The effects of high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation and muscle energy technique on suboccipital tenderness

Gibbons, 2000 Greenman, 1996 DiGiovanna, 2004 Wilson, 2003, Muscle energy technique in patients with acute low back pain: a pilot clinical trial, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33, 502, 10.2519/jospt.2003.33.9.502 Lewit, 1984, Myofascial pain: relief by post isometric relaxation, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 65, 452 Roberts, 1997, Soft tissue manipulation: neuromuscular and muscle energy techniques, J Neurosci Nurs, 29, 123, 10.1097/01376517-199704000-00006 Terret, 1984, Manipulation and pain tolerance, Am J Phys Med, 63, 217 Vernon, 1990, Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a pilot study, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 13, 13 Fryer, 2004, The effect of manipulation and mobilisation on pressure pain thresholds in the thoracic spine, J Osteopath Med, 7, 8, 10.1016/S1443-8461(04)80003-0 Cassidy, 1992, The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilisation on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: a randomised controlled trial, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15, 570 Bronfort, 2004, Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis, Spine, 4, 335, 10.1016/j.spinee.2003.06.002 Vernon, 2007, Chronic mechanical neck pain in adults treated by manual therapy: a systematic review of change scores in randomized clinical trials, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 30, 215, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.01.014 Melzack, 1965, Pain mechanisms: a new theory, Science, 150, 971, 10.1126/science.150.3699.971 Fryer, 2003, Intervertebral dysfunction: a discussion of the manipulable spinal lesion, J Osteopath Med, 6, 64, 10.1016/S1443-8461(03)80016-3 Vincenzino, 1998, An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy induced hypoalgesia and sympathoexcitation, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 21, 448 McPartland, 1999, Rectus capitis posterior minor: a small but important subocciptal muscle, J Bodywork Movement Ther, 3, 30, 10.1016/S1360-8592(99)80040-0 Bourdillon, 1992 Ward, 2003 Feland, 2002, Acute changes in hamstring flexibility: PNF versus static stretch in senior athletes, Phys Ther Sport, 2, 186, 10.1054/ptsp.2001.0076 Spernoga, 2001, Duration of maintained hamstring flexibility after a one-time, modified hold-relax stretching protocol, J Athl Train, 36, 44 Schenk, 1994, The effects of muscle energy technique on cervical range of motion, J Manual Manipulative Ther, 2, 149, 10.1179/jmt.1994.2.4.149 Lenehan, 2003, The effect of muscle energy technique on gross trunk range of motion, J Osteopath Med, 6, 13, 10.1016/S1443-8461(03)80004-7 Fryer, 2004, The influence of contraction duration in muscle energy technique applied to the atlanto-axial joint, J Osteopath Med, 7, 79, 10.1016/S1443-8461(04)80016-9 Vanderweeen, 1996, Pressure algometry in manual therapy, Man Ther, 1, 258, 10.1054/math.1996.0276 Nussbaum, 1998, Reliability of clinical pressure-pain algometric measurements obtained on consecutive days, Phys Ther, 78, 160, 10.1093/ptj/78.2.160 Sterling, 2002, Are cervical physical outcome measures influenced by the presence of syptomatology?, Physiother Res Int, 7, 113, 10.1002/pri.248 Ylinen, 2007, Evaluation of repeatablility of pressure algometry on the neck muscles for clinical use, Man Ther, 12, 192, 10.1016/j.math.2006.06.010 Keating, 2001, Mid-thoracic tenderness: a comparison of pressure pain threshold between spinal regions, in asymptomatic subjects, Man Ther, 6, 34, 10.1054/math.2000.0377 Kosek, 1993, A comparison of pressure pain thresholds in different tissues and body regions, Scand J Rehabil Med, 25, 117 Moore, 1999 Elliot, 2006, Fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles in persistent whiplash-associated disorders, Spine, 31, 847, 10.1097/01.brs.0000240841.07050.34 Hack, 1995, Anatomic relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the duramater, Spine, 20, 2484, 10.1097/00007632-199512000-00003 Alix, 1999, A proposed etiology of cervicogenic headache: the neurophysiologic basis and anatomic relationship between the duramater and the rectus posterior capitis minor muscle, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22, 534, 10.1016/S0161-4754(99)70006-0 Fernandez-de-las-Penas, 2007, Magnetic resonance imaging study of the morphometry of cervical extensor muscles in chronic tension-type headache, Cephalalgia, 27, 355, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01293.x Nilsson, 1997, The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 20, 326 Hallgren, 1994, Atrophy of suboccipital muscles in patients with chronic pain: a pilot study, J Am Osteopath Assoc, 94, 1032, 10.7556/jaoa.1994.94.12.1032 Dreyfuss, 1994, Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns, Spine, 19, 1125, 10.1097/00007632-199405001-00005 Atkinson, 2000, Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine, Sports Med, 26, 217, 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002 Chaitow, 2001 Aron, 1999 Wright, 1995, Hypoalgesia post-manipulative therapy: a review of a potential neurophysiological mechanism, Man Ther, 1, 11, 10.1054/math.1995.0244 Sterling, 2001, Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity, Man Ther, 6, 72, 10.1054/math.2000.0378 Vernon, 1986, Spinal manipulation and ß-endorphin: a controlled study of the effect of a spinal manipulation on plasma ß-endorphin levels in normal males, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 9, 115 Sluka, 2006, Joint mobilization reduces hyperalgesia associated with chronic muscle and joint inflammation in rats, J Pain, 7, 602, 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.02.009 Moss, 2007, The initial effects of knee joint mobilization on osteoarthritic hyperalgesia, Man Ther, 12, 109, 10.1016/j.math.2006.02.009 Skyba, 2003, Joint manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord, Pain, 106, 159, 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00320-8