, 10.1149/2.0361805jes Chu, 2018, Solution combustion synthesis of mixed-phase Mn-based oxides nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic performances for Al-air batteries, J. Alloy. Comp., 748, 375, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.166 Neburchilov, 2010, A review on air cathodes for zinc-air fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 195, 1271, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.100 Cheng, 2016, Controllable localization of carbon nanotubes on the holey edge of graphene: an efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalyst for Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 18240, 10.1039/C6TA07414F Liang, 2011, Co3O4 nanocrystals on graphene as a synergistic catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, Nat. Mater., 10, 780, 10.1038/nmat3087 Shinde, 2017, Highly active and durable carbon nitride fibers as metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrodes for flexible Zn-air batteries, Nanoscale Horiz., 2, 333, 10.1039/C7NH00058H Cheng, 2017, Carbon cloth supported cobalt phosphide as multifunctional catalysts for efficient overall water splitting and zinc-air batteries, Nanoscale, 9, 18977, 10.1039/C7NR06859J Song, 2017, Clarifying the controversial catalytic performance of Co(OH)2 and Co3O4 for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions toward efficient Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 22694, 10.1021/acsami.7b05395 Meng, 2016, In situ coupling of strung Co4N and intertwined N-C fibers toward free-standing bifunctional cathode for robust, efficient, and flexible Zn air-batteries, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 10226, 10.1021/jacs.6b05046 Chen, 2017, Ultrathin Co3O4 layers with large contact area on carbon fibers as high-performance electrode for flexible zinc-air battery integrated with flexible display, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 10.1002/aenm.201700779 Qu, 2017, Electrochemical approach to prepare integrated air electrodes for highly stretchable zinc-air battery array with tunable output voltage and current for wearable electronics, Nano Energy, 39, 101, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.045 Tan, 2018, Investigation on the electrode design of hybrid Zn-Co3O4/air batteries for performance improvements, Electrochim. Acta, 283, 1028, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.039 Kou, 2018, Electrochemical oxidation of chlorine-doped Co(OH)2 nanosheet arrays on carbon cloth as a bifunctional oxygen electrode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 796, 10.1021/acsami.7b17002 Pu, 2017, Efficient water splitting catalyzed by flexible NiP2 nanosheet array electrodes under both neutral and alkaline solutions, New J. Chem., 41, 2154, 10.1039/C6NJ03194C Du, 2018, A high performance air cathode with the hydrophobic pores distributed continuously and in gradient for zinc-air fuel cells, Energy Technol., 6, 1860, 10.1002/ente.201800056 Zhang, 2017, Preparation and properties of an amorphous MnO2/CNTs-OH catalyst with high dispersion and durability for magnesium-air fuel cells, Catal. Today, 298, 241, 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.001 Jiang, 2016, alpha-MnO2 nanowires/graphene composites with high electrocatalytic activity for Mg-air fuel cell, Electrochim. Acta, 219, 492, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.004 Li, 2016, The role of PTFE in cathode transition layer in aqueous electrolyte Li-air battery, Electrochim. Acta, 191, 996, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.143 Zhou, 2018, Co-doped hierarchical porous graphene as a metal-free bifunctional air cathode for Zn-air batteries, Chemelectrochem, 5, 1811, 10.1002/celc.201701148 Sun, 2018, Sandwich-like reduced graphene oxide/carbon black/amorphous cobalt borate nanocomposites as bifunctional cathode electrocatalyst in rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1801495, 10.1002/aenm.201801495 Xu, 2016, Morphology controlled La2O3/Co3O4/MnO2-CNTs hybrid nanocomposites with durable bi-functional air electrode in high-performance zinc-air energy storage, Appl. Energy, 175, 495, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.036 Lee, 2014, Advanced extremely durable 3D bifunctional air electrodes for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 4, 5 Niu, 2018, Apically dominant mechanism for improving catalytic activities of N-doped carbon nanotube Arrays in rechargeable zinc-air battery, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201800480 Fu, 2016, Flexible rechargeable zinc-air batteries through morphological emulation of human hair array, Adv. Mater., 28, 6421, 10.1002/adma.201600762 Ren, 2018, Rationally designed Co3O4-C nanowire arrays on Ni foam derived from metal organic framework as reversible oxygen evolution electrodes with enhanced performance for Zn-air batteries, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 707, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03034 Ren, 2018, PdNi alloy decorated 3D hierarchically N, S co-doped macro-mesoporous carbon composites as efficient free-standing and binder-free catalysts for Li-O2 batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 10856, 10.1039/C8TA03345E Liu, 2016, Lowering the charge voltage of Li-O2 batteries via an unmediated photoelectrochemical oxidation approach, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 12411, 10.1039/C6TA03583C Liu, 2016, Binder-free nitrogen-doped carbon paper electrodes derived from polypyrrole/cellulose composite for Li-O2 batteries, J. Power Sources, 306, 559, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.074 Li, 2016, Preparation and structural evolution of well aligned-carbon nanotube arrays onto conductive carbon-black layer/carbon paper substrate with enhanced discharge capacity for Li-air batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 283, 911, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.063 Chen, 2016, A low-cost mechanically rechargeable aluminum-air cell for energy conversion using low-grade Aluminum foil, J. Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor., 13 Zhu, 2018, CNF-grafted carbon fibers as a binder-free cathode for Lithium-Oxygen batteries with a superior performance, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 739, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.130 Yu, 2018, Laser sintering of printed anodes for Al-air batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A584, 10.1149/2.0811803jes Leng, 2018, Enhanced cyclability of Li-O2 batteries with cathodes of Ir and MnO2 supported on well-defined TiN arrays, Nanoscale, 10, 2983, 10.1039/C7NR08358K Bhandary, 2018, Electrosynthesis of Mn-Fe oxide nanopetals on carbon paper as bi-functional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 3165, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.102 Liu, 2017, In situ exfoliated, edge-rich, oxygen-functionalized graphene from carbon fibers for oxygen electrocatalysis, Adv. Mater., 29 Khan, 2017, Carambola-shaped VO2 nanostructures: a binder-free air electrode for an aqueous Na-air battery, J. Mater. Chem., 5, 2037, 10.1039/C6TA09375B Wang, 2017, In situ growth of NiO nanoparticles on carbon paper as a cathode for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries, RSC Adv., 7, 23328, 10.1039/C7RA02932B Liu, 2016, Scalable fabrication of nanoporous carbon fiber films as bifunctional catalytic electrodes for flexible Zn-air batteries, Adv. Mater., 28, 3000, 10.1002/adma.201506112 Wu, 2017, Morphology-controllable synthesis of Zn-Co-mixed sulfide nanostructures on carbon fiber paper toward efficient rechargeable zinc-air batteries and water electrolysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 12574, 10.1021/acsami.6b16602 Zhang, 2017, Highly efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of urea on a Mn-incorporated Ni(OH)2/carbon fiber cloth for energy-saving rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Chem. Commun., 53, 10711, 10.1039/C7CC04368F Tang, 2018, NiCo2O4/MnO2 core/shell arrays as a binder-free catalytic cathode for high-performance lithium-oxygen cells, Inorg. Chem. Front., 5, 1707, 10.1039/C8QI00062J Hyun, 2018, Hierarchical nickel-cobalt dichalcogenide nanostructure as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and a Zn-air battery, ACS Omega, 3, 8621, 10.1021/acsomega.8b01375 Guan, 2017, Hollow Co3O4 nanosphere embedded in carbon arrays for stable and flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201704117 Luo, 2017, A high-performance oxygen electrode for Li-O2 batteries: Mo2C nanoparticles grown on carbon fibers, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 5690, 10.1039/C7TA01249G Wu, 2017, Facile synthesis of hierarchical porous three-dimensional free-standing MnCo2O4 cathodes for long-life Li-O2 batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 12355, 10.1021/acsami.6b16090 Carboni, 2018, Degradation of LiTfO/TEGME and LiTfO/DME electrolytes in Li-O2 batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A118, 10.1149/2.0331802jes Pletcher, 2016, Comparison of the spinels Co3O4 and NiCo2O4 as bifunctional oxygen catalysts in alkaline media, Electrochim. Acta, 188, 286, 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.020 Kim, 2016, Design of a sectionalized MnO2-Co3O4 electrode via selective electrodeposition of metal ions in hydrogel for enhanced electrocatalytic activity in metal-air batteries, Nano