Basil polysaccharides: A review on extraction, bioactivities and pharmacological applications

American pharmacopoeia commission. USP (United States Pharmacopoeia). 35 Edition. Washington: American Pharmacopoeia Commission; 2012, pp. 7049–7053. Pharmacopoeia commission of India. TP (Indian Pharmacopoeia). 2010 Edition. Pharmacopoeia Commission of India; 2010, pp. 2548–2549. Ahmed, 2016, Ethnos pharma co botanical study on the medicinal plants used by herbalists in Sulaymaniyah Province, Kurdistan, Iraq, Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 12, 8, 10.1186/s13002-016-0081-3 Devi, 2014, A study of aromatic plant species especially in Theobald district, Manipur, Northeast India, Int J Sci Res Pub, 4, 1 Uma, 2001, Radioprotective, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties of the India holy Basil Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsa), India J Exp Biol, 39, 185 Aguayo, 2000, Hypoglycemic activity of Ocimum gratissimum in rats, Fitoterapia, 71, 444, 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00143-X Vats, 2002, Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonally frenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats, Ethnopharmacol, 79, 95, 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00374-9 Jayasinghe, 2003, Phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of sweet basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.), J Agric Food Chem, 51, 4442, 10.1021/jf034269o Kulm, 2000, Antioxidant and Cyclooxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn, Phytomedicine, 7, 7, 10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80015-X Mandal, 1993, Ocimum sanctum Lina study on gastric ulceration and gastric secretion in rats, Indian J Physio Pharmacol, 37, 91 Koga, 1999, Bactericidal activities of essential oils of Basil and sage against a range of bacteria and the effect of these essential oils on vibrio parahaemolyticus, Microbiol Res, 154, 267, 10.1016/S0944-5013(99)80024-X da Silva, 2015, Spectrophotometric determination of the total flavonoid content in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves, Pharmacogn Mag, 11, 96, 10.4103/0973-1296.149721 da Costa, 2015, Chemical diversity in basil (Ocimum sp.) germplasm, Sci World J, 2015, 352638, 10.1155/2015/352638 Lee, 2009, Chicoric acid found in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves, Food Chem, 115, 650, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.075 Kadhim, 2016, Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, Pharmacognosy Phytother, 8, 127, 10.5897/JPP2015.0366 Li, 2015, Research progress on the structural analysis and functional activity of polysaccharides, Chin J Exp Tradit Med From, 21, 231 Feng, 2015, Effect of basil polysaccharide on histone H3K9me2 methylation and expression of G9a and JMJD1A in hepatoma cells under hypoxic conditions, J CMM, 13, 1460 Yang, 2009, Chemical structural and chain conformational characterization of some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources, Carbohydr Polym, 76, 349, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.12.015 Yu, 2010, Structure, chain conformation and antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes, Fitoterapia, 81, 1163, 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.019 Li, 2018, Fractionation, preliminary structural characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum, Carbohydr Polym, 155, 261, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.075 Nie, 2017, Optimization of water-soluble polysaccharides from stem lettuce by response surface methodology and study on its characterization and bioactivities, Int J Biol Macromol, 105, 912, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.125 Yan, 2011, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction optimized by response surface methodology, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tremella mesenterica, Carbohydr Polym, 83, 217, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.045 Dubois, 2015, Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, Carbohydr Polym, 131, 322, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.009 You, 2013, Enzyme assisted extraction of polysaccharides from the fruit of Cornus officinalis, Carbo-hydrate Polym, 98, 607, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.036 Li, 2015, Enzyme - assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Dendrobium chrysotoxum and its functional properties and immunomodulatory activity, Lebensmittel - Wissenschaft und - Technologie, 60, 1149, 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.004 Liang, 2008, Orthogonal test design for optimization of the extraction of polysaccharides from Phascolosoma esulenta andevaluation of its immunity activity, Carbohydr Polym, 73, 558, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.12.026 Li, 2015, Ultrasonic extraction and structural identification of polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris and its antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, Eur Food Res Technol, 240, 49, 10.1007/s00217-014-2306-9 Zhang, 2015, Response surface optimization and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Nelumbo nucifera leaves, Int J Biol Macromol, 74, 103, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.020 Dubois, 1956, Colorimetric method for determination of sugars, Anal Chem, 28, 350, 10.1021/ac60111a017 Yang, 2012, Extraction and content determination of basil polysaccharide, J Fuyang Teachers College, 29, 51 Yang, 2012, Ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from basil, J Xinjiang Med Univ, 35, 323 Chen, 2011, Antioxidant and immune-biological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractionspurified from Acanthopanax senticosu, Food Chem, 127, 434, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.143 Popov, 2014, Pectic polysaccharides of the fresh plum Prunus domestica L. isolated with a simulated gastric fluid and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, Food Chem, 106, 106, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.049 An, 2018, Simultaneous determination of molecular weight and content in the biosynthesis of pullulan by high-performance gel chromatography, Food Res Dev, 39, 143 Pu, 2018, Determination of molecular weight of polysaccharides from biliary and naked flower purple beads, J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed), 39, 185 Yang, 2018, Determination of polysaccharide molecular weight, polysaccharide composition and monosaccharide content in Antrodia camphorata fruit body by HPGPC combined with HPLC-ELSD, Chin Med Mater, 41, 1146 Lv, 2012, Determination of molecular weight and weight distribution in basil polysaccharide by HPGC, China Pharm, 21, 32 Wang, 2013, Maturation of murine bone marrow dendritic cells induced by acidic Ginseng polysaccharides, Int Biol Macromol, 53, 93, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.009 Li, 2010, Polysaccharide purified from Polyporus umbellatus (Per) Fr induces the activation and maturation of murine bone-derived dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4, Cell Immunol, 256, 50, 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.07.002 Zhang, 2015, Ginseng berry extract promotes maturation of mouse dendritic cells, PLoS ONE, 10 Lv, 2012, Determination of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of basil polysaccharide by high-performance gel chromatography, Chin Med, 21, 32 Theys, 2011, E-Cadherin loss associated with EMT promotes radioresistance in human tumor cells, Radiotherapy Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiology Oncol, 99, 392, 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.044 Semenza, 2009, Defining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in cancer biology and therapeutics, Oncogene, 29, 625, 10.1038/onc.2009.441 Li, 2016, LSD1-mediated epigenetic modification contributes to ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion, Oncol Rep, 35, 3586, 10.3892/or.2016.4729 Siegel, 2011, Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths, CA Cancer J Clin, 61, 212, 10.3322/caac.20121 Sestili, 2015, Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of sulforaphane: the role of reactive oxygen species, Biomed Res Int, 2015, 10.1155/2015/402386 Dasgupta, 2004, Chemo modulatory efficacy of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) on drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen-induced skin and forestomach papilloma genesis, Phytomedicine, 11, 139, 10.1078/0944-7113-00289 Zhao, 2013, A study on the anti-tumor metastasis mechanism of basil polysaccharide, Anti-tumor Pharm, 3, 344 Dong, 2013, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha: molecular-targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, Mini Rev Med Chem, 13, 1295, 10.2174/1389557511313090004 Qamar, 2010, Anticancer activity of Ocimum basilicum and the effect of ursolic acid on the cytoskeleton of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, Lett Drug Des Discov, 7, 726, 10.2174/1570180811007010726 Gajula, 2010, Basil (Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum tenuiflorum) reduces azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in fisher 344 male rats, Res J Phytochem, 4, 136, 10.3923/rjphyto.2010.136.145 Pleguezuelo M, Marelli L, Misseri M, et al. TACE versus TAE as therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. 2008;8:1623–1641. Lv, 2013, Effects and mechanisms of curcumin and basil polysaccharide on the invasion of SKOV3 cells and dendritic cells, Mol Med Rep, 8, 1580, 10.3892/mmr.2013.1695 Opalchenova, 2003, Comparative studies on the activity of basil–an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.–against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods, Microbiol Methods, 54, 105, 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00012-5 El-Soud, 2015, Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil., Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 3, 374, 10.3889/oamjms.2015.082 Stefan, 2013, The composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils in three Ocimum species growing in Romania, Open Life Sci, 8, 600, 10.2478/s11535-013-0171-8 Shukla, 2012, Aflatoxin inhibitory and free radical-scavenging activities of some medicinal plants extracts, Food Qual, 35, 182, 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2012.00441.x El-Sayed, 2009, Evaluation the in vitro effects of ethanol extracts of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) for anti-Blastocystis