Dependency of polyelectrolyte complex stoichiometry on the order of addition. 1. Effect of salt concentration during streaming current titrations with strong poly-acid and poly-base

Ghosh, 1985, Polyelectrolyte selection for water treatment, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77, 67, 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05510.x Abu-Orf, 1998, Automatic control of polymer dose using the streaming current detector, Water Environ. Res., 70, 1005, 10.2175/106143098X123336 S.H. Tse, The effects of ionic spacing and degree of polymerization on the stoichiometry of polyelectrolyte interactions in dilute aqueous solutions, Ph.D. Diss., Inst. Paper Chem., Appleton, WI, 1979. Ström, 1981, Formation of complexes, colloids, and precipitates in aqueous mixtures of lignin sulfonate and some cationic polymers, Colloids Surf., 2, 357, 10.1016/0166-6622(81)80022-4 Lindström, 1991, Electrokinetics in the paper industry, 25 Terayama, 1952, Method of colloid titration—a new titration between polymer ions, J. Polym. Sci., 8, 243, 10.1002/pol.1952.120080209 Horn, 1978, Optical secondary beam procedure for determination of polyelectrolytes in water and for measurements of polymer adsorption on surfaces, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 65, 251, 10.1007/BFb0117226 Kam, 1999, Charge determination of synthetic cationic polyelectrolytes by colloid titration, Colloids Surf. A, 159, 165, 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00172-7 Michaels, 1965, A conductometric study of polycation–polyanion reactions in dilute aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem., 69, 1447, 10.1021/j100889a003 Cundall, 1979, Polyelectrolyte complexes. 1. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the stoichiometry of model polycation–polyanion complexes, Makromol. Chem., 180, 2913, 10.1002/macp.1979.021801212 Philippe, 1982, Z. Chemie, 22, 1, 10.1002/zfch.19820220102 Argüelles-Monal, 1990, Study of the stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose, Polym. Bull., 23, 307, 10.1007/BF01032446 J. Laine, T. Lindström, The colloid/polyelectrolyte titration technique—a review and an appraisal of the technique, Proceedings of the EC/COST E14 Workshop: New Measurement Techniques for Monitoring White Water Chemistry in Papermaking, Lisbon, 7 April 2000. Dragan, 2002, Polyelectrolyte complexes IV. Interpolyelectrolyte complexes between some polycations with N,N-dimethyl-2-hydroxyprolyleneammonium chloride units and poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) in dilute aqueous solution, Polymer, 43, 55, 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00598-5 Tanaka, 1983, Effects of salts on colloid titration, Jpn. Tappi, 37, 939, 10.2524/jtappij.37.10_939 Kabanov, 1984, Soluble interpolymeric complexes as a new class of synthetic polyelectrolytes, Pure Appl. Chem., 56, 343, 10.1351/pac198456030343 Kötz, 1986, The formation of water-soluble polysalts. 4th Comm.: investigation of the transition from a soluble symplex to precipitation of a polysalt, Acta Polym., 37, 108, 10.1002/actp.1986.010370211 Haronska, 1989, Interpretation of the deviation of symplex stoichiometry from 1:1 ratio, Acta Polym., 40, 110, 10.1002/actp.1989.010400208 Kötz, 1993, Phase behavior of polyanion–polycation aggregates and possibilities of utilization, Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J., 8, 11, 10.3183/NPPRJ-1993-08-01-p011-014 Kekkonen, 2001, Adsorption kinetics of complexes formed by oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 234, 384, 10.1006/jcis.2000.7326 Tanaka, 2000, Determining charge demand of suspensions using chromo-PDADMAC J. Chen, M.A. Hubbe, J.A. Heitmann, Measurement of colloidal charge in the paper mill by streaming current, Proceedings of the TAPPI Papermakers Conference, March 2001, CD doc. W.F. Gerdes, A new instrument—the streaming current detector, Proceedings of the 12th National ISA Analysis Instrumentation Symposium, Houston, TX, 11–13 May 1966, pp. 181–198. Cardwell, 1966, Adsorption studies using a streaming current detector, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 22, 430, 10.1016/0021-9797(66)90088-9 Dentel, 1989, Theoretical principles of streaming current detection, Water Sci. Technol., 21, 443, 10.2166/wst.1989.0247 T. Ojala, Charge measurements of different furnishes using polyelectrolyte titration with a streaming current detector, Proceedings of the TAPPI Papermakers Conference, 1993, Atlanta, GA, pp. 613–626. Hubbe, 2000, Selecting and interpreting colloidal charge measurements Patton, 1993, Charge analyses: powerful tools in wet-end optimization, Tappi J., 76, 107 Bley, 1998, Latest experiences of on-line charge measurements: a process control concept—optimized runnability is strongly related to the forces in the wet end of a paper machine, Pulp Paper Mag. Canada, 99, 51 Wang, 2001, Development and evaluation of an automated streaming potential measurement device, Colloids Surf. A, 194, 221, 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00802-0 Barron, 1994, The streaming current detector: a comparison with conventional electrokinetic