In vitro phototoxicity of nifedipine: Sequential induction of toxic and non-toxic photoproducts with UVA radiation

Henry, 1980, Comparative pharmacology of calcium antagonists: nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem, Am. J. Cardiol., 46, 1047, 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90366-5 Grunwald, 1982, Painful edema, erythematous rash, and burning sensation due to nifedipine, Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm., 16, 492 Fisher, 1983, Nifedipine and erythromelalgia, Ann. Intern. Med., 98, 671, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-671_2 Alcalay, 1987, Cutaneous reactions to nifedipine, Dermatologica, 175, 191, 10.1159/000248824 Thomas, 1986, Photosensitivity reactions associated with nifedipine, Br. Med. J., 292, 992 Guarrera, 1990, Is nifedipine phototoxic?, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 7, 25 Zenarola, 1991, Photodermatitis due to nifedipine: report of 2 cases, Dermatologica, 182, 196, 10.1159/000247783 Majeed, 1987, Spectrophotometric study of the photodecomposition kinetics of nifedipine, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 39, 1044, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1987.tb03160.x van Henegouwen, 1991, (Systemic) phototoxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 10, 183, 10.1016/1011-1344(91)85002-X Pietta, 1981, High-performance liquid chromatography of nifedipine, its metabolites and photodegradation products, J. Chromatogr., 210, 516, 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80344-1 Jakobsen, 1979, Gas chromatographic determination of nifedipine and one of its metabolites using electron capture detection, J. Chromatogr., 162, 81, 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)82066-6 Squella, 1990, Polarography as a technique for determining photodegradation in calcium antagonists, Bioelectrochem Bionerg., 23, 161, 10.1016/0302-4598(90)85005-3 Ebel, 1978, Untersuchungen zur Analytik von Nifedipin unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der bei Lichtexposition entstehenden Umwandlungsprodukte, Arzneimforsch., Drug Res., 28, 2188 Testa, 1979, GLC determination of nifedipine, a light sensitive drug, in plasma, Farmaco, Ed. Prat., 34, 463 Thoma, 1985, Untersuchungen zur Photoinstabilitat van Nifedipin; Zerset-zungskinetik and Reaktionmechanismus, Pharm. Ind., 47, 207 Thoma, 1985, Untersuchungen zur Photoinstabilitat van Nifedipin; Einfluss van Milieubedingungen, Pharm. Ind., 47, 319 Morad, 1983, Rapid photochemical inactivation of Ca2+-antagonists shows that Ca2+ entry directly activates contraction in frog heart, Nature, 304, 635, 10.1038/304635a0 Teraoka, 1988, Quantitative design for photostabilization of nifedipine by using titanium dioxide and/or tartrazine as colourants in model film coating systems, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 41, 293, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06459.x Daniels, 1965, A simple microbiological method for demonstrating phototoxic compounds, J. Invest. Dermatol., 44, 259, 10.1038/jid.1965.47 Hetherington, 1984, Photohaemolysis, Photodermatology, 1, 255 Mossman, 1983, Rapid calorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxic assays, J. Immunol. Methods, 65, 55, 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 Duffy, 1987, Prediction of phototoxic potential using human A431 cells and mouse 3T3 cells, Mol. Toxicol, 1, 579 Nilsson, 1975, Primary mechanisms of erythrocyte photolysis induced by biological sensitizers and phototoxic drugs, Photochem. Photobiol., 22, 183, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1975.tb06734.x Slater, 1963, Studies on succinate-tetrazolium reductase systems III. Points of coupling of four different tetrazolium salts, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 77, 383, 10.1016/0006-3002(63)90513-4 Odar-Cederlof, 1990, Nifedipine as an antihypertensive drug in patients with renal failure—pharmacokinetics and effects, J. Intern. Med., 227, 329, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00168.x Tucker, 1985, Study of nifedipine photodecomposition in plasma and whole blood using capillary gas—liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 342, 193, 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)84503-X