Recent advances and challenges in the treatment of invasive fungal infections

Martin, 2003, The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000, N Engl J Med, 348, 1546, 10.1056/NEJMoa022139 Clark, 2004, Recent trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 17, 511 Pfaller, 2006, Invasive fungal pathogens: current epidemiological trends, Clin Infect Dis, 43, S3, 10.1086/504490 Tortorano, 2006, Candidaemia in Europe: epidemiology and resistance, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 27, 359, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.01.002 Hsueh, 2002, Emergence of nosocomial candidemia at a teaching hospital in Taiwan from 1981 to 2000: increased susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole, Microb Drug Resist, 8, 311, 10.1089/10766290260469570 Pfaller, 2004, Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 4419, 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4419-4431.2004 Hajjeh, 2004, Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 1519, 10.1128/JCM.42.4.1519-1527.2004 Nucci, 2005, Emerging fungal diseases, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 521, 10.1086/432060 Kuhn, 2004, Candida parapsilosis characterization in an outbreak setting, Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 1074, 10.3201/eid1006.030873 Sarvikivi, 2005, Emergence of fluconazole resistance in a Candida parapsilosis strain that caused infections in a neonatal intensive care unit, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 2729, 10.1128/JCM.43.6.2729-2735.2005 Malani, 2005, Candida glabrata fungemia: experience in a tertiary care center, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 975, 10.1086/432939 Marr, 2000, Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole, J Infect Dis, 181, 309, 10.1086/315193 Pfaller, 2005, Results from the ARTEMIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study: a 6.5-year analysis of the worldwide susceptibility of Candida and other yeasts species to fluconazole and voriconazole using standardized disk diffusion testing, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 5848, 10.1128/JCM.43.12.5848-5859.2005 Trick, 2002, Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 627, 10.1086/342300 Hope, 2002, Increase in prevalence of nosocomial non-Candida albicans candidaemia and the association of Candida krusei with fluconazole use, J Hosp Infect, 50, 56, 10.1053/jhin.2001.1131 Ostrosky-Zeichner, 2003, Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2,000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 3149, 10.1128/AAC.47.10.3149-3154.2003 Pfaller, 2004, In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and fluconazole against 4,169 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans collected during 2001 and 2002 in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 48, 201, 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2003.09.008 Pfaller, 2004, Further standardization of broth microdilution methodology for in vitro susceptibility testing of caspofungin against Candida species by use of an international collection of more than 3,000 clinical isolates, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 3117, 10.1128/JCM.42.7.3117-3119.2004 Pfaller, 2002, In vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole compared with those of four approved systemic antifungal agents against 6,970 clinical isolates of Candida spp., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1723, 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1723-1727.2002 Baddley, 2001, Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 1319, 10.1086/319985 Marr, 2002, Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 909, 10.1086/339202 Patterson, 2000, Invasive aspergillosis: disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. I3 Aspergillus Study Group, Medicine (Baltimore), 79, 250, 10.1097/00005792-200007000-00006 Patterson, 2005, Advances and challenges in management of invasive mycoses, Lancet, 366, 1013, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67381-3 Lin, 2001, Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 358, 10.1086/318483 Cornillet, 2006, Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 577, 10.1086/505870 Diekema, 2003, Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi, J Clin Microbiol, 41, 3623, 10.1128/JCM.41.8.3623-3626.2003 Steinbach, 2004, Infections due to Aspergillus terreus: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 83 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 192, 10.1086/421950 Cornely, 2007, Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia, N Engl J Med, 356, 348, 10.1056/NEJMoa061094 Ullmann, 2007, Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease, N Engl J Med, 356, 335, 10.1056/NEJMoa061098 Roden, 2005, Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 634, 10.1086/432579 Spellberg, 2005, Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management, Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 556, 10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005 Kontoyiannis, 2005, Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case–control observational study of 27 recent cases, J Infect Dis, 191, 1350, 10.1086/428780 Imhof, 2004, Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 743, 10.1086/423274 Greenberg, 2006, Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 126, 10.1128/AAC.50.1.126-133.2006 Nucci, 2004, Fusarium infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 1237, 10.1086/383319 Nucci, 2003, Outcome