Energy, 30, 130, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.10.003 Qin, 2018, Fe-doped CoP nanosheet arrays: an efficient bifunctional catalyst for zinc-air batteries, Chem. Commun., 54, 7693, 10.1039/C8CC03902J Wu, 2016, A silver-copper metallic glass electrocatalyst with high activity and stability comparable to Pt/C for zinc-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem., 4, 3527, 10.1039/C5TA09266C Wang, 2018, Advanced rechargeable zinc-air battery with parameter optimization, Appl. Energy, 225, 848, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.071 Hua, 2018, 3D hierarchical Co/CoO/C nanocomposites with mesoporous microsheets grown on nickel foam as cathodes for Li-O2 batteries, J. Alloy. Comp., 749, 378, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.297 Huang, 2017, Ag-decorated highly mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets on nickel foam as an efficient free-standing cathode for Li-O2 batteries, J. Alloy. Comp., 726, 939, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.276 Li, 2017, A robust hybrid Zn-battery with ultralong cycle life, Nano Lett., 17, 156, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03691 Xu, 2016, Low-overpotential Li-O-2 batteries based on TFSI intercalated Co-Ti layered double oxides, Adv. Funct. Mater., 26, 1365, 10.1002/adfm.201504128 Yu, 2016, Novel Ni@Co3O4 web-like nanofiber arrays as highly effective cathodes for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 220, 654, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.131 Luo, 2016, Binder-free and carbon-free 3D porous air electrode for Li-O2 batteries with high efficiency, high capacity, and long life, Small, 12, 3031, 10.1002/smll.201600699 He, 2016, Morphology engineering of Co3O4 nanoarrays as free-standing catalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 23713, 10.1021/acsami.6b07092 Cetinkaya, 2016, High capacity Graphene/α-MnO2 nanocomposite cathodes for Li-O2 batteries, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 9746, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.093 Bockelmann, 2016, Electrically rechargeable zinc-oxygen flow battery with high power density, Electrochem. Commun., 69, 24, 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.05.013 Yue, 2018, Surface engineering of a nickel oxide-nickel hybrid nanoarray as a versatile catalyst for both superior water and urea oxidation, Inorg. Chem., 57, 4693, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00411 Shu, 2018, 3D array of Bi2S3 nanorods supported on Ni foam as a highly efficient integrated oxygen electrode for the lithium-oxygen battery, part, Part. Syst. Charact., 35, 10.1002/ppsc.201700433 Yan, 2017, An exceptionally facile synthesis of highly efficient oxygen evolution electrodes for zinc-oxygen batteries, Chemelectrochem, 4, 2190, 10.1002/celc.201700477 Sun, 2017, 3D free-standing hierarchical CuCo2O4 nanowire cathodes for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries, Chem. Commun., 53, 8711, 10.1039/C7CC02621H Ren, 2017, Mesoporous Pd/Co3O4 nanosheets nanoarrays as an efficient binder/carbon free cathode for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries, Appl. Surf. Sci., 420, 222, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.076 Liu, 2017, Carbon-free O2 cathode with three-dimensional ultralight nickel foam-supported ruthenium electrocatalysts for Li-O2 batteries, Chemsuschem, 10, 2714, 10.1002/cssc.201700567 Pham, 2017, Carbon- and binder-free 3D porous perovskite oxide air electrode for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 5283, 10.1039/C6TA10751F Sun, 2017, Ultrafast electrodeposition of Ni-Fe hydroxide nanosheets on nickel foam as oxygen evolution anode for energy-saving electrolysis of Na2CO3/NaHCO3, Chemelectrochem, 4, 1044, 10.1002/celc.201600713 Wang, 2018, In situ integration of ultrathin PtRuCu alloy overlayer on copper foam as an advanced free-standing bifunctional cathode for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 283, 54, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.097 Titscher, 2018, Multiscale structured particle-based zinc anodes in non-stirred alkaline systems for zinc-air batteries, Energy Technol., 6, 773, 10.1002/ente.201700758 Giacco, 2018, Enhancement of the performance in Li-O2 cells of a NiCo2O4 based porous positive electrode by Cr(III) doping, Mater. Lett., 224, 113, 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.095 Uludag, 2016, High stable Li-air battery cells by using PEO and PVDF additives in the TEGDME/LiPF6 electrolytes, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 6954, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.061 Kim, 2018, Highly stable lithium metal battery with an applied three-dimensional mesh structure interlayer, J. Mater. Chem., 6, 15540, 10.1039/C8TA05069D Kwak, 2016, Hierarchical Ru- and RuO2-foams as high performance electrocatalysts for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 16356, 10.1039/C6TA05077H Yoon, 2018, Brush-like cobalt nitride anchored carbon nanofiber membrane: current collector catalyst integrated cathode for long cycle Li-O2 batteries, ACS Nano, 12, 128, 10.1021/acsnano.7b03794 Suren, 2016, Development of a high energy density flexible zinc-air battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A846, 10.1149/2.0361606jes Zeng, 2017, Crosslinked carbon nanotube Aerogel films decorated with cobalt oxides for flexible rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201700518 Sun, 2018, 3D foam-like composites of Mo2C nanorods coated by N-doped carbon: a novel self-standing and binder-free O2 electrode for Li-O2 batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 6327, 10.1021/acsami.7b17795 Song, 2018, Hierarchically porous, ultrathick, "breathable" wood-derived cathode for lithium-oxygen batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201701203 Gao, 2016, Carbon supported nano Pt-Mo alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in magnesium-air batteries, RSC Adv., 6, 83025, 10.1039/C6RA16142A Shu, 2013, High performance cathode based on carbon fiber felt for magnesium-air fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 5885, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.093 Li, 2016, Mixed-phase mullite electrocatalyst for pH-neutral oxygen reduction in magnesium-air batteries, Nano Energy, 27, 8, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.033 Yan, 2017, Defect chemistry of nonprecious-metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201606459 Huang, 2017, Design of efficient bifunctional oxygen reduction/evolution electrocatalyst: recent advances and perspectives, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 10.1002/aenm.201700544 Hu, 2016, Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for electrocatalysis beyond the ORR, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 11736, 10.1002/anie.201509982 Zhu, 2018, Investigation on the variation law of gas liquid solid three phase boundary in porous gas diffusion electrode, Heliyon, 4, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00729 Subbaraman, 2010, Three phase interfaces at electrified metal-solid electrolyte systems 1. Study of the Pt(hkl)-Nafion interface, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 8414, 10.1021/jp100814x Fukunaga, 1996, The relationship between overpotential and the three phase boundary length, Solid State Ion., 86–8, 1179, 10.1016/0167-2738(96)00284-6 Zhao, 2018, Oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity enhancement over mullite SmMn2O5 via interfacing with perovskite oxides, Nano Energy, 51, 91, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.039 Kukunuri, 2017, Effects of composition and nanostructuring of palladium selenide phases, Pd4Se, Pd7Se4 and Pd17Se15, on ORR activity and their use in Mg-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 4660, 10.1039/C7TA00253J Balaish, 2018, Meso-pores carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) tissues-perfluorocarbons (PFCs) hybrid air-electrodes for Li-O2 battery, J. Power Sources, 379, 219, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.049 Davari, 2018, Bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn-air batteries, Sustain. Energy. Fuels., 2, 39, 10.1039/C7SE00413C Ren, 2018, Recent progress on MOF-derived heteroatom-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, Adv. Sci., 5, 10.1002/advs.201700515 Xiong, 2018, Three-dimensional heteroatom-doped nanocarbon for metal-free oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: a review, Catalysts, 8, 301, 10.3390/catal8080301 Cheng, 2012, Metal-air batteries: from oxygen reduction electrochemistry to cathode catalysts, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 2172, 10.1039/c1cs15228a Wang, 2018, Compositing doped-carbon with metals, non-metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides and other materials to form bifunctional electrocatalysts to enhance metal-air battery oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, Chem. Eng. J., 348, 416, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.208 Asefa, 2017, Heteroatom-doped carbon materials for electrocatalysis, Chem. Eur J., 23, 10703, 10.1002/chem.201700439 He, 2018, Metal-organic frameworks for highly efficient oxygen electrocatalysis, Chin. J. Catal., 39, 207, 10.1016/S1872-2067(18)63017-7 Higgins, 2016, The application of graphene and its composites in oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: