Some evidence for the nonverbal contagion of racial bias

Greg Willard1, Kyonne-Joy Isaac2, Dana R. Carney3
1Harvard University, United States
2Princeton University, United States
3University of California, Berkeley, United States

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aarts, 2004, Goal contagion: Perceiving is for pursuing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 23, 10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.23 Abbott, W. A. (2001). Negative nonverbal communication: Retaliation, sabotage, theft, and violence in the workplace. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA. Andersen, 1985, Nonverbal immediacy in interpersonal communication, 1 Argyle, 1967 Asch, 1955, Opinions and social pressure, Scientific American, 193, 31, 10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31 Avery, 2007, Unequal attendance: The relationships between race, organizational diversity cues, and absenteeism, Personnel Psychology, 60, 875, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00094.x Bandura, 1977 Barsade, 2002, The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior, Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644, 10.2307/3094912 Becker, 1931, Some forms of sympathy: A phenomenological analysis, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 26, 58, 10.1037/h0072609 Bertrand, 2004, Are Emily and Brendan more employable than Latoya and Tyrone? Evidence on racial discrimination in the labor market from a large randomized experiment, American Economic Review, 94, 991, 10.1257/0002828042002561 Bielby, 2000, Minimizing workplace gender and racial bias, Contemporary Sociology, 120, 10.2307/2654937 Blair, 2002, The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242, 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0603_8 Bobo, 2001, Racial attitudes and relations at the close of the twentieth century Bono, 2006, Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion, The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 317, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.008 Bovasso, 1996, A network analysis of social contagion processes in an organizational intervention, Human Relations, 49, 1419, 10.1177/001872679604901103 Brett, 2003, Working 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 67, 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.67 Brigham, 1993, College students’ racial attitudes, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1933, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01074.x Burt, 1999, The social capital of opinion leaders, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 37, 10.1177/0002716299566001004 Carney, D. R. (2004). The nonverbal expression and accurate detection of implicit and explicit racial bias. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Northeastern University. Carney, 2009, The implicit association test (IAT) Carney, 2007, A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions, Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054, 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004 Carney, 2007, The implicit association test (IAT), 463 Castelli, 2007, White children’s alignment to the perceived racial attitudes of the parents: Closer to the mother than the father, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25, 353, 10.1348/026151006X159851 Castelli, 2008, Learning social attitudes: Children’s sensitivity to the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of adult models during interracial interactions, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 223, 10.1177/0146167208322769 Castelli, 2009, The transmission of racial attitudes within the family, Developmental Psychology, 45, 586, 10.1037/a0014619 Cialdini, 1993 Conrey, 2005, Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad Model of implicit task performance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469, 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469 Cortina, 2008, Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations, Academy of Management Review, 33, 55, 10.5465/AMR.2008.27745097 Cortina, L. M., Lonsway, K. A., & Magley, V. J. (2004, April). Reconceptualizing workplace incivility through the lenses of gender and race. In Annual meeting of the society for industrial-organizational psychology, Chicago. Cortina, 2001, Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64, 10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64 Dabney, 1995, Workplace deviance among nurses: The influence of work group norms on drug diversion and/or use, Journal of Nursing Administration, 25, 48, 10.1097/00005110-199503000-00009 Dasgupta, 2001, On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800, 10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.800 Deitch, 2003, Subtle yet significant: The existence and impact of everyday racial discrimination in the workplace, Human Relations, 56, 1299, 10.1177/00187267035611002 Dovidio, 2002, Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62 Dovidio, 1997, On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510, 10.1006/jesp.1997.1331 Fazio, 1990, Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework, Vol. 23, 75 Fazio, 1995, Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013, 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013 Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. (2013). The next generation of the Penn world table (No. w19255). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ferguson, M. J. (2007). From bad to worse: A social contagion model of organizational misbehavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Gawronksi, 2007, Unraveling the process underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE model, Social Cognition, 25, 687, 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.687 Gino, 2009, Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior, Psychological Science, 20, 393, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02306.x Greenhaus, 1990, Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes, Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64, 10.2307/256352 Greenwald, 1995, Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, Psychological Review, 102, 4, 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4 Greenwald, 1998, Measuring individual differences in implicit social cognition: The Implicit Association Test, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 Greenwald, 2003, Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197, 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 Greenwald, 2009, Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17, 10.1037/a0015575 Griffith, 2002, The disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians: “Coming out” at work, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1191, 10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1191 Hatfield, 1994 Hays-Thomas, 2013, Professionalizing diversity and inclusion practice: Should voluntary standards be the chicken or the egg?, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6, 193, 10.1111/iops.12033 Herr, 1983, On the consequences of priming: Assimilation and contrast effects, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 323, 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90026-4 Hodges, T. D. (2010). An experimental study of the impact of psychological capital on performance, engagement, and the contagion effect. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Ilies, 2005, Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader–follower outcomes, The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 373, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.002 Jost, 2009, The existence of implicit bias is beyond scientific doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore, Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 39, 10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 Kenrick, A. C., & Sinclair, S. (2014, February). Downstream consequences of social tuning. Paper presented at the meeting of the society for personality and social psychology, Austin, TX. Keysers, 2006, Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition, Progress in Brain Research, 12, 379, 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56021-2 Lefkowitz, 1994, Race as a factor in job placement: Serendipitous findings of “ethnic drift”, Personnel Psychology, 47, 497, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01734.x Mays, 2006, Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African Americans, Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201, 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212 McConnell, 2001, Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435, 10.1006/jesp.2000.1470 Milgram, 1969, Note on the drawing power of crowds of different size, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 79, 10.1037/h0028070 Mobasseri, S., & Srivastava, S. (2015). Fear or familiarity: Employers’ perceptions of a criminal record. Working paper. Mussweiler, 2008, Going back to Donald: How comparisons shape judgmental priming effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1295, 10.1037/a0013261 Newman, 2009, Recruitment efforts to reduce adverse impact: Targeted recruiting for personality, cognitive ability, and diversity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 298, 10.1037/a0013472 Norman, 2005, The proposed contagion effect of hopeful leaders on the resiliency of employees and organizations, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12, 55, 10.1177/107179190501200205 Olson, 2002, Implicit acquisition and manifestation of classically conditioned attitudes, Social Cognition, 20, 89, 10.1521/soco.20.2.89.20992 O’Reilly, 1991, People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person organizational fit, The Academy of Management Journal, 34, 487, 10.2307/256404 Pascoe, 2009, Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review, Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531, 10.1037/a0016059 Prewett-Livingston, 1996, Effects of race on interview ratings in a situational panel interview, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 178, 10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.178 Rajah, 2011, Emotionality and leadership: Taking stock of the past decade of research, The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1107, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.006 Redl, 1949, The phenomenon of contagion and “shock effect” in group therapy, 315 Richeson, 2005, Thin slices of racial bias, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29, 75, 10.1007/s10919-004-0890-2 Rooth, D. O. (2007). Implicit discrimination in hiring: Real world evidence. Discussion paper series No. 05/07. Centre for Research and Analysis Migration, University College of London. <http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/14279/1/14279.pdf>. Retrieved 24.06.14. Rudman, 2001, Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women, Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743, 10.1111/0022-4537.00239 Rydell, 2006, Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 955, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.995 Schneider, 2000, An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment: Experiences in multiple contexts, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 3, 10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.3 Sinclair, 2005, Social tuning of automatic racial attitudes: The role of affiliative motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 583, 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.583 Srull, 1979, The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660, 10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1660 Walden, 1988, The development of social referencing, Child Development, 59, 1230, 10.2307/1130486 Weisbuch, 2009, The subtle transmission of race bias via televised nonverbal behavior, Science, 326, 1711, 10.1126/science.1178358 Wicker, 2003, Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust, Neuron, 40, 655, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2 Williamson, 2003, Organizational hiring patterns, interfirm network ties, and interorganizational imitation, Academy of Management Journal, 46, 349, 10.2307/30040628 Word, 1974, The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109, 10.1016/0022-1031(74)90059-6 Ziegert, 2005, Employment discrimination: The role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 553, 10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.553 Zimbardo, P. G. (1971). The power and pathology of imprisonment. Congressional record (Serial No. 15, 1971-10-25). Hearings before Subcommittee No. 3, of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session on Corrections, Part II, Prisons, Prison Reform and Prisoner’s Rights: California. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.