Schistosoma haematobium DNA and eggs in urine of patients from Sohag, Egypt
Tóm tắt
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis depends mainly on stool or urine microscopy for Schistosoma egg detection as well as immunoassays. The low sensitivity of these conventional tests makes molecular detection the diagnostic method of choice. The study aimed to detect the molecular prevalence of urine schistosomiasis and evaluate microscopic examination vs. PCR technique for detection of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) in urine of patients with suggestive symptoms or previous history of urine schistosomiasis coming from endemic regions. This cross-sectional study was performed on eighty patients attending the urology clinic of Sohag University Teaching Hospital from August 2016 to July 2018. Socio-demographic data and clinical data were collected. Urine samples from all study individuals were collected and examined microscopically for S. haematobium eggs as well as detection of S. haematobium DNA of using PCR assay. Microscopic examination and PCR were positive among (68.8%) and (87.5%) of cases, respectively. There was 60% agreement between microscopy and molecular assay. Microscopy was a good test to rule in cases of urine schistosomiasis, with 100% specificity and 100% PPV, but was of limited sensitivity (NPV = 40%) and missed 12.5% of positive cases. Among studied patient variables, only hematuria showed association with urine schistosomiasis with statistical significance. Urine schistosomiasis was highly prevalent in studied population. Considering the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR, it should be implemented as the test of choice, especially in chronic urinary schistosomiasis with low infection setting. In our study population, patients presenting hematuria were likely to have S. haematobium.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Afifi, A., Ahmed, A., Sulieman, Y., & Pengsakul, T. (2016). Epidemiology of schistosomiasis among villagers of the New Halfa Agricultural Scheme Sudan. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 11(1), 110.
Berry, A., Moné, H., Iriart, X., Mouahid, G., Aboo, O., Boissier, J., Fillaux, J., Cassaing, S., Debuisson, C., Valentin, A., Mitta, G., Théron, A., & Magnaval, J. F. (2014). Schistosomiasis haematobium, Corsica, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(9), 1595–1597. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140928
Cavalcanti, M. G., Silva, L. F., Peralta, R. H., Barreto, M. G., & Peralta, J. M. (2013). Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: A new era in diagnosis. Trends in Parasitology., 29(2), 75–82.
Degarege, A., Mekonnen, Z., Levecke, B., Legesse, M., Negash, Y., Vercruysse, J., & Erko, B. (2015). Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-age children in the Afar area, Northeastern Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 10(8), 0133142.
Effiong, E. J., Spencer, T. H., Mohammed, K., Useh, M. F., Ndodo, N. D., & Umahi, F. P. N. (2017). Evaluation of the efficacy of microscopy and PCR in the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State—Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 26(1), 1–8.
Ekpo, U. F., Laja-Deile, A., Oluwole, A. S., Sam-Wobo, S. O., & Mafiana, C. F. (2010). Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Parasites and Vectors, 3(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-58
Gawish, F. G., Bayoumy, A. M., Abd El Raheem, M. A., Abo-hashim, A. H., & El-Badry, A. A. (2021). Schistosoma circulating-DNA in sero-positive patients: Two-steps diagnostic approach to rule-out active chronic schistosomiasis in low transmission setting. PUJ, 14(1), 72–76.
Ghazy, R. M., Tahoun, M. M., Abdo, S. M., El-Badry, A. A., & Hamdy, N. A. (2021). Evaluation of praziquantel effectivenss after decades of prolonged use in an endemic area in Egypt. Acta Parasitologica, 66, 81–90.
Gryseels, B., & de Vlas, S. J. (1996). Worm burdens in schistosome infections. Parasitology Today, 12(3), 115–119.
Gryseels, B., Polman, K., Clerinx, J., & Kestens, L. (2006). Human schistosomiasis. The Lancet, 368, 1106–1118.
Hessler, M. J., Cyrs, A., Krenzke, S. C., Mahmoud, E., Sikasunge, C., Mwansa, J., & Lodh, N. (2017). Detection of duo-schistosome infection from filtered urine samples from school children in Zambia after MDA. PLOS ONE, 12(12), e0189400.