hominis activity, Egypt J Med Sci, 30, 1229 Benedec, 2007, Effects of Ocimum basilicum L. extract on experimental acute inflammation, Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi, 111, 1065 Kaya, 2008, Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells by use of scanning electron microscopy, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 5, 363, 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i4.31291 Khan, 2015, Evaluation of antileishmanial, antibacterial and brine shrimp cytotoxic potential of crude methanolic extract of Herb Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae), Tradit Chin Med, 35, 316, 10.1016/S0254-6272(15)30104-7 Shirazi, 2014, Chemicalcomposition, antioxidant, antimicrobil and cytotoxic activities of Tagetes minuta and Ocimum basilicum essential oils, Food Sci Nutr, 2, 146, 10.1002/fsn3.85 Siddiqui, 2012, Evaluation of the antimycobacteral activity of the constituents from Ocimum basilicum against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ethnopharmacol, 144, 220, 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.003 Vlase, 2014, Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phenolic profile for Hyssopus officinalis, Ocimum basilicum and Teucrium chamaedrys, Molecules, 19, 5490, 10.3390/molecules19055490 Ji, 1995, Oxidative stress during exercise:implication of antioxidant nutrients, Free Radic Biol Med, 18, 1079, 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00212-3 Souza, 2012, Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae, Food Hydrocolloids, 27, 287, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.10.005 Schlesier, 2002, Assessment of antioxidant activity by using different in vitro methods, Free Radical Res, 36, 177, 10.1080/10715760290006411 Muneefa, 2017, Beneficial effect of a hydroethanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L on enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidant in depression induced rats, Med Plants Stud, 5, 185 Elansary, 2015, In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of six international basil cultivars, Nat Prod Res, 29, 2149, 10.1080/14786419.2014.995653 Kaurinovic, 2011, Antioxidant capacity of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. extracts, Molecules, 16, 7401, 10.3390/molecules16097401 Gulcin, 2007, Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies, Phytother Res, 21, 354, 10.1002/ptr.2069 Zakaria, 2008, Antioxidant activity of Coleus blumei, Orthosiphon stamineus, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha arvensis from Lamiaceae family, Int J Nat Eng Sci, 2, 93 Amrani, 2006, Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidemia induced by Triton WR-1339 in rats and its antioxidant property, J Phytother Res, 20, 1040, 10.1002/ptr.1961 Chatterjee, 2017, Type2diabetes, Lancet, 389, 2239, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2 Aragno, 2000, Oxidative derangement in rat synaptosomes induced by hyperglycemia: restorative effect of dehydroepiandrosterone treatment, Biochem Pharmacol, 60, 389, 10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00327-0 Cunha, 2017, Polysaccharides from Caesalpinia ferrea seeds-chemical characterization and anti-diabetic effects in Wistar rats, Food Hydrocolloids, 65, 68, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.039 Eddouks, 2014, Antidiabetic plants improving insulin sensitivity, Pharm Pharmacol, 66, 1197, 10.1111/jphp.12243 Kumar, 2011, α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes, Pharmacogn Rev, 5, 19, 10.4103/0973-7847.79096 Antora, 2017, Antihyperglycemic effect of Ocimum plants: A short review, Asian Pac J Trop Med, 7, 755, 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.07.010 Kadan, 2016, In vitro evaluation of anti-diabetic activity and cytotoxicity of chemically analysed Ocimum basilicum extracts, Food Chem, 196, 1066, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.044 El-Beshbishy, 2012, Hypoglycemic effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum) aqueous extract is mediated through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, Toxicol Ind Health, 28, 42, 10.1177/0748233711403193 Mbaoji, 2014, Preliminary antihyperglycemic activity-guided studies on the leaf extract and fractions of Ocimum basilicum L, Chem Pharm Res, 6, 575 Ezeani, 2017, Ocimum basilicum extract exhibits antidiabetic effects via inhibition of hepatic glucose mobilization and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, J Intercult Ethnopharmacol, 6, 22, 10.5455/jice.20161229054825 Amrani, 2009, Vasorelaxant and anti-platelet aggregation effects of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract, Ethnopharmacol, 125, 157, 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.043 Kuerban, 2017, In vivo antithrombotic activity of ethanolic extract from Ocimum basilicum L, Annu Res Rev Biol, 20, 1, 10.9734/ARRB/2017/38047 Umar, 2014, Effect of Ocimum basilicum L. on cyclooxygenase isoforms and prostaglandins involved in thrombosis, J Ethnopharmacol, 125, 151, 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.051 Feng, 2017, Protective effect of basil polysaccharide on bone marrow suppression induced by cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, Shandong Univ Traditional Chin Med