Effects of a combination of feed additives on methane production, diet digestibility, and animal performance in lactating dairy cows

Bauman, 2003, Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 23, 203, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073408 Bayaru, 2001, Effect of fumaric acid on methane production, rumen fermentation and digestibility of cattle fed roughage alone, Anim. Sci. J., 72, 139 Beauchemin, 2006, Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil, J. Anim. Sci., 84, 1489, 10.2527/2006.8461489x Beauchemin, 2009, Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production, J. Dairy Sci., 92, 2118, 10.3168/jds.2008-1903 Bird, 2008, Persistence of defaunation effects on digestion and methane production in ewes, Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 48, 152, 10.1071/EA07298 Broudiscou, 1994, Effect of linseed oil supplementation on feed degradation and microbial synthesis in the rumen of ciliate-free and refaunated sheep, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 49, 189, 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90045-0 Chilliard, 2009, Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output, J. Dairy Sci., 92, 5199, 10.3168/jds.2009-2375 Conway, 1942, Microdiffusion methods. Ammonia and urea using buffered absorbents (revised methods for ranges greater than 10mug. N), Biochem. J., 36, 655, 10.1042/bj0360655 Dehority, 1993 Dohme, 2004, Digestive and metabolic utilization of lauric, myristic and stearic acid in cows, and associated effects on milk fat quality, Arch. Anim. Nutr., 58, 99, 10.1080/00039420410001667485 Dohme, 2000, Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with RUSITEC, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 80, 473, 10.4141/A99-113 Dohme, 2001, Ruminal methanogenesis as influenced by individual fatty acids supplemented to complete ruminant diets, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 32, 47, 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00863.x Doreau, 1997, Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals, Br. J. Nutr., 78, S15, 10.1079/BJN19970132 Ellis, 2008, Aspects of rumen microbiology central to mechanistic modelling of methane production in cattle, J. Agric. Sci., 146, 213, 10.1017/S0021859608007752 Ellis, 2009, Modeling methane production from beef cattle using linear and nonlinear approaches, J. Anim. Sci., 87, 1334, 10.2527/jas.2007-0725 Eugène, 2004, Quantitative meta-analysis on the effects of defaunation of the rumen on growth, intake and digestion in ruminants, Livest. Prod. Sci., 85, 81, 10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00117-9 Eugene, 2008, Short communication: Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 88, 331, 10.4141/CJAS07112 Forster, 2007, Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing Hegarty, 1999, Reducing rumen methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 50, 1321, 10.1071/AR99008 Hristov, 2004, Effect of sodium laurate on ruminal fermentation and utilization of ruminal ammonia nitrogen for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci., 87, 1820, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73339-1 Immig, 1996, The rumen and hindgut as source of ruminant methanogenesis, Environ. Monit. Assess., 42, 57, 10.1007/BF00394042 ISO. 1997. Animal feeding stuffs—Determination of nitrogen content and calculation of crude protein content—Kjeldahl method. Iso 5983:1997. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 1999a. Animal feeding stuffs—Determination of fat content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 1999b. Animal feeding stuffs—Determination of moisture and other volatile matter content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 1999c. Whole milk. Determination of milk fat, protein and lactose content—Guidance on the operation of mid-infrared instruments. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2000. Animal feeding stuffs—Determination of starch content—Polarimetric method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2002. Animal feeding stuffs—Determination of crude ash. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2004. Milk—Determination of urea content—Enzymatic method using difference in pH (reference method). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Johnson, 1995, Methane emissions from cattle, J. Anim. Sci., 73, 2483, 10.2527/1995.7382483x Jordan, 2006, The effect of varying levels of coconut oil on intake, digestibility and methane output from continental cross beef heifers, Anim. Sci., 82, 859, 10.1017/ASC2006107 Jordan, 2006, Effect of refined coconut oil or copra meal on methane output and on intake and performance of beef heifers, J. Anim. Sci., 84, 162, 10.2527/2006.841162x Kolver, 2006, Supplemental fumarate did not influence milksolids or methane production from dairy cows fed high quality pasture, Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 66, 409 Lovett, 2003, Effect of forage/concentrate ratio and dietary coconut oil level on methane output and performance of finishing beef heifers, Livest. Prod. Sci., 84, 135, 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.09.010 Machmüller, 2006, Medium-chain fatty acids and their potential to reduce methanogenesis in domestic ruminants, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 107, 10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.010 Machmüller, 2003, Methane-suppressing effect of myristic acid in sheep as affected by dietary calcium and forage proportion, Br. J. Nutr., 90, 529, 10.1079/BJN2003932 Martin, 2008, Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, J. Anim. Sci., 86, 2642, 10.2527/jas.2007-0774 McGinn, 2004, Methane emissions from beef cattle: Effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid, J. Anim. Sci., 82, 3346, 10.2527/2004.82113346x Molano, 2008, Fumaric acid supplements have no effect on methane emissions per unit of feed intake in wether lambs, Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 48, 165, 10.1071/EA07280 Nederlandse Norm (NEN). 1974. Onderzoekingsmethoden voor veevoeders—Bepaling van het gehalte aan reducerende suiker, ruwe totaal suiker, saccharose en ruwe lactose. NEN (Nederlandse Norm), Delft, the Netherlands. Odongo, 2007, Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk, J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1851, 10.3168/jds.2006-541 Steinfeld, 2006 Ungerfeld, 2007, A meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures, J. Anim. Sci., 85, 2556, 10.2527/jas.2006-674 Van Es, 1975, Feed evaluation for dairy cows, Livest. Prod. Sci., 2, 95, 10.1016/0301-6226(75)90029-9 van Knegsel, 2007, Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: Energy partitioning and milk composition, J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1467, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71632-6 Van Nevel, 1977, Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 34, 251, 10.1128/AEM.34.3.251-257.1977 Van Soest, 1973, Collaborative study of acid-detergent fiber and lignin, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 56, 781 Van Soest, 1991, Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 3583, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 Verstegen, 1987, The Wageningen respiration unit for animal production research: A description of the equipment and its possibilities, 21 Vlaeminck, 2005, Use of odd and branched-chain fatty acids in rumen contents and milk as a potential microbial marker, J. Dairy Sci., 88, 1031, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72771-5 Vlaeminck, 2005, Milk odd and branched chain fatty acids to predict ruminal methanogenesis in dairy cows, Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci., 70, 43 Voigt, 1967, About the determination of ammonia, urea, and ketone bodies in biological material using a modified type of micro diffusion vessel, Arch. Anim. Nutr., 17, 289 Wallace, 2006, Encapsulated fumaric acid as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emissions, Int. Congr. Ser., 1293, 148, 10.1016/j.ics.2006.02.018 Zhang, 2008, Effect of octadeca carbon fatty acids on microbial fermentation, methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 146, 259, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.01.005