Ibironke, O. A., Phillips, A. E., Garba, A., Lamine, S. M., & Shiff, C. (2011). Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(6), 998–1001.
Ibironke, O., Koukounari, A., Asaolu, S., Moustaki, I., & Shiff, C. (2012). Validation of a new test for Schistosoma haematobium based on detection of Dra1 DNA fragments in urine: Evaluation through latent class analysis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6(1), e1464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001464
Kabiru, M., Aziah, I., Julia, O., Ifeanyi, I. E., Fabiyi, P., & J., Ismail, S., & Rusli A. M. (2007). Development of a rapid LATE-PCR-based dipstick for the detection of Schistosomiasis haematobium in human urine samples. International Journal of Biosensors and Bioelectronics., 3, 1.
Kavana, N. J. (2018). Prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among young children aged 5 to17 years in Kilosa District, Tanzania: A 3-year retrospective review. Journal of Tropical Diseases, 6, 1.
Kibbe, W. A. (2007). An online oligonucleotide properties calculator. Nucleic Acids Research, 35, W43–W46.
King, C. H. (2010). Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis. Acta Tropica, 113(2), 95–104.
King, C. H., Dickman, K., & Tisch, D. J. (2005). Reassessment of the cost of chronic helminthic infection: A meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. The Lancet, 365, 1561–1569.
Lengeler, C., Utzinger, J., & Tanner, M. (2002). Screening for schistosomiasis with questionnaires. Trends in Parasitology, 18(9), 375–377.
Lodh, N., Mwansa, J. C., Mutengo, M. M., & Shiff, C. J. (2013). Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni without the stool: Comparison of three diagnostic tests to detect Schistosoma mansoni infection from filtered urine in Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89(1), 46–50.
Lodh, N., Naples, J. M., Bosompem, K. M., Quartey, J., & Shiff, C. J. (2014). Detection of parasite-specific DNA in urine sediment obtained by filtration differentiates between single and mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium from endemic areas in Ghana. PLOS ONE., 9(3), e91144.
Mahgoub, H. M., Mohamed, A. A., Magzoub, M., Gasim, G. I., Eldein, W. N., Ahmed, A. A., & Adam, I. (2010). Schistosoma mansoni infection as a predictor of severe anemia in schoolchildren in eastern Sudan. Journal of Helminthology, 84(2), 132–135.
Mohammed, K., Ismail, A., & Omar, J. (2017). Development of a rapid LATE-PCR-based dipstick for the detection of Schistosomiasis haematobium in human urine samples. International Journal of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 3(1), 224–228.
Ndassi, V. D., Anchang-Kimbi, J. K., Sumbele, I. U. N., Wepnje, G. B., & Kimbi, H. K. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors associated with S. haematobium egg excretion during the dry season, six months following mass distribution of praziquantel (PZQ) in 2017 in the Bafia Health Area, South West Region. Journal of Parasitology Research, 1, 1–10.
Obeng, B. B., Aryeetey, Y. A., De Dood, C. J., Amoah, A. S., Larbi, I. A., Deelder, A. M., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Hartgers, F. C., Boakye, D. A., Verweij, J. J., van Dam, G. J., & van Lieshout, L. (2008). Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102(7), 625–633.
Rabello, A., Pontes, L. A., & Dias-Neto, E. (2002). Recent advances in the diagnosis of Schistosoma infection: The detection of parasite DNA. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97(Suppl 1), 171–172.
Senghor, B., Diallo, A., Sylla, S. N., Doucoure, S., Ndiath, M. O., Gaayeb, L., Djuikwo-Teukeng, F. F., Ba, C. T., & Sokhna, C. (2014). Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in the district of Niakhar Region of Fatick Senegal. Parasities and Vectors, 7(1), 5.
Ten Hove, R. J., Verweij, J. J., Vereecken, K., Polman, K., Dieye, L., & van Lieshout, L. (2008). Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in stool samples collected in northern Senegal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(2), 179–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.011
Wang, C., Chen, L., Yin, X., Hua, W., Hou, M., Yu, C., & Wu, G. (2011). Application of DNA-based diagnostics in the detection of schistosomal DNA in early infection and after drug treatment. Parasites and Vectors, 4, 164.