a perspective and review of recent progress, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 357, 10.1039/C5EE02474A Hong, 2017, In-situ electrodeposition of highly active silver catalyst on carbon fiber papers as binder free cathodes for aluminum-air battery, Sci. Rep., 7, 3378, 10.1038/s41598-017-03609-9 Wu, 2018, Ternary doped porous carbon nanofibers with excellent ORR and OER performance for zinc-air batteries dagger, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 10918, 10.1039/C8TA02416B Guo, 2018, Pod-like structured Co/CoOx nitrogen-doped carbon fibers as efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts for Zn-air battery, Appl. Surf. Sci., 456, 959, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.210 Cheng, 2018, Efficient unitary oxygen electrode for air-based flow batteries, Nano Energy, 47, 361, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.013 Li, 2017, Applications of carbon fiber ultra-microelectrode and powder microelectrode in exploring influences of non-aqueous solvents and cathode materials on ORR and OER, Chem. J. Chin. Univ., 38, 642 Yin, 2016, Macroporous interconnected hollow carbon nanofibers inspired by golden-toad eggs toward a binder-free, high-rate, and flexible electrode, Adv. Mater., 28, 7494, 10.1002/adma.201600012 Hu, 2017, Carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber paper supported MnO2 cathode catalyst for Li-air batteries, Chemelectrochem, 4, 2997, 10.1002/celc.201700582 Fu, 2018, NiCo alloy nanoparticles decorated on N-doped carbon nanofibers as highly active and durable oxygen electrocatalyst, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 10.1002/adfm.201705094 Amunategui, 2018, Electrochemical energy storage for renewable energy integration: zinc-air flow batteries, J. Appl. Electrochem., 48, 627, 10.1007/s10800-017-1133-7 Tong, 2017, The new graphene family materials: synthesis and applications in oxygen reduction reaction, Catalysts, 7, 1, 10.3390/catal7010001 Cui, 2017, Heteroatom-doped graphene as electrocatalysts for air cathodes, Mater. Horiz., 4, 7, 10.1039/C6MH00358C Ji, 2016, Graphene-based nanocomposites for energy storage, Adv. Energy Mater., 6, 10.1002/aenm.201502159 Yuan, 2017, A review of transition metal chalcogenide/graphene nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion, Chin. Chem. Lett., 28, 2180, 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.038 Yan, 2015, Superior cycling stability and high rate capability of three-dimensional Zn/Cu foam electrodes for zinc-based alkaline batteries, RSC Adv., 5, 83781, 10.1039/C5RA16264E Singhal, 2017, Cobalt nanoparticle-embedded porous carbon nanofibers with inherent N- and F-doping as binder-free bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, ChemPhysChem, 18, 223, 10.1002/cphc.201600771 Feng, 2016, Catalytic activity and stability of oxides: the role of near-surface atomic structures and compositions, Acc. Chem. Res., 49, 966, 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00555 Vij, 2017, Nickel-based electrocatalysts for energy-related applications: oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions, ACS Catal., 7, 7196, 10.1021/acscatal.7b01800 Xiao, 2018, Recent advances of structurally ordered intermetallic nanoparticles for electrocatalysis, ACS Catal., 8, 3237, 10.1021/acscatal.7b04420 Xia, 2016, Earth-abundant nanomaterials for oxygen reduction, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 2650, 10.1002/anie.201504830 Liang, 2013, Strongly coupled inorganic/nanocarbon hybrid materials for advanced electrocatalysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 2013, 10.1021/ja3089923 Anastasijevic, 1987, Determination of the kinetic-parametrs of the oxygen reduction reaction using the rotating-ring-disk electrode. Part I. Theory, J. Electroanal. Chem., 229, 305, 10.1016/0022-0728(87)85148-3 Kinoshita, 1992 Ramaswamy, 2011, Influence of inner- and outer-sphere electron transfer mechanisms during electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction in alkaline media, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 18015, 10.1021/jp204680p Koper, 2013, Theory of multiple proton–electron transfer reactions and its implications for electrocatalysis, Chem. Sci., 4, 2710, 10.1039/c3sc50205h Suntivich, 2011, A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles, Science, 334, 1383, 10.1126/science.1212858 Tao, 2016, Identification of surface reactivity descriptor for transition metal oxides in oxygen evolution reaction, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 9978, 10.1021/jacs.6b05398 Burke, 2015, Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis on transition metal oxides and (Oxy)hydroxides: activity trends and design principles, Chem. Mater., 27, 7549, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03148 Du, 2016, Metal-organic coordination networks: prussian blue and its synergy with Pt nanoparticles to enhance oxygen reduction kinetics, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 15250, 10.1021/acsami.6b02630 Xiao, 2018, Atomic rearrangement from disordered to ordered Pd-Fe nanocatalysts with trace amount of Pt decoration for efficient electrocatalysis, Nano Energy, 50, 70, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.05.032 Illathvalappil, 2017, Nitrogen-doped graphene anchored with mixed growth patterns of CuPt alloy nanoparticles as a highly efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline medium, Nanoscale, 9, 9009, 10.1039/C7NR00697G Gao, 2016, Carbon supported nano Pt-Mo alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in magnesium-air batteries, RSC Adv., 6, 83025, 10.1039/C6RA16142A Xue, 2017, La0.7(Sr0.3-xPdx)MnO3 as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum air battery, Electrochim. Acta, 230, 418, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.181 Xiao, 2017, Optimizing the ORR activity of Pd based nanocatalysts by tuning their strain and particle size, J. Mater. Chem., 5, 9867, 10.1039/C7TA02479G Zhang, 2017, High oxygen reduction reaction activity of C-N/Ag hybrid composites for Zn-air battery, J. Alloy. Comp., 694, 419, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.031 Li, 2018, Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes as promising catalysts for oxygen electroreduction, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 13, 6756, 10.20964/2018.07.01 Zhang, 2017, The activity origin of core-shell and alloy AgCu bimetallic nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction, J. Mater. Chem., 5, 7043, 10.1039/C6TA10948A Wu, 2017, Engineering bimetallic Ag-Cu nanoalloys for highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysts: a guideline for designing Ag-based electrocatalysts with activity comparable to Pt/C-20%, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201603876 Hong, 2017, Self-reduction synthesis of silver nanoparticles/carbon fiber paper air cathodes for improving Al-air battery performance, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A1425, 10.1149/2.0481707jes Hu, 2017, Enhanced electrocatalysis via 3D graphene aerogel engineered with a silver nanowire network for ultrahigh-rate zinc-air batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27 Ji, 2018, Nitrogen-doped graphene wrapped around silver nanowires for enhanced catalysis in oxygen reduction reaction, J. Solid State Electrochem., 22, 2287, 10.1007/s10008-018-3914-2 Li, 2016, Silver nanoparticles supported on a nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel composite catalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum air batteries, RSC Adv., 6, 99179, 10.1039/C6RA23049K Ryu, 2018, Seed-mediated atomic-scale reconstruction of silver manganate nanoplates for oxygen reduction towards high-energy aluminum-air flow batteries, Nat. Commun., 9, 3715, 10.1038/s41467-018-06211-3 Sun, 2016, Oxygen reduction reaction catalysts of manganese oxide decorated by silver nanoparticles for aluminum-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 214, 49, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.127 Sun, 2017, High electrocatalytic activity of silver-doped manganese dioxide toward oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum-air battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, F768, 10.1149/2.0541707jes Sun, 2017, Electrocatalytic activity of silver decorated ceria microspheres for the oxygen reduction reaction and their application in aluminium-air batteries, Chem. Commun., 53, 7921, 10.1039/C7CC03691D Sun, 2016, Manganese dioxide-supported silver bismuthate as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in zinc-oxygen batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 197, 68, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.055 Wu, 2017, Activity trends of binary silver alloy nanocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201603387 Zhang, 2017, A rational design for enhanced oxygen reduction: strongly coupled silver nanoparticles and engineered perovskite nanofibers, Nano Energy, 38, 392, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.006 Wu, 2014, Electrocatalytic activity and stability of Ag-MnOx/C composites toward oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution, Electrochim. Acta, 123, 167, 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.125 Yuan, 2014, Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles supported on three dimensional graphene oxide/carbon black composite