predictors of 84 patients with hematologic malignancies and Fusarium infection, Cancer, 98, 315, 10.1002/cncr.11510 Walsh, 2004, Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens, Clin Microbiol Infect, 10, 48, 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00839.x Perfect, 2003, Voriconazole treatment for less common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 1122, 10.1086/374557 Bates, 2001, Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 32, 689, 10.1086/319211 Poirier, 1998, Optimisation of itraconazole therapy using target drug concentrations, Clin Pharmacokinet, 35, 461, 10.2165/00003088-199835060-00004 Herbrecht, 2002, Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis, N Engl J Med, 347, 408, 10.1056/NEJMoa020191 Denning, 2002, Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 563, 10.1086/324620 Kullberg, 2005, Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomized non-inferiority trial, Lancet, 366, 1435, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67490-9 Garbino, 2005, Fusarium peritonitis concomitant to kidney transplantation successfully managed with voriconazole: case report and review of the literature, Transpl Int, 18, 613, 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00102.x Consigny, 2003, Successful voriconazole treatment of disseminated Fusarium infection in an immunocompromised patient, Clin Infect Dis, 37, 311, 10.1086/375842 Mora-Duarte, 2002, Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis, N Engl J Med, 347, 2020, 10.1056/NEJMoa021585 Walsh, 2004, Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia, N Engl J Med, 351, 1391, 10.1056/NEJMoa040446 Maertens, 2004, Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 1563, 10.1086/423381 van Burik, 2004, Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 1407, 10.1086/422312 Vazquez, 2006, Anidulafungin: a novel echinocandin, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 215, 10.1086/505204 Manavathu, 1998, Organism-dependent fungicidal activities of azoles, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 3018, 10.1128/AAC.42.11.3018 Jhonson, 2003, Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 630, 10.1086/367933 Keating, 2005, Posaconazole, Drugs, 65, 1553, 10.2165/00003495-200565110-00007 Leveque, 2006, Clinical pharmacokinetics of voriconazole, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 27, 274, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.01.003 Torres, 2005, Posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal, Lancet Infect Dis, 5, 775, 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70297-8 Lutsar, 2003, Voriconazole concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of guinea pigs and immunocompromised patients, Clin Infect Dis, 37, 728, 10.1086/377131 Groll, 2004, Antifungal agents: in vitro susceptibility testing, pharmacodynamics, and prospects for combination therapy, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 23, 256, 10.1007/s10096-004-1108-6 Paphitou, 2002, In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Trichosporon species, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1144, 10.1128/AAC.46.4.1144-1146.2002 Barchiesi, 2000, In vitro activities of the new antifungal triazole SCH 56592 against common and emerging yeast pathogens, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 226, 10.1128/AAC.44.1.226-229.2000 Hsueh, 2005, Antifungal susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus species from Taiwan: surveillance of multicenter antimicrobial resistance in Taiwan program data from 2003, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 512, 10.1128/AAC.49.2.512-517.2005 Pfaller, 2005, Global trends in the antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990 to 2004), J Clin Microbiol, 43, 2163, 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2163-2167.2005 Espinel-Ingroff, 2003, In vitro antifungal activities of anidulafungin and micafungin, licensed agents and the investigational triazole posaconazole as determined by NCCLS methods for 12,052 fungal isolates: review of the literature, Rev Iberoam Micol, 20, 121 Zaas, 2003, Risk of fungemia due to Rhodotorula and antifungal susceptibility testing of Rhodotorula isolates, J Clin Microbiol, 41, 5233, 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5233-5235.2003 Espinel-Ingroff, 2001, In vitro fungicidal activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against opportunistic moniliaceous and dematiaceous fungi, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 954, 10.1128/JCM.39.3.954-958.2001 Carrillo, 2001, In vitro activities of four novel triazoles against Scedosporium spp., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 2151, 10.1128/AAC.45.7.2151-2153.2001 Safdar, 2002, Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1415, 10.1086/340260 Pfaller, 2002, Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2000, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1032, 10.1128/AAC.46.4.1032-1037.2002 Gonzalez, 2005, In vitro activities of new and established triazoles against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi, Med Mycol, 43, 281, 10.1080/13693780500088416 Dannaoui, 2003, In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals, J Antimicrob Chemother, 51, 45, 10.1093/jac/dkg020 Sun, 2002, In vitro activities of posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and fluconazole against 37 clinical isolates of zygomycetes, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1581, 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1581-1582.2002 