Impact of bioactive substances on the gastrointestinal tract and performance of weaned piglets: a review

Animal - Tập 3 - Trang 1625-1643 - 2009
J.P. Lallès1, P. Bosi2, P. Janczyk3, S.J. Koopmans4, D. Torrallardona5
1INRA UMR 1079, Rearing Systems, Animal and Human Nutrition, Domaine de la Prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
2Animal Nutrition, DIPROVAL, University of Bologna, via Rosselli 107, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy
3Forschungsinstitut für die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
4Animal Sciences Group of Wageningen UR, Animal Production Division, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
5IRTA, Ctra. Reus-El Morell, km. 3.8, E-43120 Constantí (Tarragona), Spain

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adam, 1998, Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicataLavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi, Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry, 46, 1739, 10.1021/jf9708296 Anderson, 1999, Gut microbiology and growth-promoting antibiotics in swine, Pig News and Information, 20, 115N Ayonrinde AI, Williams IH, McCauley R and Mullan BP 1995. Glutamine stimulates intestinal hyperplasia in weaned piglets. Fifth Biennial Conference of the Australasian Pig Scientific Association, vol. 5, 180pp. Bannink, 2006, Physiology, regulation and multifunctional activity of the gut wall: a rationale for multicompartmental modelling, Nutrition Research Reviews, 19, 227, 10.1017/S0954422407334094 Bergstrom, 1997, Evaluation of spray-dried animal plasma and select menhaden fish meal in transition diets of pigs weaned at 12 to 14 days of age and reared in different production systems, Journal of Animal Science, 75, 3004, 10.2527/1997.75113004x Biagi, 2006, Effect of gluconic acid on piglet growth performance, intestinal microflora, and intestinal wall morphology, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 370, 10.2527/2006.842370x Biagi, 2006, Effects of feeding free or micro-encapsulated gluconic acid on growth performance of weanling pigs, Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition and Physiology, 15, 176 Biagi, 2007, Performance, intestinal microflora, and wall morphology of weanling pigs fed sodium butyrate, Journal of Animal Science, 85, 1184, 10.2527/jas.2006-378 Bikker, 2004, The influence of diet composition and an anti-microbial growth promoter on the growth response of weaned piglets to spray dried animal plasma, Livestock Production Science, 86, 201, 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.07.003 Boesen, 2004, The influence of diet on Lawsonia intracellularis colonization in pigs upon experimental challenge, Veterinary Microbiology, 103, 35, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.008 Bosi, 2001, Effect of different spray dried plasmas on growth, ileal digestibility, nutrient deposition, immunity and health of early-weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 14, 1138, 10.5713/ajas.2001.1138 Bosi, 2004, Spray-dried plasma improves growth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88, Journal of Animal Science, 82, 1764, 10.2527/2004.8261764x Bosi, 2006, Continuous dietary supply of free calcium formate negatively affects parietal cell population and gastric RNA expression for H+/K+-ATPase in weaning pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1229, 10.1093/jn/136.5.1229 Bosi, 2007, The influence of fat protection of calcium formate on growth and intestinal defence in Escherichia coli K88-challenged weanling pigs, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.12.006 Boudry, 2007, Effects of oral supplementation with bovine colostrum on the immune system of weaned piglets, Research in Veterinary Science, 83, 91, 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.003 Boudry, 2007, Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on cytokine mRNA expression in weaned piglets, Livestock Science, 108, 295, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.088 Boudry, 2008, Effect of a bovine colostrum whey supplementation on growth performance, faecal Escherichia coli population and systemic immune response of piglets at weaning, Animal, 2, 730, 10.1017/S175173110800164X Bozin, 2006, Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 1822, 10.1021/jf051922u Burt, 2003, Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36, 162, 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01285.x Calder, 1999, Glutamine and the immune system, Amino Acids, 17, 227, 10.1007/BF01366922 Canibe, 2005, Feed physical form and formic acid addition to the feed affect the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of growing pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1287, 10.2527/2005.8361287x Castillo, 2006, The response of gastrointestinal microbiota to avilamycin, butyrate, and plant extracts in early-weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2725, 