Pravastatin down-regulates inflammatory mediators in human monocytes in vitro

Ahrens, 1996, Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (96-kd gelatinase B) in human rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 39, 1576, 10.1002/art.1780390919 Aviram, 1992, Lovastatin inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation and alters its fluidity and uptake by macrophages: in vitro and in vivo studies, Metabolism, 41, 229, 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90263-A Baugh, 1999, Matrix metalloproteinase levels are elevated in inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology, 117, 814, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70339-2 Bellavite, 1988, The superoxide-forming enzymatic system of phagocytes, Free Radical Biol. Med., 4, 225, 10.1016/0891-5849(88)90044-5 Bellosta, 1998, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1671, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.11.1671 Bocan, 1994, Antiatherosclerotic activity of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cholesterol-fed rabbits: a biochemical and morphological evaluation, Atherosclerosis, 111, 127, 10.1016/0021-9150(94)90198-8 Brand, 1996, Activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is present in the atherosclerotic lesion, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1715, 10.1172/JCI118598 Carvalho, 1974, Clofibrate reversal of platelet hypersensitivity in hyperbetalipoproteinemia, Circulation, 50, 570, 10.1161/01.CIR.50.3.570 Corsini, 1993, Relationship between mevalonate pathway and arterial myocyte proliferation: in vitro studies with inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, Atherosclerosis, 101, 117, 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90107-6 Corsini, 1996, Non-lipid-related effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, Cardiology, 87, 458, 10.1159/000177139 Corsini, 1998, Direct effects of statins on the vascular wall, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 31, 773, 10.1097/00005344-199805000-00017 Corsini, 1999, New insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of statins, Pharmacol. Ther., 84, 413, 10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00045-5 Czaja, 1994, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression occurs in toxic rat liver injury and human liver disease, J. Leukocyte Biol., 55, 120, 10.1002/jlb.55.1.120 Davis, 1986, Preparation and analysis of RNA from eukaryotic cells, 129 De Boer, 2000, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD, J. Pathol., 190, 619, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200004)190:5<619::AID-PATH555>3.0.CO;2-6 Delpedro, 1998, Activation of human monocytes by LPS and DHEA, J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 18, 125, 10.1089/jir.1998.18.125 Desager, 1996, Clinical pharmacokinetics of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, Clin. Pharmacokinet., 31, 348, 10.2165/00003088-199631050-00003 Dunzendorf, 1997, Mevalonate-dependent inhibition of transendothelial migration and chemotaxis of human peripheral blood neutrophils by pravastatin, Circ. Res., 81, 963, 10.1161/01.RES.81.6.963 Faggiotto, 1999, State-of-the-Art lecture. Statins and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system: vascular protection beyond their primary mode of action, Hypertension, 34, 987, 10.1161/01.HYP.34.4.987 Fridovich, 1999, Fundamental aspects of reactive oxygen species, or what's the matter with oxygen?, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 893, 13, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07814.x Fukuo, 1995, Effects of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on cytokine production by human monocytes/macrophages, J. Nippon Med. Sch., 62, 74 George, 1998, Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinasees and metalloproteinasees in atherosclerosis, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 9, 413, 10.1097/00041433-199810000-00005 Hernandez-Perera, 1998, Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 2711, 10.1172/JCI1500 Janciauskiene, 1999, Effects of fibrillar C-terminal fragment of cleaved alpha1-antitrypsin on cholesterol homeostasis in HepG2 cells, Hepatology, 29, 434, 10.1002/hep.510290217 Janciauskiene, 1997, Low density lipoprotein catabolism is enhanced by the cleaved form of alpha-1-antitrypsin, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 57, 325, 10.3109/00365519709099406 Kaesemeyer, 1999, Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol-lowering actions, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 33, 234, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00514-2 Kanno, 1999, Selective inhibition of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF)-dependent superoxide generation in neutrophils by pravastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, Biochem. Pharmacol., 58, 1975, 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00260-9 Kaplan, 1999, Oxidized low density lipoprotein: atherogenic and proinflammatory characteristics during macrophage foam cell formation. An inhibitory role for nutritional antioxidants and serum paraoxonase, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 37, 777, 10.1515/CCLM.1999.118 Keidar, 1994, Pravastatin inhibits cellular cholesterol synthesis and increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in macrophages: in vitro and in vivo studies, Br. J. Clin. Pharmac., 38, 513, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04392.x Kendall, 1999, Non-lipid properties of statins, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 24, 3, 10.1046/j.1365-2710.1999.00196.x Koga, 1990, Tissue-selective inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vivo by pravastatin sodium, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1045, 115, 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90139-O Kreuzer, 