and its application for oxygen reduction reaction, Electrochim. Acta, 135, 168, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.137 Chen, 2016, Preparation of nano-Ag4Bi2O5 with Co-precipitation method and study of its application for oxygen reduction reaction, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 11, 10581, 10.20964/2016.12.13 Jiang, 2017, ZIF-67 derived Ag-Co3O4@N-doped carbon/carbon nanotubes composite and its application in Mg-air fuel cell, Electrochem. Commun., 77, 5, 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.01.023 Xue, 2017, La1-xAgxMnO3 electrocatalyst with high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction in aluminium air batteries, RSC Adv., 7, 5214, 10.1039/C6RA25242G Yuan, 2016, Electrochemically synthesized freestanding 3D nanoporous silver electrode with high electrocatalytic activity, Catal. Sci. Technol., 6, 7163, 10.1039/C6CY01174H Cai, 2017, Recent advances in air electrodes for Zn-air batteries: electrocatalysis and structural design, Mater. Horiz., 4, 945, 10.1039/C7MH00358G Cai, 2018, Recent advances in air electrodes for Zn-air batteries: electrocatalysis and structural design, Mater. Horiz., 5, 577, 10.1039/C8MH90010H Cao, 2012, Recent progress in non-precious catalysts for metal-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 2, 816, 10.1002/aenm.201200013 Chen, 2018, Nanocarbon/oxide composite catalysts for bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution in reversible alkaline fuel cells: a mini review, J. Power Sources, 375, 277, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.062 Li, 2016, Electrochemical performance of MnO2-based air cathodes for zinc-air batteries, Fuel Cells, 16, 395, 10.1002/fuce.201500077 Li, 2014, Synthesis and characterization of carbon black/manganese oxide air cathodes for zinc-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 269, 88, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.108 Loh, 2017, Influence of synthesis parameters on amorphous manganese dioxide catalyst electrocatalytic performance, Electrochim. Acta, 245, 615, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.188 Sun, 2018, Cerium ion intercalated MnO2 nanospheres with high catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction for aluminum-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 263, 544, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.057 Kuai, 2018, Mesoporous LaMnO3+δ perovskite from spray-pyrolysis with superior performance for oxygen reduction reaction and Zn-air battery, Nano Energy, 43, 81, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.11.018 Liu, 2016, Co3O4-CeO2/C as a highly active electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in Al-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 34422, 10.1021/acsami.6b12294 Xiang, 2018, Synthesis of three-dimensionally ordered porous perovskite type LaMnO3 for Al-air battery, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 34, 1532, 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.01.010 Xue, 2017, One-pot synthesis of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 supported on flower-like CeO2 as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 358, 50, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.027 Xue, 2017, Electrostatic self-assembly of the composite [email protected] as electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum-air batteries, Energy Technol., 5, 2226, 10.1002/ente.201700270 Xue, 2017, Promoting effects of Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 on the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in metal-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 6411, 10.1039/C6TA09795B Xue, 2017, (La1-xSrx)0.98MnO3 perovskite with A-site deficiencies toward oxygen reduction reaction in aluminum-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 342, 192, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.065 Huang, 2018, Mn3O4 quantum dots supported on nitrogen-doped partially exfoliated multiwall carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts for high-performance Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 23900, 10.1021/acsami.8b06984 Xue, 2017, Mn3O4 nanoparticles on layer-structured Ti3C2 MXene towards the oxygen reduction reaction and zinc-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 20818, 10.1039/C7TA04532H Zhou, 2018, Superexchange effects on oxygen reduction activity of edge-sharing CoxMn1-xO6 octahedra in spinel oxide, Adv. Mater., 30, 10.1002/adma.201705407 Li, 2017, Synergistic effects between doped nitrogen and phosphorus in metal-free cathode for zinc-air battery from covalent organic frameworks coated CNT, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 44519, 10.1021/acsami.7b14815 Wang, 2017, 3D interconnected hierarchically porous N-doped carbon with NH3 activation for efficient oxygen reduction reaction, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 210, 57, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.054 Zhang, 2017, Facile synthesis of a heteroatoms’ quaternary-doped porous carbon as an efficient and stable metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction, Chemistry, 2, 6129 Wang, 2017, High-performance waste biomass-derived microporous carbon electrocatalyst with a towel-like surface for alkaline metal/air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 250, 384, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.082 Yuan, 2018, Combustion reaction-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon as an effective metal-Free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction, Energy, 152, 333, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.175 Qin, 2018, Synergistic enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction with BC3 and graphitic-N in boron- and nitrogen-codoped porous graphene, J. Catal., 359, 242, 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.013 Zhu, 2018, Chemical-free fabrication of N, P dual-doped honeycomb-like carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 510, 32, 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.078 Lei, 2017, Nitrogen-doped micropore-dominant carbon derived from waste pine cone as a promising metal-free electrocatalyst for aqueous zinc/air batteries, J. Power Sources, 365, 76, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.084 Zhang, 2017, Nitrogen-doped microporous carbon: an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for Zn-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 359, 71, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.056 Yu, 2018, FeCo-doped hollow bamboo-like C-N composites as cathodic catalysts for zinc-air battery in neutral media, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A2502, 10.1149/2.0481811jes Jiang, 2017, Waste cotton-derived N-doped carbon as a sustainable metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction, Mater. Lett., 188, 33, 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.10.080 Qian, 2018, Web-like interconnected carbon networks from NaCl-assisted pyrolysis of ZIF-8 for highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysis, Small, 14 Yadegari, 2018, Recent advances on sodium-oxygen batteries: a chemical perspective, Acc. Chem. Res., 51, 1532, 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00139 Han, 2018, Metal-air batteries: from static to flow system, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201801396 Li, 2018, Metal-organic framework-derived carbons for battery applications, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1800716, 10.1002/aenm.201800716 Yao, 2017, Paper-based electrodes for flexible energy storage devices, Adv. Sci., 4, 10.1002/advs.201700107 Wang, 2018, Hierarchically porous carbon microspheres with fully open and interconnected super-macropores for air cathodes of Zn-Air batteries, Carbon, 136, 54, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.061 Zhang, 2017, RRDE experiments on noble-metal and noble-metal-free catalysts: impact of loading on the activity and selectivity of oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 206, 115, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.001 Xu, 2017, From melamine sponge towards 3D sulfur-doping carbon nitride as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, Mater. Res. Express, 4, 10.1088/2053-1591/aa78b3 Zhang, 2018, Defect and pyridinic nitrogen engineering of carbon-based metal-free nanomaterial toward oxygen reduction, Nano Energy, 52, 307, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.003 Zhao, 2017, Interconnected hierarchically porous Fe, N-codoped carbon nanofibers as efficient oxygen reduction catalysts for Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 16178, 10.1021/acsami.7b01712 Yuan, 2018, Synergetic contribution of boron and Fe-nx species in porous carbons toward efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 252, 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01188 Xu, 2018, Ammonia defective etching and nitrogen-doping of porous carbon toward high exposure of heme-derived Fe-nx site for efficient oxygen reduction, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 551, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02841 Cheng, 2018, Atomic Fe-nx coupled open-mesoporous carbon nanofibers for efficient and bioadaptable oxygen electrode in Mg-air batteries, Adv. Mater. Anandhababu, 2017, Highly exposed Fe-N4 active sites in porous