10.2527/jas.2004-556 Cava, 2007, Antimicrobial activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk, Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2757, 10.4315/0362-028X-70.12.2757 Coffey, 1995, The impact of environment and antimicrobial agents on the growth response of early-weaned pigs to spray-dried porcine plasma, Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2532, 10.2527/1995.7392532x Coffey, 2001, Use of spray-dried animal plasma in diets for weanling pigs, Pigs News and Information, 22, 39N Conde R 2005. Spray-dried animal plasma in piglet nutrition. A possible alternative to antibiotics. PhD, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. Cowan, 1999, Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12, 564, 10.1128/CMR.12.4.564 Cynober, 1994, Can arginine and ornithine support gut functions?, Gut, 1, S42, 10.1136/gut.35.1_Suppl.S42 Darwiche, 2001, Measurements of the gastric emptying rate by use of ultrasonography: studies in humans using bread with added sodium propionate, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 254, 10.1093/ajcn/74.2.254 D’Mello, 2003, Amino acids as multifunctional molecules. In Amino acids in animal nutrition, 1 DeRouchey, 2004, Evaluation of methods to reduce bacteria concentrations in spray-dried animal plasma and its effects on nursery pig performance, Journal of Animal Science, 82, 250, 10.2527/2004.821250x Dibner, 2005, Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action, Poultry Science, 84, 634, 10.1093/ps/84.4.634 Di Lorenzo, 2002, Nitric oxide synthase isoenzyme activities in a premature piglet model of necrotizing enterocolitis: effects of nitrergic manipulation, Pediatric Surgery International, 18, 624, 10.1007/s00383-002-0863-7 Di Lorenzo, 1995, Use of l-arginine in the treatment of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 30, 235, 10.1016/0022-3468(95)90567-7 Domeneghini, 2004, Structural patterns of swine ileal mucosa following l-glutamine and nucleotide administration during the weaning period. An histochemical and histometrical study, Histology and Histopathology, 19, 49 Domeneghini, 2006, Can nutraceuticals affect the structure of intestinal mucosa? Qualitative and quantitative microanatomy in l-glutamine diet-supplemented weaning piglets, Veterinary Research Communications, 30, 331, 10.1007/s11259-006-3236-1 Dorman HJD 1999. Phytochemistry and bioactive properties of plant volatile oils: antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. PhD, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Dorman, 2000, Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 308, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x Dušan, 2006, Essential oils: their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and effect on intestinal cell viability, Toxicology In Vitro, 20, 1435, 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.06.012 Eisemann, 2007, Response of pigs to dietary inclusion of formic acid and ammonium formate, Journal of Animal Science, 85, 1530, 10.2527/jas.2006-464 Ermer, 1994, Diet preference and meal patterns of weanling pigs offered diets containing either spray-dried porcine plasma or dried skim milk, Journal of Animal Science, 72, 1548, 10.2527/1994.7261548x Ettle, 2004, Dietary self-selection for organic acids by the piglet, Archives of Animal Nutrition, 58, 379, 10.1080/00039420400005067 Feed for Pig Health, 2003. Development of natural alternatives to anti-microbials for the control of pig health and promotion of performance. EU project contract number FOOD – CT-2004-506144. Flynn, 1997, Glucocorticoids play an important role in mediating the enhanced metabolism of arginine and glutamine in enterocytes of postweaning pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 127, 732, 10.1093/jn/127.5.732 Franco, 2005, Effect of combinations of organic acids in weaned pig diets on microbial species of digestive tract contents and their response on digestibility, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 89, 88, 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00553.x Gálfi, 1990, Feeding trial in pigs with a diet containing sodium n-butyrate, Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 38, 3 Gruys, 1998, 72 Guggenbuhl, 2007, Effects of dietary supplementation with benzoic acid (VevoVitall®) on the zootechnical performance, the gastrointestinal microflora and the ileal digestibility of the young pig, Livestock Science, 108, 218, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.068 Hamard, 2007, Physiological aspects and ileal gene expression profile and of early-weaned piglets fed a low threonine diet, Livestock Science, 108, 17, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.008 Hamard, 2007, Intestinal development and growth performance of early-weaned piglets fed a low-threonine diet, Animal, 1, 1134, 10.1017/S1751731107000560 Hamer, 