1991, Chemotaxis of the monocyte cell line U937: dependence on cholesterol and early mevalonate pathway products, Atherosclerosis, 90, 203, 10.1016/0021-9150(91)90116-K Lacoste, 1996, Comparative effects of pravastatin and simvastatin on platelet-thrombus formation in hypercholesterolemic coronary patients, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 27, 413A, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)82590-3 Ma, 1986, Mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, induces mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor in livers of hamsters and rabbits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 83, 8370, 10.1073/pnas.83.21.8370 MacDermott, 1998, The central role of chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) in the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Inflammatory Bowel Dis., 4, 54, 10.1002/ibd.3780040110 Mahalingam, 1999, Chemokines and chemokine receptors in infectious diseases, Immunol. Cell Biol., 77, 469, 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00858.x Marra, 1999, Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 precedes monocyte recruitment in a rat model of acute liver injury, and is modulated by vitamin E, J. Invest. Med., 47, 66 Moreau, 1999, Interleukin-8 mediates downregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in cholesterol-loaded human macrophages: relevance to stability of atherosclerotic plaque, Circulation, 99, 420, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.420 Morel, 1991, The superoxide-generating oxidase of phagocytic cells. Physiological, molecular and pathological aspects, Eur. J. Biochem., 201, 523, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16312.x Norusis, 1993 Ortego, 1999, Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells, Atherosclerosis, 147, 253, 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00193-8 Pahan, 1997, Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages, J. Clin. Invest., 100, 2671, 10.1172/JCI119812 Pan, 1991, Clinical pharmacology of pravastatin, a selective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 40, S15, 10.1007/BF03216282 Parker, 1990, Selective inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in liver versus extrahepatic tissues by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, J. Lipid Res., 31, 1271, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42636-7 Plutzky, 1999, Atherosclerotic plaque rupture: emerging insights and opportunities, Am. J. Cardiol., 84, 15J, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00352-5 Roebuck, 1999, Oxidant stress regulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 gene expression: differential activation and binding of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB, Int. J. Mol. Med., 4, 223 Rollins, 1996, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1: a potential regulator of monocyte recruitment in inflammatory disease, Mol. Med. Today, 2, 198, 10.1016/1357-4310(96)88772-7 Ross, 1999, Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207 Sakai, 1997, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suppress macrophage growth induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein, Atherosclerosis, 133, 51, 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00118-4 Saren, 1996, TNFα and IL-1β selectively induce expression of 92-kDa gelatinase by human macrophages, J. Immunol., 157, 4159, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.4159 Segura-Valdez, 2000, Upregulation of gelatinases A and B, collagenases 1 and 2, and increased parenchymal cell death in COPD, Chest, 117, 684, 10.1378/chest.117.3.684 Shah, 1988, Effect of serum lipoproteins on growth and sterol synthesis in cultured rat brain glial cells, J. Neurochem., 50, 1529, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03040.x Shiomi, 1995, Reduction of serum cholesterol levels alters lesional composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Effect of pravastatin sodium on atherosclerosis in mature WHHL rabbits, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 15, 1938, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.11.1938 1998, Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels, N. Engl. J. Med., 339, 1349, 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902 Thurberg, 1998, The nuclear factor-κB/inhibitor of kappa B autoregulatory system and atherosclerosis, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 9, 387, 10.1097/00041433-199810000-00002 Tucci, 1997, Synovial tissues collected from rheumatoid patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty express markers for acute inflammation, Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 34, 169 Weber, 1997, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease CD11b expression and CD11b-dependent adhesion of monocytes to endothelium and reduce increased adhesiveness of monocytes isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 30, 1212, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00324-0 Wei, 1998, Oxidative damage and mutation to mitochondrial DNA and age-dependent decline of mitochondrial respiratory function, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 854, 155, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09899.x Weissberg, 1996, Is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation beneficial?, Lancet, 347, 305, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90472-9 Welgus, 1990, Neutral metalloproteinases produced by human mononuclear phagocytes. Enzyme profile, regulation, and expression during cellular development, J. Clin. Invest., 86, 1496, 10.1172/JCI114867 Wheeler, 1998, Are there potential non-lipid-lowering uses of statins?, Drugs, 56, 517, 10.2165/00003495-199856040-00001 Williams, 1998, Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 31, 684, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00537-8