poly-iron-phthalocyanine based oxygen reduction electrocatalyst with ultrahigh performance for air cathode, Dalton Trans., 46, 1803, 10.1039/C6DT04705J Zhang, 2016, Shrimp-shell derived carbon nanodots as precursors to fabricate Fe,N-doped porous graphitic carbon electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen reduction in zinc-air batteries, Inorg. Chem. Front., 3, 910, 10.1039/C6QI00059B Lai, 2017, Facile synthesis of mesoporous Fe-N-C electrocatalyst for high performance alkaline aluminum-air battery, J. Electroanal. Chem., 801, 72, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.034 Deng, 2018, The effect of CNTs on performance improvement of rGO supported Fe-nx/C electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, F401, 10.1149/2.0021807jes Ang, 2016, One-Pot synthesis of Fe(III)-Polydopamine complex nanospheres: morphological evolution, mechanism, and application of the carbonized hybrid nanospheres in catalysis and Zn-air battery, Langmuir, 32, 9265, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02331 Wu, 2016, The design of Fe, N-doped hierarchically porous carbons as highly active and durable electrocatalysts for a Zn-air battery, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 18665, 10.1039/C6CP02785G Yang, 2016, 2D nanoporous Fe-N/C nanosheets as highly efficient non-platinum electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in Zn-air battery, Small, 12, 5710, 10.1002/smll.201601887 Liu, 2017, Design and synthesis of Co-N-C porous catalyst derived from metal organic complexes for highly effective ORR, Dalton Trans., 46, 15646, 10.1039/C7DT03279J Fu, 2018, Strongly coupled Co, N co-doped carbon nanotubes/graphene-like carbon nanosheets as efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysts for primary Zinc-air battery, Chem. Eng. J., 351, 94, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.059 Zhou, 2017, Highly dispersed cobalt-nitrogen Co-doped carbon nanofiber as oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, Acta Phys. - Chim. Sin., 33, 1429, 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201704131 Li, 2018, Bifunctional MOF-derived Co-N-doped carbon electrocatalysts for high-performance zinc-air batteries and MFCs, Energy, 156, 95, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.096 Wang, 2018, Fe, Cu-coordinated ZIF-derived carbon framework for efficient oxygen reduction reaction and zinc-air batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28 Wu, 2016, Highly doped and exposed Cu(I)-N active sites within graphene towards efficient oxygen reduction for zinc-air batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3736, 10.1039/C6EE01867J Lai, 2017, MOF-based metal-doping-induced synthesis of hierarchical porous Cu-N/C oxygen reduction electrocatalysts for Zn-air batteries, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201700740 Li, 2018, Cu-MOF-Derived Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles and CuNxCy species to boost oxygen reduction activity of ketjenblack carbon in Al-air battery, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 413, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02661 Li, 2018, Significantly enhanced oxygen reduction activity of Cu/CuNxCy co-decorated ketjenblack catalyst for Al-air batteries, J. Energy Chem., 27, 419, 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.12.002 Wei, 2016, A versatile iron-tannin-framework ink coating strategy to fabricate biomass-derived iron carbide/Fe-N-carbon catalysts for efficient oxygen reduction, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 1355, 10.1002/anie.201509024 Chen, 2017, Investigation of Fe2N@carbon encapsulated in N-doped graphene-like carbon as a catalyst in sustainable zinc-air batteries, Catal. Sci. Technol., 7, 5670, 10.1039/C7CY01721A Lin, 2017, In situ directional formation of Co@CoOx-embedded 1D carbon nanotubes as an efficient oxygen electrocatalyst for ultra-high rate Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13994, 10.1039/C7TA02215H Ye, 2017, Zn-MOF-74 derived N-doped mesoporous carbon as pH-universal electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 10.1002/adfm.201606190 Aiyappa, 2017, Single cell fabrication towards the realistic evaluation of a CNT-strung ZIF-derived electrocatalyst as a cathode material in alkaline fuel cells and metal-air batteries, Chemelectrochem, 4, 2928, 10.1002/celc.201700562 Ye, 2017, Two-step pyrolysis of ZIF-8 functionalized with ammonium ferric citrate for efficient oxygen reduction reaction, J. Energy Chem., 26, 1174, 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.06.013 Xuan, 2018, From a ZIF-8 polyhedron to three-dimensional nitrogen doped hierarchical porous carbon: an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction dagger, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 10731, 10.1039/C8TA02385A Wang, 2018, ZIF-8 with ferrocene encapsulated: a promising precursor to single-atom Fe embedded nitrogen-doped carbon as highly efficient catalyst for oxygen electroreduction, Small, 14 Cao, 2017, Rational design of N-doped carbon nanobox-supported Fe/Fe2N/Fe3C nanoparticles as efficient oxygen reduction catalysts for Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 11340, 10.1039/C7TA03097E Jin, 2016, Co3O4 nanoparticles-modified alpha-MnO2 nanorods supported on reduced graphene oxide as cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, Nano, 11, 10.1142/S1793292016501265 Yang, 2017, Fe-cluster pushing electrons to N-doped graphitic layers with Fe3C(Fe) hybrid nanostructure to enhance O2 reduction catalysis of Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 4587, 10.1021/acsami.6b13166 Yu, 2016, MnO2 nanofilms on nitrogen-doped hollow graphene spheres as a high-performance electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 35264, 10.1021/acsami.6b11870 Zeng, 2017, Facile fabrication of N/S-doped carbon nanotubes with Fe3O4 nanocrystals enchased for lasting synergy as efficient oxygen reduction catalysts, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13189, 10.1039/C7TA02094E Liu, 2016, N-Doped carbon supported Co3O4 nanoparticles as an advanced electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in Al-air batteries, RSC Adv., 6, 55552, 10.1039/C6RA10486J Zhang, 2017, Facile synthesis of defect-rich and S/N Co-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for primary and all-solid-state Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 24545, 10.1021/acsami.7b04665 Wang, 2018, Self-assembled three-dimensional carbon networks with accessorial Lewis base sites and variational electron characteristics as efficient oxygen reduction reaction catalysts for alkaline metal-air batteries, Chin. J. Catal., 39, 1210, 10.1016/S1872-2067(18)63089-X Xu, 2017, Chrysanthemum-derived N and S co-doped porous carbon for efficient oxygen reduction reaction and aluminum-air battery, Electrochim. Acta, 239, 1, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.002 Zhang, 2014, Magnesium-air batteries: from principle to application, Mater. Horiz., 1, 196, 10.1039/C3MH00059A Li, 2016, Ultrafine Mn3O4 nanowires/three-dimensional graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube composites: superior electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and enhanced Mg/air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 27710, 10.1021/acsami.6b09013 Yue, 2015, MnO2 nanorod catalysts for magnesium air fuel cells: influence of different supports, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 40, 6809, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.140 Zhao, 2018, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported binary PdSn nanocatalyst as effective catalytic cathode for Mg-air battery, J. Electroanal. Chem., 826, 217, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.034 Li, 2016, Mixed-phase mullite electrocatalyst for pH-neutral oxygen reduction in magnesium-air batteries, Nano Energy, 27, 8, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.033 Wang, 2018, Nanocarbon-based electrocatalysts for rechargeable aqueous Li/Zn-air batteries, Chemelectrochem, 5, 1745, 10.1002/celc.201800141 Singh, 2017, Efficient and durable oxygen reduction electrocatalyst based on CoMn alloy oxide nanoparticles supported over N-doped porous graphene, ACS Catal., 7, 6700, 10.1021/acscatal.7b01983 Liu, 2017, High-performance oxygen reduction electrocatalyst derived from polydopamine and cobalt supported on carbon nanotubes for metal-air batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27 Liu, 2018, Chitosan/phytic acid hydrogel as a platform for facile synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbon frameworks for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction, Carbon, 137, 68, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.05.027 Hong, 2017, CuO nanoplatelets with highly dispersed Ce-doping derived from intercalated layered double hydroxides for synergistically enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in Al-air batteries, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 9169, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02076 Wang, 2017, Porous N,S-codoped carbon architectures with bimetallic sulphide nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitic layers: highly active and robust electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in Al-air batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 330, 