2008, Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27, 104, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x Hammer, 1999, Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 985, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x Hansen, 2007, Feeding organic acids enhances the barrier function against pathogenic bacteria of the piglet stomach, Livestock Science, 108, 206, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.059 Hanzlik, 2005, Absorption and elimination of formate following oral administration of calcium formate in female human subjects, Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 33, 282, 10.1124/dmd.104.001289 Harte, 2003, 213 Hazzit, 2006, Composition of the essential oils of ThymusOriganum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 6314, 10.1021/jf0606104 Healthypigut 2000. Defining and validating gut health criteria in young pig, based on digestive physiology, microbiology and mucosal immunology investigations for testing alternative strategies to in-feed antibiotics. EU project contract number QLK5-LT2000-00522. Huguet, 2006, Effects of a bovine colostrum-supplemented diet on some gut parameters in weaned piglets, Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46, 167, 10.1051/rnd:2006006 Huguet, 2007, Influence of bovine colostrum on restoration of intestinal mucosa in weaned piglets, Livestock Science, 108, 20, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.009 Janczyk, 2008, Effect of thymol on microbial diversity in the porcine jejunum, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 126, 258, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.035 Jiang, 2000, Dietary plasma protein is used more efficiently than extruded soy protein for lean tissue growth in early-weaned pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 130, 2016, 10.1093/jn/130.8.2016 Jiang, 2000, Dietary plasma protein reduces small intestinal growth and lamina propria cell density in early weaned pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 130, 21, 10.1093/jn/130.1.21 Johnson, 2006, Glutamine supplementation influences immune development in the newly weaned piglet, Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 30, 1191, 10.1016/j.dci.2006.03.003 Jugl-Chizzola, 2006, Testing of the palatability of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. as flavouring feed additive for weaner pigs on the basis of a choice experiment, Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 119, 238 Karioti, 2006, Analysis of the essential oil of Origanum dubium growing wild in Cyprus. Investigation of its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity, Planta Medica, 72, 1330, 10.1055/s-2006-947255 Kien, 2007, Cecal infusion of butyrate increases intestinal cell proliferation in piglets, Journal of Nutrition, 137, 916, 10.1093/jn/137.4.916 Kim, 2007, Functional amino acids and fatty acids for enhancing production performance of sows and piglets, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 20, 295, 10.5713/ajas.2007.295 Kluge, 2006, Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 90, 316, 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00604.x Kohlert, 2002, Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of thymol in humans, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42, 731, 10.1177/009127002401102678 Kommera, 2006, Phytobiotics and organic acids as potential alternatives to the use of antibiotics in nursery pig diets, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 19, 1784, 10.5713/ajas.2006.1784 Koopmans, 2005, Surplus dietary tryptophan reduces plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations and enhances recovery after social stress in pigs, Physiology and Behaviour, 85, 469, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.05.010 Koopmans, 2006, Effects of supplemental l-tryptophan on serotonin, cortisol, intestinal integrity, and behaviour in weanling piglets, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 963, 10.2527/2006.844963x Lallès, 2004, Gut function and dysfunction in young pigs: physiology, Animal Research, 53, 301, 10.1051/animres:2004018 Lallès, 2007, Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66, 260, 10.1017/S0029665107005484 Le Floc’h, 2004, 239 Le Gall M, Sève B, Sahar A, Leborgne M, Lallès JP, Guilloteau P 2007. Effect of sodium butyrate on growth, appetite and gastrointestinal tract development in piglet. In Proceedings of the 10th European Nutrition Conference, Paris, France. Nutrition and Metabolism 51 (suppl. 