Do outcomes from high stakes examinations taken in test centres and via live remote proctoring differ?

Alessio, 2017, Examining the effect of proctoring on online test scores, Online Learn., 21, 10.24059/olj.v21i1.885 2014 2021, Test centers are dead, long live test centers, Webinar Audio Transcr. Bedford, 2011, Preventing online cheating with technology: a pilot study of remote proctor and an update of its use, J Higher Educ Theory Pract, 11, 41 Caplan-Bricker, 2021 Carstairs, 2009, Internet testing: a natural experiment reveals test score inflation on a high-stakes, unproctored cognitive test, Comput Hum Behav, 25, 738, 10.1016/j.chb.2009.01.011 Castillo, 2017, Mobile and nonmobile assessment in organisations: does proctoring make a difference?, Psychology, 8, 878, 10.4236/psych.2017.86057 Chen, 2020, Learning by cheating, Proc Mach Learn Res, 100, 66 Coghlan, 2021, Good proctor or “Big Brother”? Ethics and online exam supervision technologies, Philosophy and Technology, 10.1007/s13347-021-00476-1 Cohen, 1988 Dadashzadeh, 2021, The online examination dilemma: to proctor or not to proctor?, J Instr Pedag, 25, 1 Dadey, 2018, The comparability of scores from different digital devices: a literature review and synthesis with recommendations for practice, Appl Meas Educ, 31, 30, 10.1080/08957347.2017.1391262 Daffin, 2018, Comparing student performance on proctored and non-proctored exams in online psychology courses, Online Learn, 22, 131, 10.24059/olj.v22i1.1079 Davis, 2017, Device comparability of tablets and computers for assessment purposes, Appl Meas Educ, 30, 16, 10.1080/08957347.2016.1243538 Draaijer, J. (2017). A report on the current state of online proctoring practices in higher education within the EU and an outlook for OP4RE activities. Retrieved July 11, 2021, from https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/39908260/StartReportOP4RE_exended.pdf. Flaherty, C. (2020, May 11). 'Big Proctor'. Retrived July 6, 2021, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/05/11/online-proctoring-surging-during-covid-19. Foster, 2009, Secure, online, high-stakes testing: Science fiction or business reality?, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2, 31, 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.01103.x Goedl, 2020, A study of grade equivalency between proctored and unproctored exams in distance education, Am J Distance Educ, 34, 280, 10.1080/08923647.2020.1796376 Hylton, 2016, Utilizing webcam-based proctoring to deter misconduct in online exams, Comput Educ, 92–93, 53, 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.002 Illingworth, 2014, Internet-based, unproctored assessments on mobile and non-mobile devices: usage, measurement equivalence, and outcomes, J Bus Psychol, 30, 325, 10.1007/s10869-014-9363-8 Institute for Credentialing Excellence . (2021). Report on the NCCA assessment of live remote proctoring. Washington, DC. Retrived from https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/inline-files/ncca_lrp_report-final-2.2021.pdf. Karim, 2014, Cheating, reactions, and performance in remotely proctored testing: an exploratory experimental study, J Bus Psychol, 29, 555, 10.1007/s10869-014-9343-z King, 2011, Does size matter? A study on the use of netbooks in K-12 assessment Lee, 2020, Impact of proctoring environments on student performance: online vs offline proctored exams, J Asian Financ Econ Bus, 7, 653, 10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no8.653 Lilley, 2016, Remote live invigilation: a pilot study, J Interact Media Educ, 2016, 1 Milliron, 2008, The net generation cheating challange, Innovative, 4, 1 National Commission for Credentialling Agencies (NCCA). (2014). National commission for certifying agencies: standards for the accreditation of certification programs. Institute for Credentialing Excellence. Retrived April 15, 2021, from https://knappinternational.com/assets/uploads/pages/NCCA%20standards(1).pdf. Nigam, 2021, A systematic review on ai-based proctoring systems: past, present and future, Educ Inform Technol, 10.1007/s10639-021-10597-x O'Leary, L. (2020, June 17). Psychometric perspectives on remote proctoring. Alpine Testing Solutions. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from https://www.alpinetesting.com/psychometric-perspectives-on-remote-proctoring/. Paredes, 2021, Remote proctored exams: integrity assurance in online education?, Distance Educ, 42, 200, 10.1080/01587919.2021.1910495 Peters, J. (2020, June 8). IBM will no longer offer, develop, or research facial recognition technology. The Verge. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/8/21284683/ibm-no-longer-general-purpose-facial-recognition-analysis-software. Prince, 2009, Comparisons of proctored versus non-proctored testing strategies in graduate distance education curriculum, J Coll Teach Learn (TLC), 6, 51 Rea, 1992 Reisenwitz, 2020, Examining the necessity of proctoring online exams, J Higher Educ Theory Pract, 20, 118 Rios, 2017, Online proctored versus unproctored low-stakes internet test administration: is there differential test-taking behavior and performance?, Am J Dis Educ, 31, 226 Scully, 2020, Remote proctoring : memo 1. Dublin City University: Centre for Assessment Research, Policy and Practice in Education. Unpublished Manuscript, -, 1 Silverman, 2021, What happens when you close the door on remote proctoring? Moving toward authentic assessments with a people-centered approach, Improv Acad J Educ Dev, 39, 115 Sinha, 2020, Remote proctored theory and objective online examination, Int J Adv Netw Appl, 11, 4494 Steedle, 2016 Swauger, 2020, Our bodies encoded: algorithmic test proctoring in higher education, Hybrid Pedag Thompson, 2007, Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and confidence intervals for effect sizes, Psychol Sch, 44, 423, 10.1002/pits.20234 Way, 2015, From standardization to personalization: the comparability of scores based on different testing conditions, modes, and devices Weiner, 2017, A comparative study of online remote proctored versus onsite proctered high-stakes exams, J Appl Test Technol, 18, 13 Woldeab, 2019, 21st Century assessment: online proctoring, test anxiety, and student performance, Int J E Learn Dis Educ, 34, 1 Wuthisatian, 2020, Student exam performance in different proctored environments: evidence from an online economics course, Int Rev Econ Educ, 35, 10.1016/j.iree.2020.100196 Zhang, 2018, A virtual proctor with biometric authentication for facilitating distance education, Online engineering and internet of things. lecture notes in networks and systems, 22, 10.1007/978-3-319-64352-6_11 Harwell, D. (2020). Mass school closures in the wake of the coronavirus are driving a new wave of student surveillance. Retrived from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/01/online-proctoring-college-exams-coronavirus/. Butler-Henderson, 2020, A systematic review of online examinations: A pedagogical innovation for scalable authentication and integrity, Computers and Education, 159, 104024, 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104024 Burke, 2009, Preserving the integrity of online testing, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2, 35, 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.01104.x Crocker, 1986