1342, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.08.072 Cui, 2017, Robust Fe3Mo3C supported IrMn clusters as highly efficient bifunctional air electrode for metal-air battery, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201702385 Cui, 2017, Ni3FeN-Supported Fe3Pt intermetallic nanoalloy as a high-performance bifunctional catalyst for metal-air batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 9901, 10.1002/anie.201705778 Ding, 2018, Ternary PtVCo dendrites for the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, overall water splitting and rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Inorg. Chem. Front., 5, 2425, 10.1039/C8QI00623G Zhao, 2018, PdCo bimetallic nano-electrocatalyst as effective air-cathode for aqueous metal-air batteries, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 5001, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.140 Park, 2017, Unveiling the catalytic origin of nanocrystalline yttrium ruthenate pyrochlore as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for Zn-air batteries, Nano Lett., 17, 3974, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01812 You, 2018, Designing binary Ru-Sn oxides with optimized performances for the air electrode of rechargeable zinc-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 10064, 10.1021/acsami.7b18948 Hu, 2017, Silver decorated LaMnO3 nanorod/graphene composite electrocatalysts as reversible metal-air battery electrodes, Appl. Surf. Sci., 402, 61, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.060 Guo, 2016, Ruthenium oxide coated ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays: a highly bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 6282, 10.1039/C6TA02030E Park, 2017, Bifunctional hydrous RuO2 nanocluster electrocatalyst embedded in carbon matrix for efficient and durable operation of rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Sci. Rep., 7, 7150, 10.1038/s41598-017-07259-9 Cheng, 2017, Efficient and durable bifunctional oxygen catalysts based on NiFeO@MnOx core-shell structures for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 8121, 10.1021/acsami.6b16180 Wang, 2017, NiFe layered double hydroxide nanoparticles on Co,N-codoped carbon nanoframes as efficient bifunctional catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 10.1002/aenm.201700467 Zhang, 2018, NiFe LDH-CoPc/CNTs as novel bifunctional electrocatalyst complex for zinc-air battery, Ionics, 24, 1709, 10.1007/s11581-017-2322-4 Li, 2017, Directed synthesis of carbon nanotube arrays based on layered double hydroxides toward highly-efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis, Nano Energy, 37, 98, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.016 Kuang, 2016, Nanostructured bifunctional redox electrocatalysts, Small, 12, 5656, 10.1002/smll.201600977 Zhu, 2017, Perovskite/carbon composites: applications in oxygen electrocatalysis, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201603793 Liu, 2018, Crystal-plane-dependent activity of spinel Co3O4 towards water splitting and the oxygen reduction reaction, Chemelectrochem, 5, 1080, 10.1002/celc.201701302 Liu, 2016, ZnCo2O4 quantum dots anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as reversible oxygen reduction/evolution electrocatalysts, Adv. Mater., 28, 3777, 10.1002/adma.201506197 Wang, 2018, Identifying the key role of pyridinic-N-Co bonding in synergistic electrocatalysis for reversible ORR/OER, Adv. Mater., 30 Ma, 2016, Facile synthesis of NiCo2O4 nanosphere-carbon nanotubes hybrid as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 9211, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.12.022 Moni, 2017, Chrysanthemum flower-like NiCo2O4-nitrogen doped graphene oxide composite: an efficient electrocatalyst for lithium-oxygen and zinc-air batteries, Chem. Commun., 53, 7836, 10.1039/C7CC03826G Deng, 2017, Hierarchical porous double-shelled electrocatalyst with tailored lattice alkalinity toward bifunctional oxygen reactions for metal-air batteries, ACS Energy Lett., 2, 2706, 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00989 Wang, 2017, Electrospun thin-walled CuCo2O4@C nanotubes as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Nano Lett., 17, 7989, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04502 Li, 2018, Interface engineered in situ anchoring of Co9S8 nanoparticles into a multiple doped carbon matrix: highly efficient zinc-air batteries, Nanoscale, 10, 2649, 10.1039/C7NR07235J Han, 2017, NiCo2S4 nanocrystals anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Nano Energy, 31, 541, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.008 Dou, 2016, Cobalt nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanotube/porous carbon hybrid derived from MOF-encapsulated Co3O4 for oxygen electrocatalysis, Chem. Commun., 52, 9727, 10.1039/C6CC05244D Guo, 2018, In situ encapsulation of core-shell-structured Co@Co3O4 into nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedra as a bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 1443, 10.1039/C7TA09958D Li, 2018, Co3O4-doped Co/CoFe nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon shells as bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn-Air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 3730, 10.1039/C7TA11171A Xu, 2016, Self-assembly formation of Bi-functional Co3O4/MnO2-CNTs hybrid catalysts for achieving both high energy/power density and cyclic ability of rechargeable zin-cair battery, Sci. Rep., 6, 33590, 10.1038/srep33590 Wang, 2017, Three-dimensional framework of graphene nanomeshes shell/Co3O4 synthesized as superior bifunctional electrocatalyst for zinc-air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 41273, 10.1021/acsami.7b13290 Shen, 2016, Co3O4 nanorods-graphene composites as catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air battery, J. Solid State Electrochem., 20, 3331, 10.1007/s10008-016-3299-z Li, 2016, Pomegranate-inspired design of highly active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable metal-air batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 4977, 10.1002/anie.201600750 Li, 2018, Atomically thin mesoporous Co3O4 layers strongly coupled with N-rGO nanosheets as high-performance bifunctional catalysts for 1D knittable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Mater., 30 Khalid, 2018, Multifunctional electrocatalysts derived from conducting polymer and metal organic framework complexes, Nano Energy, 45, 127, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.12.045 Kashyap, 2018, Zirconium-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticle supported N-doped reduced graphene oxide as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air battery, ACS Catal., 8, 3715, 10.1021/acscatal.7b03823 Kim, 2018, Strategy for enhancing interfacial effect of bifunctional electrocatalyst: infiltration of cobalt nanooxide on perovskite, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 5 Xu, 2018, Bi-functional composite electrocatalysts consisting of nanoscale (La, Ca) oxides and carbon nanotubes for long-term zinc-air fuel cells and rechargeable batteries, Sustain. Energy. Fuels., 2, 91, 10.1039/C7SE00444C Vignesh, 2016, Porous LaCo1-xNixO3-δ nanostructures as an efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation and for a zinc-air battery, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 6019, 10.1021/acsami.5b11840 Bu, 2017, A highly efficient and robust cation ordered perovskite oxide as a bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, ACS Nano, 11, 11594, 10.1021/acsnano.7b06595 Wang, 2017, La0.8Sr0.2Co1-xMnxO3 perovskites as efficient bi-functional cathode catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 254, 14, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.034 Hu, 2016, LaNiO3-nanorod/graphene composite as an efficient bi-functional catalyst for zinc-air batteries, RSC Adv., 6, 86386, 10.1039/C6RA16610E Peng, 2018, Electronic and defective engineering of electrospun CaMnO3 nanotubes for enhanced oxygen electrocatalysis in rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201800612 Fu, 2018, Boosting bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis with 3D graphene aerogel-supported Ni/MnO particles, Adv. Mater., 30, 10.1002/adma.201704609 Zhang, 2018, Improving the electrochemical oxygen reduction activity of manganese oxide nanosheets with sulfurization-induced nanopores, ChemCatChem, 10, 422, 10.1002/cctc.201701192 Xiong, 2017, Sequentially electrodeposited MnOx/Co-Fe as bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A1012, 10.1149/2.0481706jes Liu, 2016, High-performance non-spinel cobalt-manganese mixed oxide-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Nano Energy, 20, 315, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.11.030 Bai, 2018, Co9S8@MoS2 core shell heterostructures as trifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting and Zn air batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 1678, 10.1021/acsami.7b14997 An, 2017, Atomic-level coupled interfaces and lattice distortion on CuS/NiS2 nanocrystals boost oxygen catalysis for flexible Zn-air batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 10.1002/adfm.201703779 Wang, 2016, Hydrangea-like NiCo2S4 hollow microspheres as an advanced bifunctional electrocatalyst for aqueous metal/air batteries, Catal. Sci. Technol., 6, 434, 10.1039/C5CY01656H Li, 2018, Metallic CuCo2S4 nanosheets of atomic thickness