1), 113. Le Huërou-Luron, 2004, Supplementation of a weaning diet with bovine colostrum increases feed intake and growth of weaned piglets, Journées Recherche Porcine, 36, 33 Lee, 2003, Effect of dietary glutamine supplement on performance and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 16, 1770, 10.5713/ajas.2003.1770 Léon, 1991, Arginine supplementation improves histone and acute-phase protein synthesis during Gram-negative sepsis in the rat, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 15, 503, 10.1177/0148607191015005503 Liu, 2002, Effects of dietary glutamine and glutamate supplementation on small intestinal structure, active absorption and DNA, RNA concentrations in skeletal muscle tissue of weaned piglets during d 28 to 42 of age, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 15, 238, 10.5713/ajas.2002.238 Liu, 2008, Dietary arginine supplementation alleviates intestinal mucosal disruption induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in weaned pigs, British Journal of Nutrition, 100, 552, 10.1017/S0007114508911612 Lobley, 2003, Post-absorptive metabolism of amino acids, Progress in Research on Energy and Protein Metabolism, 109, 737 Luiking, 2005, The role of arginine in infection and sepsis, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 29, S70, 10.1177/01486071050290S1S70 Manzanilla, 2004, Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 82, 3210, 10.2527/2004.82113210x Manzanilla, 2006, Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2743, 10.2527/jas.2005-509 Massey, 1998, A review of physiological and metabolic effects of essential amino acids, Amino Acids, 14, 271, 10.1007/BF01318848 Matan, 2006, Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 180, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.07.007 Mazzoni, 2008, Supplemental sodium butyrate stimulates different gastric cells in weaned pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 138, 1426, 10.1093/jn/138.8.1426 Melchior, 2004, Does an inflammatory response decrease tryptophan availability in pigs?, Journées Recherche Porcine, 36, 165 Melchior, 2005, Is tryptophan catabolism increased under Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity during chronic lung inflammation in pigs?, Reproduction Nutrition Development, 45, 175, 10.1051/rnd:2005013 Meunier, 2006, Use of rotary fluidized-bed technology for development of sustained-release plant extracts pellets: potential application for feed additive delivery, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1850, 10.2527/jas.2005-361 Meunier, 2007, Use of spray-cooling technology for development of microencapsulated capsicum oleoresin for the growing pig as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics: a study of release using in vitro models, Journal of Animal Science, 85, 2699, 10.2527/jas.2007-0027 Michiels, 2007, In vitro dose-response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora, Livestock Science, 109, 157, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.132 Modesto M, Stefanini I, D’Aimmo MR, Mazzoni M, Trevisi P, Tittarelli C, Bosi P, Biavati B 2007. Effect of probiotic inocula on the population density of lactic acid bacteria and enteric pathogens in the intestine of weaning piglets. In 3rd QLIF Congress, Hohenheim, Germany, March 20–23, 2007. http://orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html Molnar, 2005, The influence of an oregano feed additive on production parameters and mortality of weaned piglets, Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe Grosstiere Nutztiere, 33, 42, 10.1055/s-0038-1624103 Mroz, 2006, 81 Myrie, 2003, 250 Nakai, 2006, Tissue distribution of basigin and monocarboxylate transporter 1 in the adult male mouse: a study using the wild-type and basigin gene knockout mice, Anatomical Record A, 288, 527, 10.1002/ar.a.20320 Namkung, 2004, Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84, 697, 10.4141/A04-005 Niewold, 2007, The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action? A hypothesis, Poultry Science, 86, 605, 10.1093/ps/86.4.605 Niewold, 2007, Dietary specific antibodies in spray-dried immune plasma prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) post weaning diarrhea in piglets, Veterinary Microbiology, 124, 362, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.034 Nofrarias, 2006, Effects of spray-dried porcine plasma and plant extracts on intestinal morphology and on leukocyte cell subsets of weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2735, 10.2527/jas.2005-414 Nollet, 1999, Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with f18(+) Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder, Veterinary Microbiology, 65, 37, 10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00282-X 1998 Oetting, 2006, Effects of herbal extracts and antimicrobials on apparent digestibility, performance, organs morphometry and intestinal histology of weanling pigs, Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 35, 1389, 10.1590/S1516-35982006000500019 Ooi, 2006, Antimicrobial activities of cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde from the Chinese medicinal herb Cinnamomum cassia blume, American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 34, 511, 10.1142/S0192415X06004041 Owusu-Asiedu, 