Li, 2000, In vitro activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 1734, 10.1128/AAC.44.6.1734-1736.2000 Walsh, 2002, Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever, N Engl J Med, 346, 225, 10.1056/NEJM200201243460403 Asada, 2006, Successful treatment of breakthrough Trichosporon asahii fungemia with voriconazole in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia, Clin Infect Dis, 43, e39, 10.1086/505970 Walsh, 2007, Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 2, 10.1086/508774 van Burik, 2006, Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases, Clin Infect Dis, 42, e61, 10.1086/500212 Raad, 2006, Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematologic malignancy and other conditions, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 1398, 10.1086/503425 Keating, 2003, Caspofungin: a review of its use in oesophageal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis, Drugs, 63, 2235, 10.2165/00003495-200363200-00008 Denning, 2003, Echinocandin antifungal drugs, Lancet, 362, 1142, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14472-8 Green, 1999, LY303366 exhibits rapid and potent fungicidal activity in flow cytometric assays of yeast viability, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 830, 10.1128/AAC.43.4.830 Chandrasekar, 2006, Micafungin: a new echinocandin, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 1171, 10.1086/501020 Caspofungin acetate. FDA advisory committee meeting background. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/briefing/3676b1_02.pdf [accessed 28 January 2007]. Dowell, 2004, Population pharmacokinetic analysis of anidulafungin, an echinocandin antifungal, J Clin Pharmacol, 44, 590, 10.1177/0091270004265644 Carver, 2004, Micafungin, Ann Pharmacother, 38, 1707, 10.1345/aph.1D301 Seibel, 2005, Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of micafungin (FK463) in febrile neutropenic pediatric patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 3317, 10.1128/AAC.49.8.3317-3324.2005 Kartsonis, 2005, Caspofungin susceptibility testing of isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis or invasive candidiasis: relationship of MIC to treatment outcome, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 3616, 10.1128/AAC.49.9.3616-3623.2005 Pfaller, 2003, In vitro activities of caspofungin compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 3,959 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 157 fluconazole-resistant isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1068, 10.1128/AAC.47.3.1068-1071.2003 Pfaller, 1999, In vitro susceptibilities of Candida dubliniensis isolates tested against the new triazole and echinocandin antifungal agents, J Clin Microbiol, 37, 870, 10.1128/JCM.37.3.870-872.1999 Tawara, 2000, In vitro activities of a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against a variety of clinically important fungi, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 57, 10.1128/AAC.44.1.57-62.2000 Odabasi, 2004, In vitro activity of anidulafungin against selected clinically important mold isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 1912, 10.1128/AAC.48.5.1912-1915.2004 Laverdiere, 2002, In vitro activity of three new triazoles and one echinocandin against Candida bloodstream isolates from cancer patients, J Antimicrob Chemother, 50, 119, 10.1093/jac/dkf074 Barchiesi, 2006, Effects of caspofungin against Candida guilliermondii and Candida parapsilosis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 2719, 10.1128/AAC.00111-06 Chiou, 2001, Synergy, pharmacodynamics, and time-sequenced ultrastructural changes of the interaction between nikkomycin Z and the echinocandin FK463 against Aspergillus fumigatus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 3310, 10.1128/AAC.45.12.3310-3321.2001 Arikan, 2002, In vitro synergy of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium spp., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 245, 10.1128/AAC.46.1.245-247.2002 Katiyar, 2006, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata clinical isolates exhibiting reduced echinocandin susceptibility, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 2892, 10.1128/AAC.00349-06 Hakii, 2006, Emergence of a Candida krusei isolate with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin during therapy, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 2522, 10.1128/AAC.00148-06 Krogh-Madsen, 2006, Amphotericin B and caspofungin resistance in Candida glabrata isolates recovered from a critically ill patient, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 938, 10.1086/500939 Moudgal, 2005, Multiechinocandin- and multiazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis isolates serially obtained during therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 767, 10.1128/AAC.49.2.767-769.2005 Park, 2005, Specific substitutions in the echinocandin target Fks1p account for reduced susceptibility of rare laboratory and clinical Candida sp. isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 3264, 10.1128/AAC.49.8.3264-3273.2005 Denning, 2006, Micafungin (FK463), alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal agents, for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis, J Infect, 53, 337, 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.03.003 Matsue, 2006, Breakthrough trichosporonosis in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving micafungin, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 753, 10.1086/500323