Alcohol consumption and hypertension

Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al.: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004, 364:937–952. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality. Lancet 2002, 360:1903–1913. Beilin LJ, Puddey IB: Alcohol, hypertension and cardiovascular disease-implications for management. Clin Exper Hyperten 1993, 15:1157–1170. Klatsky AL: Alcohol and hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 1996, 246:91–105. Klatsky AL: Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: a historical overview. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002, 957:7–15. Boehm M, Rosenkranz S, Laufs U: Das "French Paradox" -zu den potentiellen koronarprotektiven Wirkungen von Alkohol, Wein und Weininhaltsstoffen. Dtsch Med Wschr 2002, 127:2748–2756. Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, et al.: Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation 2002, 105:2836–2844. Flesch M, Rosenkranz S, Erdmann E, Boehm M: Alcohol and the risk of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2001, 96:128–135. Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, et al.: Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary artery disease in men. Lancet 1991, 338:464–468. Rimm EB, Klatsky A, Grobbee D, Stampfer MJ: Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: Is the effect due to beer, wine or spirits? BMJ 1996, 312:731–736. Rosenkranz S, Knirel D, Dietrich H, et al.: Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the "French paradox". FASEB J 2002, 16:1958–1960. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al.: Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly US adults. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:1705–1714. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al.: Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension 1995, 25:305–313. Lian C: L’alcoholisme cause d’hypertension arterielle. Bull Acad Med 1915, 74:525–528. Fuchs FD, Chambless LE, Whelton PK, et al.: Alcohol consumption and the incidence of hypertension. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Hypertension 2001, 37:1242–1250. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB, et al.: Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1977, 296:1194–1200. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA: The relationships of alcohol beverage use and other traits to blood pressure: a new Kaiser Permanente Study. Circulation 1986, 73:628–636. Stamler J, Liu K, Ruth KJ, et al.: Eight-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men: relationship to multiple nutrients. Hypertension 2002, 39:1000–1006. This prospective clinical trial demonstrated that consumption of multiple macronutrients and micronutrients, including alcohol, relate prospectively to blood pressure changes. He J, Bazzano LA: Effects of lifestyle modification on treatment and prevention of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000, 9:267–271. Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shipley MJ, et al.: Alcohol and blood pressure: the INTERSALT study. BMJ 1994, 308:1263–1267. Stamler J, Caggiula AW, Grandits GA: Relation of body mass and alcohol, nutrient, fiber, and caffeine intakes to blood pressure in the special intervention and usual care groups in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65(Suppl):338S-365S. Dyer AR, Cutter GR, Liu K, et al.: Alcohol intake and blood pressure in young adults: The Cardia Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990, 43:1–13. Arkwright PD, Beilin LJ, Rouse I, et al.: Effects of alcohol use and other aspects of life-style on blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension in a working population. Circulation 1982, 66:60–66. Manolio TA, Levy D, Garrison RJ, et al.: Relation of alcohol intake to left ventricular mass: The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:717–721. Klatsky AL: Is it the drink or the drinker? Circumstantial evidence only raises a probability. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:2–3. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al.: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560–2572. The JNC 7 report provides a new guideline for hypertension management and prevention. Svetkey LP, Erlinger TP, Vollmer WM, et al.: Effect of lifestyle modifications on blood pressure by race, sex, hypertension status, and age. J Hum Hypertens 2005, 19:21–31. This important recent study demonstrates that diverse groups of people can adopt multiple lifestyle changes, including alcohol restriction, that can lead to improved BP control and reduced CV risk. Curtis AB, James SA, Strongartz DS, et al.: Alcohol consumption and changes in blood pressure among African Americans: The Pitt County Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146:727–733. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, et al.: Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group: effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003, 289:2083–2093. The PREMIER clinical trial revealed that in individuals with aboveoptimal BP values, including stage 1 hypertension, who were not taking antihypertensive medications, lifestyle changes significantly lowered BP and reduced CV risk. Elmer PJ, Grimm Jr R, Laing B, et al.: Lifestyle intervention: results of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Prev Med 1995, 24:378–388. Gordon T, Kannel WB: Drinking and its relation to smoking, BP, blood lipids and uric acid. Arch Intern Med 1983, 143:1366–1374. Maheswaran R, Gill JS, Davies P, Beevers DG: High blood pressure due to alcohol: a rapidly reversible effect. Hypertension 1991, 17:787–792. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R: Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1987, I:647–651. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, et al.: Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2001, 38:1112–1117. This meta-analysis of 15 randomized control trials (total of 2234 participants) demonstrated that alcohol reduction as the only intervention significantly reduced SBP and DBP dose-dependently in heavy drinkers. Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, et al.: Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:701–709. Rupp H, Brilla CG, Maisch B: Hypertonie und Alkohol: zentrale und periphere Mechanismen. Herz 1996, 21:258–264. Carpenter WB: Influence of alcohol upon physical, chemical, and vital properties of the animal tissue and fluids. In Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors in Health and Disease. Boston: Massachusetts Temperance Society; 1861:1–8. Abe H, Kawano Y, Kojima S, et al.: Biphasic effects of repeated alcohol intake on 24-hour blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Circulation 1994, 89:2626–2633. Kawano Y, Abe H, Kojima S, Ashida T: Acute depressor effect of alcohol in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1992, 20:219–226. Moreira LB, Fuchs FD, Moraes RS, et al.: Alcohol intake and blood pressure: the importance of the time elapsed since last drink. J Hypertens 1998, 16:175–180. Rosito GA, Fuchs FD, Duncan BB: Dose-dependent biphasic effect of ethanol on 24-h blood pressure in normotensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 1999, 12:236–240. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, et al.: Evidence for a direct effect of alcohol consumption on blood pressure in normotensive men: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension 1985, 7:707–713. Randin D, Vollenweider P, Tappy L, et al.: Suppression of alcohol-induced hypertension by dexamethasone. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1733–1737. Sano M, Wendt PE, Wirsen A, et al.: Acute effects of alcohol on regional cerebral blood flow in man. J Stud Alcohol 1993, 54:369–376. Sherif FM, Tarati AM, Ahmed SS, Sharif SI: Basic aspects of GABA-transmission in alcoholism, with particular reference to GABA-transaminase. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997, 7:1–7. Takashima Y, Kokaze A, Matsunaga N, et al.: Relations of blood pressure to angiotensinogen gene T174M polymorphism and alcohol intake. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2003, 22:187–194. World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension: 1999 Guidelines for the management of hypertension. Clin Exper Hypertens 1999, 21:1009–1060. Mayo-Smith MF: Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal: a meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA 1997, 278:144–151. Maddrey WC: Alcohol-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2000, 4:115–131. Maier KP, Seitzer D, Haag G, et al.: Verlaufsformen alkoholischer Lebererkrankungen. Klin Wochenschr 1979, 57:311–317. Teli MR, Day CP, Burt AD, et al.: Determinants of progression to cirrhosis or fibrosis in pure alcoholic fatty liver. Lancet 1995, 346:987–990. Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, et al.: Prior alcohol consumption and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2001, 285:1965–1970. Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, et al.: Mortality and light to moderate alcohol consumption after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1998, 352:1882–1885. Palmer AJ, Fletcher AE, Bulpitt CJ, et al.: Alcohol intake and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients: report from the Department of Health Hypertension Care Computing Project. J Hypertens 1995, 13:957–964. Renaud SC, Gueguen R, Siest G, Salamon R: Wine, beer, and mortality in middle-aged men from eastern France. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:1865–1870. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N: Effects of ACE-inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure lowering drugs. Lancet 2000, 356:1955–1964. Ogden LG, He J, Lydick E, Whelton PK: Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the JNC VI risk stratification. Hypertension 2000, 35:539–543. Anstie FE: On the Uses of Wines in Health and Disease. New York: JS Redfield; 1870:11–13.