2002, Response of early-weaned pigs to spray-dried porcine or animal plasma-based diets supplemented with egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Journal of Animal Science, 80, 2895, 10.2527/2002.80112895x Owusu-Asiedu, 2003, Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, Journal of Animal Science, 81, 1781, 10.2527/2003.8171781x Owusu-Asiedu, 2003, Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic, Journal of Animal Science, 81, 1790, 10.2527/2003.8171790x Özcan, 2006, Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species, Journal of Medicinal Food, 9, 418, 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.418 Papenbrock, 2005, Investigations on prophylactic effects of coarse feed structure and/or potassium diformate on the microflora in the digestive tract of weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 89, 84, 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00537.x Park, 2007, Antifungal activities of the essential oils in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their constituents against various dermatophytes, Journal of Microbiology, 45, 460 Partanen, 2001, 201 Peñalver, 2005, Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica, 113, 1, 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130101.x Pérez-Alonso, 2008, DSC thermo-oxidative stability of red chili oleoresin microencapsulated in blended biopolymers matrices, Journal of Food Engineering, 85, 613, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.08.020 Pierce, 2005, Effects of spray-dried animal plasma and immunoglobulins on performance of early weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 83, 2876, 10.2527/2005.83122876x Piva, 2002, Tributyrin and lactitol synergistically enhanced the trophic status of the intestinal mucosa and reduced histamine levels in the gut of nursery pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 80, 670, 10.2527/2002.803670x Piva, 2007, Lipid microencapsulation allows slow release of organic acids and natural identical flavors along the swine intestine, Journal of Animal Science, 85, 486, 10.2527/jas.2006-323 Pluske, 1997, Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review, Livestock Production Science, 51, 215, 10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00057-2 Pluske JR, Pearson G, Morel PCH, King MR, Skilton G, Skilton R 1999. A bovine colostrum product in a weaner diet increases growth and reduces days to slaughter. In Australasian Pig Science Association Publication (ed. PE Cranwell). VIIth Manipulating Pig Production, Adelaide, Australia, p. 256. Polo, 2005, Efficacy of spray-drying to reduce infectivity of pseudorabies and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) viruses and seroconversion in pigs fed diets containing spray-dried animal plasma, Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1933, 10.2527/2005.8381933x Prabuseenivasan, 2006, In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6, 39, 10.1186/1472-6882-6-39 Reeds, 1994, Do the differences between amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states?, Journal of Nutrition, 124, 906, 10.1093/jn/124.6.906 Reeds, 2000, Intestinal glutamate metabolism, Journal of Nutrition, 130, 978S, 10.1093/jn/130.4.978S Rhoads, 2007, Intestinal ribosomal p70(S6K) signaling is increased in piglet rotavirus enteritis, American Journal of Physiology, 292, G913 Ritzhaupt, 1998, The characterization of butyrate transport across pig and human colonic luminal membrane, Journal of Physiology, 507, 819, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.819bs.x Ritzhaupt, 1998, Identification and characterization of a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) in pig and human colon: its potential to transport l-lactate as well as butyrate, Journal of Physiology, 513, 719, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.719ba.x Roselli, 2005, Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitroin vivo results, Animal Research, 54, 203, 10.1051/animres:2005012 Sads, 2003, The effect of oregano and vaccination against Glasser’s disease and pathogenic Escherichia coli on postweaning performance of pigs, Irish Veterinary Journal, 56, 611 Sepponen, 2007, Expression of CD147 and monocarboxylate transporters MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in porcine small intestine and colon, Veterinary Journal, 174, 122, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.015 Shi, 2000, Supplemental dietary arginine enhances wound healing in normal but not iNOS knockout mice, Surgery, 128, 374, 10.1067/msy.2000.107372 Si, 2006, In vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104: effects of pig diets and emulsification in hydrocolloids, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 101, 1282, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03045.x Si, 2006, Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards selected pathogenic