Mechanistical retinal drug targets and challenges

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews - Tập 126 - Trang 177-184 - 2018
Kai Kaarniranta1,2,3, Heping Xu4,5, Anu Kauppinen6
1Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
2Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
3Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
4Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
5Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, China
6School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Tài liệu tham khảo

Rodríguez-Muela, 2012, Axonal damage, autophagy and neuronal survival, Autophagy, 8, 286, 10.4161/auto.8.2.18982 Strauss, 2005, The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function, Physiol. Rev., 85, 845, 10.1152/physrev.00021.2004 Palczewski, 2010, Retinoids for treatment of retinal diseases, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 31, 284, 10.1016/j.tips.2010.03.001 Kim, 2013, Noncanonical autophagy promotes the visual cycle, Cell, 154, 365, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.012 Kaarniranta, 2013, Autophagy and heterophagy dysregulation leads to retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and development of age-related macular degeneration, Autophagy, 9, 973, 10.4161/auto.24546 Guha, 2014, Rescue of compromised lysosomes enhances degradation of photoreceptor outer segments and reduces lipofuscin-like autofluorescence in retinal pigmented epithelial cells, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 801, 105, 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_14 Valapala, 2014, Lysosomal-mediated waste clearance in retinal pigment epithelial cells is regulated by CRYBA1/βA3/A1-crystallin via V-ATPase-MTORC1 signaling, Autophagy, 10, 480, 10.4161/auto.27292 Sinha, 2016, Lysosomes: regulators of autophagy in the retinal pigmented epithelium, Exp. Eye Res., 144, 46, 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.018 Caberoy, 2010, Tubby and tubby-like protein 1 are new MerTK ligands for phagocytosis, EMBO J., 29, 3898, 10.1038/emboj.2010.265 Kevany, 2010, Phagocytosis of retinal rod and cone photoreceptors, Physiology (Bethesda), 25, 8 Finnemann, 1997, Phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells requires α(v)β5 integrin for binding but not for internalization, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 12932, 10.1073/pnas.94.24.12932 Nandrot, 2004, Loss of synchronized retinal phagocytosis and age-related blindness in mice lacking alphavbeta5 integrin, J. Exp. Med., 200, 1539, 10.1084/jem.20041447 D'Cruz, 2000, Mutation of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene Mertk in the retinal dystrophic RCS rat, Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 645, 10.1093/hmg/9.4.645 Gal, 2000, Mutations in MERTK, the human orthologue of the RCS rat retinal dystrophy gene, cause retinitis pigmentosa, Nat. Genet., 26, 270, 10.1038/81555 Feng, 2002, Mertk triggers uptake of photoreceptor outer segments during phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 17016, 10.1074/jbc.M107876200 Finnemann, 2003, Focal adhesion kinase signaling promotes phagocytosis of integrin-bound photoreceptors, EMBO J., 22, 4143, 10.1093/emboj/cdg416 Nandrot, 2007, Essential role for MFG-E8 as ligand for alphavbeta5 integrin in diurnal retinal phagocytosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, 12005, 10.1073/pnas.0704756104 Vives-Bauza, 2008, The age lipid A2E and mitochondrial dysfunction synergistically impair phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 24770, 10.1074/jbc.M800706200 Bavik, 2015, Visual cycle modulation as an approach toward preservation of retinal integrity, PLoS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0124940 Kiser, 2017, Rational tuning of visual cycle modulator pharmacodynamics, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 362, 131, 10.1124/jpet.117.240721 Kaarniranta, 2017, Autophagy regulates death of retinal pigment epithelium cells in age-related macular degeneration, Cell Biol. Toxicol., 33, 113, 10.1007/s10565-016-9371-8 Ferrington, 2016, Defects in retinal pigment epithelial cell proteolysis and the pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 51, 69, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.002 Subrizi, 2015, Oxidative stress protection by exogenous delivery of rhHsp70 chaperone to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a possible therapeutic strategy against RPE degeneration, Pharm. Res., 32, 211, 10.1007/s11095-014-1456-6 Viiri, 2013, Autophagy activation clears ELAVL1/HuR-mediated accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 during proteasomal inhibition in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, PLoS One, 8, e69563, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069563 Johansson, 2015, The marine n-3 PUFA DHA evokes cytoprotection against