as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for portable, flexible Zn-air batteries, Nanoscale, 10, 6581, 10.1039/C8NR01381K Gao, 2017, Coupling cobalt-iron bimetallic nitrides and N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes as high-performance bifunctional catalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reaction, Electrochim. Acta, 258, 51, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.172 Fu, 2017, Hierarchically mesoporous nickel-iron nitride as a cost-efficient and highly durable electrocatalyst for Zn-air battery, Nano Energy, 39, 77, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.029 Fan, 2017, Ni-Fe nitride nanoplates on nitrogen-doped graphene as a synergistic catalyst for reversible oxygen evolution reaction and rechargeable Zn-air battery, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201700099 Xiong, 2018, A horizontal zinc-air battery with physically decoupled oxygen evolution/reduction reaction electrodes, J. Power Sources, 393, 108, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.004 Guo, 2018, Core/shell design of efficient electrocatalysts based on NiCo2O4 nanowires and NiMn LDH nanosheets for rechargeable zinc-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 10243, 10.1039/C8TA02608D Wang, 2016, An electron injection promoted highly efficient electrocatalyst of FeNi3@GR@Fe-NiOOH for oxygen evolution and rechargeable metal-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 7762, 10.1039/C6TA01541G Huang, 2017, Co-intercalation of multiple active units into graphene by pyrolysis of hydrogen-bonded precursors for zinc-air batteries and water splitting, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 20882, 10.1039/C7TA06677E Li, 2013, Advanced zinc-air batteries based on high-performance hybrid electrocatalysts, Nat. Commun., 4, 7 Wang, 2018, NiFe (oxy) hydroxides derived from NiFe disulfides as an efficient oxygen evolution catalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries: the effect of surface S residues, Adv. Mater., 30 Bin, 2017, Crab-shell induced synthesis of ordered macroporous carbon nanofiber arrays coupled with MnCo2O4 nanoparticles as bifunctional oxygen catalysts for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, Nanoscale, 9, 11148, 10.1039/C7NR03009F Wang, 2018, Pyridinic-N-Dominated doped defective graphene as a superior oxygen electrocatalyst for ultrahigh-energy-density Zn-air batteries, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 1183, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00303 Shinde, 2017, Scalable 3-D carbon nitride sponge as an efficient metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, ACS Nano, 11, 347, 10.1021/acsnano.6b05914 Sun, 2018, N codoped and defect-rich nanocarbon material as a metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, Adv. Sci., 5, 10.1002/advs.201800036 Pei, 2017, Texturing in situ: N, S-enriched hierarchically porous carbon as a highly active reversible oxygen electrocatalyst, Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 742, 10.1039/C6EE03265F Zhang, 2015, A metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions, Nat. Nanotechnol., 10, 444, 10.1038/nnano.2015.48 Yang, 2016, Identification of catalytic sites for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in N-doped graphene materials: development of highly efficient metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst, Sci. Adv., 2, 10.1126/sciadv.1501122 Meng, 2017, In situ coupling of Co0.85Se and N-doped carbon via one-step selenization of metal-organic frameworks as a trifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting and Zn-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 7001, 10.1039/C7TA01453H Pan, 2018, A bimetallic Zn/Fe polyphthalocyanine-derived single-atom Fe-N4 catalytic site:A superior trifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting and Zn-air batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 57, 8614, 10.1002/anie.201804349 Ma, 2018, Single-site active iron-based bifunctional oxygen catalyst for a compressible and rechargeable zinc-air battery, ACS Nano, 12, 1949, 10.1021/acsnano.7b09064 Han, 2018, Novel route to Fe-based cathode as an efficient bifunctional catalysts for rechargeable Zn-air battery, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 10.1002/aenm.201800955 Li, 2018, ZIF-67 as continuous self-sacrifice template derived NiCo2O4/Co,N-CNTs nanocages as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn-air batteries, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 10021, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01332 Amiinu, 2018, From 3D ZIF nanocrystals to Co-nx/C nanorod array electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and Zn-air batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 10.1002/adfm.201704638 Ahn, 2017, "Wiring" Fe-N-x-Embedded porous carbon framework onto 1D nanotubes for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline and acidic media, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201606534 Liu, 2017, Metal-organic-framework-derived hybrid carbon nanocages as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201700874 Zhang, 2018, Novel MOF-derived Co@N-C bifunctional catalysts for highly efficient Zn-air batteries and water splitting, Adv. Mater., 30 Qian, 2017, A metal-free ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from metal-organic frameworks for rechargeable Zn-Air batteries, Carbon, 111, 641, 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.046 Kim, 2016, Cloud-like graphene nanoplatelets on Nd0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ nanorods as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for hybrid Li-air batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 2122, 10.1039/C5TA08493H Safanama, 2017, High efficiency aqueous and hybrid lithium-air batteries enabled by Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 ceramic anode-protecting membranes, J. Power Sources, 340, 294, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.076 Liu, 2018, Cobalt-doped perovskite-type oxide LaMnO3 as bifunctional oxygen catalysts for hybrid lithium-oxygen batteries, Chem. Asian J., 13, 528, 10.1002/asia.201701561 Tan, 2017, Synthesis and application of nanostructured MCo2O4(M=Co, Ni) for hybrid Li-air batteries, Ionics, 23, 2589, 10.1007/s11581-016-1913-9 Abirami, 2016, A metal-organic framework derived porous cobalt manganese oxide bifunctional electrocatalyst for hybrid Na-Air/Seawater batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 32778, 10.1021/acsami.6b10082 Kang, 2017, Dual-phase spinel MnCo2O4 nanocrystals with nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide as potential catalyst for hybrid Na-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 244, 222, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.100 Wu, 2019, A metal-organic framework-derived bifunctional catalyst for hybrid sodium-air batteries, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 241, 407, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.063 Cheon, 2016, Graphitic nanoshell/mesoporous carbon nanohybrids as highly efficient and stable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable aqueous Na-air batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 6, 1501794, 10.1002/aenm.201501794 Nam, 2018, A ternary Ni46Co40Fe14 nanoalloy-based oxygen electrocatalyst for highly efficient rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Adv. Mater. Zhang, 2018, A strongly cooperative spinel nanohybrid as an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 236, 413, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.047 Jung, 2016, Optimizing nanoparticle perovskite for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 176, 10.1039/C5EE03124A Liu, 2018, Controllable urchin-like NiCo2S4 microsphere synergized with sulfur-doped graphene as bifunctional catalyst for superior rechargeable Zn-air battery, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28 Fu, 2017, Ni3Fe-N doped carbon sheets as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for air cathodes, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 10.1002/aenm.201601172 Cho, 2015, Aluminum anode for aluminum-air battery-Part I: influence of aluminum purity, J. Power Sources, 277, 370, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.026 Jingling, 2015, Electrochemical performances of Al0.5Mg0.1Sn0.02In alloy in different solutions for Al-air battery, J. Power Sources, 293, 592, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.113 Das, 2017, Aluminium-ion batteries: developments and challenges, J. Mater. Chem., 5, 6347, 10.1039/C7TA00228A Muñoz-Torrero, 2018, Investigation of different anode materials for aluminium rechargeable batteries, J. Power Sources, 374, 77, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.032 Fan, 2015, Performance of fine structured aluminum anodes in neutral and alkaline electrolytes for Al-air batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 165, 22, 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.002 Fan, 2015, The effect of crystal orientation on the aluminum anodes of the aluminum–air batteries in alkaline electrolytes, J. Power Sources, 299, 66, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.08.095 Pino, 2016, Carbon treated commercial aluminium alloys as anodes for aluminium-air batteries in sodium chloride electrolyte, J. Power Sources, 326, 296, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.118 Lee, 2016, Improved reversibility of Zn anodes for rechargeable Zn-air batteries by using alkoxide and acetate ions, Electrochim. Acta, 199, 164, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.148 Lee, 2013, Improvement in self-discharge of Zn anode by applying surface modification for Zn-air batteries with high energy density, J. Power Sources, 227, 177, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.046 Jo, 2017, Shield effect of polyaniline between zinc active material and aqueous electrolyte in zinc-air batteries, Appl. Surf. Sci., 422, 406, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.033 Schmid, 2017, Electrochemical behavior of zinc particles with silica based coatings as anode material for zinc air batteries with improved discharge capacity, J. Power Sources, 351, 115, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.096 Stock, 2018, Homogeneous coating with an anion-exchange ionomer improves the cycling stability of secondary batteries with zinc anodes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 8640, 10.1021/acsami.7b18623 Schmid, 2018, Zinc particles coated with bismuth oxide based glasses as anode material for zinc air batteries with improved electrical rechargeability, Electrochim. Acta, 260, 246, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.041 Titscher, 2018, Multiscale structured particle-based zinc anodes in non-stirred alkaline systems for zinc–air batteries, Energy Technol., 6, 773, 10.1002/ente.201700758 Yan, 2015, Superior cycling stability and high rate capability of three-dimensional Zn/Cu foam electrodes for zinc-based alkaline batteries, RSC Adv., 5, 83781, 10.1039/C5RA16264E Zhang, 2015, Enhancement of electrochemical performance with Zn-Al-Bi layered hydrotalcites as anode material for Zn/Ni secondary battery, Electrochim. Acta, 155, 61, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.145 Sun, 2016, Fast and energy efficient synthesis of ZnO@RGO and its application in Ni–Zn secondary battery, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 12337, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01025 Yang, 2017, Polydopamine-coated nano-ZnO for high-performance rechargeable Zn–Ni battery, Mater. Lett., 197, 163, 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.088 Zamarayeva, 2016, Fabrication of a high-performance flexible Silver–Zinc wire battery, Adv. Electron.Mater., 2, 10.1002/aelm.201500296 Li, 2018, High-performance quasi-solid-state flexible aqueous rechargeable Ag–Zn battery based on metal–organic framework-derived Ag nanowires, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 2761, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01675 Deng, 2018, Mg-Ca binary alloys as anodes for primary Mg-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 396, 109, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.05.090 Höche, 2018, Performance boost for primary magnesium cells using iron complexing agents as electrolyte additives, Sci. Rep., 8, 7578, 10.1038/s41598-018-25789-8 Wang, 2016, Discharge and corrosion behaviour of Mg-Li-Al-Ce-Y-Zn alloy as the anode for Mg-air battery, Corros. Sci., 112, 13, 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.07.002 Xiong, 2017, Effects of microstructure on the electrochemical discharge behavior of Mg-6wt%Al-1wt%Sn alloy as anode for Mg-air primary battery, J. Alloy. Comp., 708, 652, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.172 Li, 2017, Electrochemical behavior of Mg-Al-Zn-In alloy as anode materials in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution, Electrochim. Acta, 238, 156, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.119 Liu, 2018, Discharge performance of the magnesium anodes with different phase constitutions for Mg-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 396, 667, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.06.085 See, 1997, Temperature and concentration dependence of the specific conductivity of concentrated solutions of potassium hydroxide, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 1266, 10.1021/je970140x Deyab, 2017, 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as an effective organic additive in aluminum-air battery, Electrochim. Acta, 244, 178, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.116 Wang, 2015, Evaluation of AA5052 alloy anode in alkaline electrolyte with organic rare-earth complex additives for aluminium-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 293, 484, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.104 Liu, 2016, Synergistic effects of carboxymethyl cellulose and ZnO as alkaline electrolyte additives for aluminium anodes with a view towards Al-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 335, 1, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.060 Pei, 2014, Technologies for extending zinc–air battery’s cyclelife: a review, Appl. Energy, 128, 315, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.095 Jindra, 1973, Zinc-air cell with neutral electrolyte, J. Appl. Electrochem., 3, 297, 10.1007/BF00613036 Goh, 2014, A near-neutral chloride electrolyte for electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, A2080, 10.1149/2.0311414jes Pan, 2018, Advances and challenges in alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 66, 141, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.01.001 Liu, 2018, Rechargeable zinc air batteries and highly improved performance through potassium hydroxide addition to the molten carbonate eutectic electrolyte, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A149, 10.1149/2.0491802jes Pan, 2019, Performance of a hybrid direct ethylene glycol fuel cell, Int. J. Energy Res., 43, 2583, 10.1002/er.4176 Koninck, 2007, Preparation and characterization of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles used as a conductive support for bifunctional CuCo2O4 electrocatalyst, J. Electroanal. Chem., 611, 67, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.08.004 Sumboja, 2016, Durable rechargeable zinc-air batteries with neutral electrolyte and manganese oxide catalyst, J. Power Sources, 332, 330, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.142 Wang, 2018, Highly reversible zinc metal anode for aqueous batteries, Nat. Mater., 17, 543, 10.1038/s41563-018-0063-z Mayilvel Dinesh, 2015, Water soluble graphene as electrolyte additive in magnesium-air battery system, J. Power Sources, 276, 32, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.079 Deyab, 2016, Decyl glucoside as a corrosion inhibitor for magnesium-air battery, J. Power Sources, 325, 98, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.006 Richey, 2016, Mg anode corrosion in aqueous electrolytes and implications for Mg-Air batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A958, 10.1149/2.0781606jes Zhao, 2018, Effect of phosphate and vanadate as electrolyte additives on the performance of Mg-air batteries, Mater. Chem. Phys., 218, 256, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.07.037 Yu, 2017, Aqueous electrochemical energy storage with a mediator-ion solid electrolyte, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 10.1002/aenm.201602454 Fu, 2016, A flexible solid-state electrolyte for wide-scale integration of rechargeable zinc-air batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 663, 10.1039/C5EE03404C Hwang, 2016, Selective ion transporting polymerized ionic liquid membrane separator for enhancing cycle stability and durability in secondary zinc-air battery systems, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 26298, 10.1021/acsami.6b07841 Lee, 2016, Electrospun polyetherimide nanofiber mat-reinforced, permselective polyvinyl alcohol composite separator membranes: a membrane-driven step closer toward rechargeable zinc-air batteries, J. Membr. Sci., 499, 526, 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.038 Kim, 2016, Artificially engineered, bicontinuous anion-conducting/-repelling polymeric phases as a selective ion transport channel for rechargeable zinc-air battery separator membranes, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 3711, 10.1039/C5TA09576J Mainar, 2016, Alkaline aqueous electrolytes for secondary zinc-air batteries: an overview, Int. J. Energy Res., 40, 1032, 10.1002/er.3499 Xie, 2016, Moisture battery formed by direct contact of magnesium with foamed polyaniline, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 1805, 10.1002/anie.201510686 Pichler, 2017, Bifunctional electrode performance for zinc-air flow cells with pulse charging, Electrochim. Acta, 251, 488, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.128 Tan, 2017, Flexible Zn- and Li-air batteries: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives, Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 2056, 10.1039/C7EE01913K Sumboja, 2016, Progress in development of flexible metal-air batteries, Funct. Mater. Lett., 9, 10.1142/S1793604716300012 He, 2018, Innovation and challenges in materials design for flexible rechargeable batteries: from 1D to 3D, J. Mater. Chem., 6, 735, 10.1039/C7TA09301B Ilyukhina, 2017, Development and study of aluminum-air electrochemical generator and its main components, J. Power Sources, 342, 741, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.105 Vielstich, 2003 Yan, 2018, Reducing the cost of zinc-oxygen batteries by oxygen recycling, Energy Technol., 6, 246, 10.1002/ente.201700507 Wang, 2018 Yirka