and beneficial gut bacteria, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100, 296, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02789.x Sivropoulou, 1996, Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 1202, 10.1021/jf950540t Spiller, 2001, Effects of serotonin on intestinal secretion and motility, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 17, 99, 10.1097/00001574-200103000-00001 Struff, 2008, Bovine colostrum as a biologic in clinical medicine: a review - Part II: clinical studies, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 46, 211, 10.5414/CPP46211 Torrallardona, 2002, Use of spray dried animal plasma as an alternative to antimicrobial medication in weanling pigs, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 99, 119, 10.1016/S0377-8401(02)00072-X Torrallardona, 2003, Effect of fishmeal replacement with spray-dried animal plasma and colistin on intestinal structure, intestinal microbiology, and performance of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K99, Journal of Animal Science, 81, 1220, 10.2527/2003.8151220x Torrallardona, 2007, Effects of benzoic acid on performance and ecology of gastrointestinal microbiota in weanling piglets, Livestock Science, 108, 210, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.062 Torrallardona, 2007, Evaluation of spray dried animal plasma and calcium formate as alternatives to colistin in piglets experimentally infected with Escherichia coli K99, Livestock Science, 108, 303, 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.106 Touchette, 2002, Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 80, 494, 10.2527/2002.802494x Trevisi P, Merialdi G, Mazzoni M, Casini L, Tittarelli C, De Filippi S, Minieri L, Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Bosi P 2007. Effect of dietary addition of thymol on growth, salivary and gastric function, immune response, and excretion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, in weaning pigs challenged with this microbe strain. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6(suppl. 1), 374–376. Trevisi, 2008, A tryptophan-enriched diet improves feed intake and growth performance of susceptible weanling pigs orally challenged with E. coli K88, Journal of Animal Science Tsukahara, 2002, Stimulation of butyrate production by gluconic acid in batch culture of pig cecal digesta and identification of butyrate-producing bacteria, Journal of Nutrition, 132, 2229, 10.1093/jn/132.8.2229 Van Dijk, 2001, Growth performance of weanling pigs fed spray-dried animal plasma: a review, Livestock Production Science, 68, 263, 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00229-3 Van Dijk, 2002, The effect of dietary spray-dried porcine plasma on clinical response in weaned piglets challenged with a pathogenic Escherichia coli, Veterinary Microbiology, 84, 207, 10.1016/S0378-1135(01)00463-1 Vente-Spreeuwenberg, 2003, 145 Wang, 2003, Arginine supplementation enhances peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity in rats with gut-derived sepsis, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 27, 235, 10.1177/0148607103027004235 Wang, 2007, A deficiency or excess of dietary threonine reduces protein synthesis in jejunum and skeletal muscle of young pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 137, 1442, 10.1093/jn/137.6.1442 Wu, 1995, Glutamine and glucose metabolism in enterocytes of the neonatal pig, American Journal of Physiology, 268, R334 Yang, 2007, Terpene degradation and extraction from basil and oregano leaves using subcritical water, Journal of Chromatography A, 1152, 262, 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.037 Yeh, 2004, Effects of glutamine supplementation on innate immune response in rats with gut-derived sepsis, British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 423, 10.1079/BJN20031069 Yi, 2005, Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and immune responses of Escherichia coli K88(+)-challenged weaned pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 83, 634, 10.2527/2005.833634x Yoo, 1997, Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs, Journal of Nutrition, 127, 2253, 10.1093/jn/127.11.2253 Zhou, 2004, The effects of supplemental glutamine dipeptide on gut integrity and clinical outcome after major escharectomy in severe burns, Clinical Nutrition, 23, 55 Zhou, 2006, Effects of biocom as a replacement of glutamine on performance and blood biochemical indexes of early weaned piglets, Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science, 19, 872, 10.5713/ajas.2006.872 Zoetendal, 2004, Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review, Journal of Nutrition, 134, 465, 10.1093/jn/134.2.465 Zulfikaroglu, 2003, The effect of immunonutrition on bacterial translocation, and intestinal villus atrophy in experimental obstructive jaundice, Clinical Nutrition, 22, 277, 10.1016/S0261-5614(02)00211-X