oxidative stress and protein misfolding by inducing autophagy and NFE2L2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, Autophagy, 11, 1636, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1061170 Mitter, 2014, Dysregulated autophagy in the RPE is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and AMD, Autophagy, 10, 1989, 10.4161/auto.36184 Russo, 2015, Autophagy dysregulation and the fate of retinal ganglion cells in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, Prog. Brain Res., 220, 87, 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.009 Yao, 2016, Autophagy-mediated catabolism of visual transduction proteins prevents retinal degeneration, Autophagy, 12, 2439, 10.1080/15548627.2016.1238553 Kaarniranta, 2017, The Nobel prized cellular target autophagy in eye diseases, Acta Ophthalmol., 95, 335, 10.1111/aos.13344 Galluzzi, 2017, Pharmacological modulation of autophagy: therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 16, 487, 10.1038/nrd.2017.22 Boya, 2016, Autophagy in the eye: development, degeneration, and aging, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 55, 206, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.001 Kitaoka, 2013, Axonal protection by Nmnat3 overexpression with involvement of autophagy in optic nerve degeneration, Cell Death Dis., 17, 4:e860 Kaarniranta, 2012, Autophagy regulating kinases as potential therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration, Future Med. Chem., 4, 2153, 10.4155/fmc.12.169 Cheng, 2013, Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in disease: biology and pharmacology, Pharmacol. Rev., 65, 1162, 10.1124/pr.112.007120 Piippo, 2014, Decline in cellular clearance systems induces inflammasome signaling in human ARPE-19 cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1843, 3038, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.015 Liu, 2016, Impairing autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium leads to inflammasome activation and enhanced macrophage-mediated angiogenesis, Sci. Rep., 6, 20639, 10.1038/srep20639 Kaarniranta, 2009, Heat shock proteins as gatekeepers of proteolytic pathways-implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Ageing Res. Rev., 8, 128, 10.1016/j.arr.2009.01.001 Boulton, 1993, Lipofuscin is a photoinducible free radical generator, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 19, 201, 10.1016/1011-1344(93)87085-2 Terman, 2004, Lipofuscin, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 36, 1400, 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.009 Sparrow, 2003, A2E, a fluorophore of RPE lipofuscin: can it cause RPE degeneration?, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 533, 205, 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_26 Nordgaard, 2008, Mitochondrial proteomics of the retinal pigment epithelium at progressive stages of age-related macular degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 2848, 10.1167/iovs.07-1352 Feng, 2014, Expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 and CHOP induced by oxidative stress in blue light-mediated damage of A2E-containing retinal pigment epithelium cells, Ophthalmic Res., 52, 224, 10.1159/000363387 Salminen, 2017, Regulation of longevity by FGF21: interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses, Ageing Res. Rev., 37, 79, 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004 Minasyan, 2017, Protective mechanisms of the mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in RPE cells, Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2017, 1675230, 10.1155/2017/1675230 Hamasaki, 2013, Autophagosomes form at ER-mitochondria contact sites, Nature, 495, 389, 10.1038/nature11910 Matsunaga, 2016, Humanin protects RPE cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by upregulation of mitochondrial glutathione, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0165150 Sreekumar, 2016, The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin protects RPE cells from oxidative stress, senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 57, 1238, 10.1167/iovs.15-17053 Xu, 2003, Requirements for passage of T lymphocytes across non-inflamed retinal microvessels, J. Neuroimmunol., 142, 47, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00258-3 Chen, 2015, Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration, J. Leukoc. Biol., 98, 713, 10.1189/jlb.3RI0615-239R Karlstetter, 2015, Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy?, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 45, 2030, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004 Langmann, 2007, Microglia activation in retinal degeneration, J. Leukoc. Biol., 81, 1345, 10.1189/jlb.0207114 Jack, 2005, TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes, J. Immunol., 175, 4320, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4320 Balak, 2017, IMO-8400, a