techniques, Colloids Surf. A, 88, 129, 10.1016/0927-7757(94)02824-9 Müller, 1996 Michaels, 1965, Polyelectrolyte complexes, Ind. Eng. Chem., 57, 32, 10.1021/ie50670a007 Philippe, 1989, Polyelectrolyte complexes—recent developments and open problems, Prog. Polym. Sci., 14, 91, 10.1016/0079-6700(89)90018-X Swerin, 1997, Some aspects of retention aids, 1, 265 Dragan, 2001, Influence of low-molecular-weight salts on the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes based on polycations with quaternary ammonium salt groups in the main chain and poly(sodium acrylate), Eur. Polym. J., 37, 1571, 10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00025-8 Mende, 2002, Polyelectrolyte complex formation between poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) and copolymers of acrylamide and sodium acrylate, Colloid Polym. Sci., 280, 342, 10.1007/s00396-001-0614-7 Kötz, 1992, Polyanion–polycation-complex formation of charged microgels and latices with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in solution, Acta Polym., 43, 193, 10.1002/actp.1992.010430401 Möller, 2002, Polyelectrolyte complexes formed by poly(diallyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumchloride) and oligo(dextransulphate), Eur. Polym. J., 38, 445, 10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00203-8 J. Stamberg, H. Dautzenberg, F. Loth, M. Benes, A. Kühn, D.D.R. Pat. 218,372, C08 B 15 06, 2 February 1985. Winter, 1986, Polyelectrolytes adsorbed on the surface of cellulosic materials, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 111, 537, 10.1016/0021-9797(86)90057-3 Sikora, 1981, Shear stability of flocculated colloids, Tappi, 63, 97 Tanaka, 1993, Transfer of cationic retention aid from fibers to fine particles and cleavage of polymer chains under wet-end papermaking conditions, Tappi J., 76, 157 Pergushov, 1999, Effect of low-molecular-weight salt on colloidal dispersions of interpolyelectrolyte complexes, Colloid Polym. Sci., 277, 101, 10.1007/PL00013742 Dautzenberg, 1999, Polyelectrolyte complex formation in highly aggregating systems. Effect of salt: response to subsequent addition of NaCl, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 200, 118, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19990101)200:1<118::AID-MACP118>3.0.CO;2-K Buchhammer, 2000, Nanoparticles based on polyelectrolyte complexes: effect of structure and net charge on the sorption capability for solved organic molecules, Colloid Polym. Sci., 278, 841, 10.1007/s003960000330 Tanaka, 1979, Adsorption of cationic polymers onto bleached kraft pulp, Tappi, 62, 41 Laine, 1996, Characterization of unbleached kraft pulps by enzymatic treatment, potentiometric titration and polyelectrolyte adsorption, Holzforschung, 50, 208, 10.1515/hfsg.1996.50.3.208 Rojas, 2000, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the study of polyelectron adsorption on mica and cellulose, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 10032, 10.1021/jp001674z M.A. Hubbe, T.L. Jackson, M. Zhang, Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-polymer dry strength treatment, Tappi J., submitted for publication. Dubas, 1999, Factors controlling the growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers, Macromolecules, 32, 8153, 10.1021/ma981927a Decher, 1998, Layer-by-layer assembled multicomposite films, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci., 3, 32, 10.1016/S1359-0294(98)80039-3 Caruso, 1999, Investigation of electrostatic interactions in polyelectrolyte multilayer films: binding of anionic fluorescent probes to layers assembled onto colloids, Macromolecules, 32, 2317, 10.1021/ma980674i Beer, 1997, The electrostatic expansion of linear polyelectrolytes: effects of gegenions, co-ions, and hydrophobicity, Macromolecules, 30, 8375, 10.1021/ma9709821 Yang, 1999, Conformations of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in various salt solutions, Polymer (Korea), 23, 708 Lindström, 1983, Effects of pH and electrolyte concentration on the adsorption of cationic polyacrylamides on cellulose, Tappi J., 66, 83 Van de Steeg, 1992, Polyelectrolyte adsorption: a subtle balance of forces, Langmuir, 8, 2538, 10.1021/la00046a030 Rojas, 1998, The effect of salt concentration on adsorption of low-charge-density polyelectrolytes and interactions between polyelectrolyte-coated surfaces, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 205, 77, 10.1006/jcis.1998.5596 Ödberg, 1995, Thickness of adsorbed layers of high molecular weight polyelectrolytes studied by ellipsometry, Langmuir, 11, 2621, 10.1021/la00007a048 Vermohlen, 2000, Adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto oxides—the influence of ionic strength, molar mass, and Ca2+ ions, Colloids Surf. A, 163, 45, 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00429-X Suty, 1996, Stability of ground and precipitated CaCO3 suspensions in the presence of polyethyleneimine and salt, J. Pulp Paper Sci., 22, J321 Swerin, 1994, Size-exclusion chromatography for characterization of cationic polyelectrolytes used in papermaking, Nordic Pulp and Paper Res. J., 9, 18, 10.3183/NPPRJ-1994-09-01-p018-025