Aflatoxin contamination in insect damaged seeds of horsegram under storage
Tóm tắt
Studies on one of the protein rich pulses, horsegram (Dolichos biflorus L.) were carried out to know how far these low risk pulses are free from aflatoxin contamination under severe insect infestation in storage. A total of 150 stored seed samples of horsegram were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins by collecting 25 samples each of undamaged and insect damaged seeds of all the three varieties (PDM-1, PHG-1 and HG-96). More than 33% of insect damaged seed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and B2, whereas less than 8% of the undamaged seed samples contain only low levels of aflatoxin B2. Higher levels of aflatoxin B1 (up to 130 μg/kg) were reported in insect damaged seed samples of all the three varieties under study. The levels of aflatoxin B2 were always lower than aflatoxin B1 of the corresponding seed samples with insect damage. Aflatoxin B1 was reported in both the undamaged and insect damaged seed samples of all the three varieties of horsegram. It is evident from the varietal response studies that PDM-1 and HG-96 varieties of horsegram are highly vulnerable to aflatoxin contamination whereas, PHG-1 variety is relatively less susceptible to it. In general, insect infestation leads to increase in fungal invasion (including aflatoxigenic fungi) and this further enhances the levels of aflatoxin contamination in horsegram seeds.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Sharma B (1995) Low productivity problems. The Hindu: Survey of Indian Agriculture: 65–67
Peraica M, Radic B, Lucic A, Pavlovic M (1999) Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77: 754–766
Bennett JW, Klich M (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 (3): 497–516
IARC (1987) Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Geneva: World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-Present [Multivolume work, p. S7 83]
Brera C, Miraglia M, Colatosti M (1998) Evaluation of the impact of mycotoxins on human health: Sources of error. Microchemical J 59: 45–49
Speijers GJA, Speijers MHM (2004) Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 153: 91–98
Hussein HS, Brasel JM (2001) Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167: 101–134
Sinha RK (1980) Aflatoxin contamination in some proteinaceous seeds. Biological Bulletin of India 2: 76–77
Reddy BN, Nusrath M (1983) Alfatoxin contamination in pulses from tribal areas of Medak district, Andhra Pradesh. Current Science 52: 1024
Reddy BN, Nusrath M (1983) Aflatoxin contamination in normal and insect damaged Kesari (Lathyrus sativus L.) in Andhra Pradesh. Current Science 52: 370–371
Emmani A, Suzangeer M, Farivar H, Barnett R (1976) Contamination of Isfahan legumes, cottonseed and cottonseed cake with aflatoxin. 3rd IUPAC Symposium on “Mycotoxins in food stuffs”, Paris, France, Abstract no. 17
FAO (1979) Perspective on Mycotoxins. Food and Nutrition Paper no.13, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 44–120
Pons WA Jr, Cucullu AF, Lee LS, Franz AO, Goldblatt LA (1976) Determination of aflatoxins in agricultural products. Use of aqueous acetone for extraction. J Assoc Off Aral Chem 49: 554–562
Whitaker TB (2003) Standardisation of mycotoxin sampling procedures: an urgent necessity. Food Control 14: 233–237
Boenke A (1998) Method validation for mycotoxin determinations in food and feedstuffs. Trends Anal Chem 17: 10–17
Dowd PF, Munkvold GP (1999) Association between insect damage and fumonisin derived from field-based insect control strategies, Proc. 40th Annual Corn Dry Milling Conf. June 3–4, Peoria, Illinois
Theunissen I (2002) Food for thought. Science in Africa (Africa's First On-Line Science Magazine), MRC News
Reddy BN, Nusrath M (1988) Relationship between the incidence of storage pests and production of mycotoxins in jowar. National Academy of Science Letters 11: 307–308
Widstom NW (1979) The role of insects and other plant pests in aflatoxin contamination of corn, cotton and peanuts — A review. J Environ Quality 8: 5–11
Berg T (2003) How to establish international limits for mycotoxins in food and feed? Food Control 14: 219–224
Kuiper-Goodman T (1995) Mycotoxins: risk assessment and legislation. Toxicol Lett 82/83: 853–859
Boenke A (1997) The food and feed chains — a possible strategy for the production of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) in the area of mycotoxins? Food Chem 60: 255–262
FAO (2001) Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control. Food and Nutrition Paper 73
FAO (2003) Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Paper 81: 81–82
FAO (2003) Food quality and safety systems — A training manual on food hygiene and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system
Bhat RV, Vasanthi S (2003) Mycotoxin food safety risk in developing countries: Food safety in food security and food trade In: IFPRI Focus 10 Brief 3 of 17