toll-like receptor 7, 8, and 9 antagonist, demonstrates clinical activity in a phase 2a, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, Clin. Immunol., 174, 63, 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.015 Cherry, 2014, Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed, J. Neuroinflammation, 11, 98, 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98 Shealy, 2008, Anti-TNF antibodies: lessons from the past, roadmap for the future, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 181, 101, 10.1007/978-3-540-73259-4_5 Zipfel, 2009, C, complement regulators and inhibitory proteins, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 9, 729, 10.1038/nri2620 Lakkaraju, 2014, Should I stay or should I go? Trafficking of sub-lytic MAC in the retinal pigment epithelium, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 801, 267, 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_34 Lueck, 2011, Sub-lytic C5b-9 induces functional changes in retinal pigment epithelial cells consistent with age-related macular degeneration, Eye (Lond.), 25, 1074, 10.1038/eye.2011.109 Anderson, 2010, The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis re-visited, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 29, 95, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.11.003 Luo, 2011, Complement gene expression and regulation in mouse retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid, Mol. Vis., 17, 1588 Xu, 2016, Targeting the complement system for the management of retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 787, 94, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.001 Chen, 2007, Synthesis of complement factor H by retinal pigment epithelial cells is down-regulated by oxidized photoreceptor outer segments, Exp. Eye Res., 84, 635, 10.1016/j.exer.2006.11.015 Chen, 2008, Up-regulation of complement factor B in retinal pigment epithelial cells is accompanied by complement activation in the aged retina, Exp. Eye Res., 87, 543, 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.005 Chen, 2010, Inhibition of the alternative pathway of complement activation reduces inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, Eur. J. Immunol., 40, 2870, 10.1002/eji.201040323 Vanaja, 2015, Mechanisms of inflammasome activation: recent advances and novel insights, Trends Cell Biol., 25, 308, 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.009 Sharma, 2016, The cell biology of inflammasomes: mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation, J. Cell Biol., 213, 617, 10.1083/jcb.201602089 Kauppinen, 2012, Oxidative stress activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in ARPE-19 cells-implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Immunol. Lett., 147, 29, 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.05.005 Tseng, 2013, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells by lysosomal destabilization: implications for age-related macular degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 54, 110, 10.1167/iovs.12-10655 Cassel, 2009, The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals, Semin. Immunol., 21, 194, 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.002 Shimada, 2012, Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis, Immunity, 36, 401, 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.009 Zhou, 2011, A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Nature, 469, 221, 10.1038/nature09663 Triantafilou, 2013, The complement membrane attack complex triggers intracellular Ca2+ fluxes leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, J. Cell Sci., 126, 2903, 10.1242/jcs.124388 Tarallo, 2012, DICER1 loss and alu RNA induce age-related macular degeneration via the NLRP3 inflammasome and MyD88, Cell, 149, 847, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.036 Chen, 2017, Activation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to inflammation in diabetic retinopathy: a novel inhibitory effect of minocycline, Inflamm. Res., 66, 157, 10.1007/s00011-016-1002-6 Jiang, 2001, IL-18 not required for IRBP peptide-induced EAU: studies in gene-deficient mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42, 177 Shen, 2014, Interleukin-18 has antipermeablity and antiangiogenic activities in the eye: reciprocal suppression with VEGF, J. Cell. Physiol., 229, 974, 10.1002/jcp.24575 Doyle, 2012, NLRP3 has a protective role in age-related macular degeneration through the induction of IL-18 by drusen components, Nat. Med., 18, 791, 10.1038/nm.2717 Doyle, 2014, IL-18 attenuates experimental choroidal neovascularization as a potential therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration, Sci. Transl. Med., 6, 230ra44, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007616 Ozaki, 2015, Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases: current perspectives, J. Inflamm. Res., 8, 15