Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety - Tập 119 - Trang 186-197 - 2015
Muhammad Adrees1, Shafaqat Ali1, Muhammad Rizwan1, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman2, Muhammad Ibrahim1, Farhat Abbas1, Mujahid Farid1, Muhammad Farooq Qayyum3, Muhammad Kashif Irshad1
1Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
3Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adrees, 2015, The effect of excess copper on growth and physiology of important food crops: a review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4496-5 Afshan, 2015, Citric acid enhances the phytoextraction of chromium, plant growth 2 and photosynthesis by alleviating the oxidative damages in Brassica napus L., Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4396-8 Alexandre, 1997, Phytoliths: indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 136, 213, 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00089-8 Ali, 2015, Fulvic acid mediates chromium (Cr) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant defense system, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4271-7 Ali, 2015, Alleviation of chromium toxicity by glycinebetaine is related to elevated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed chromium uptake and oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4193-4 Ali, 2013, The influence of silicon on barley growth, photosynthesis and ultra-structure under chromium stress, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 89, 66, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.11.015 Anwaar, 2014, Silicon (Si) alleviates cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from zinc (Zn) toxicity stress by limiting Zn uptake and oxidative damage, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Barceló, 1993, Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity in teosinte (Zea mays L. sp. mexicana), Plant Soil, 154, 249, 10.1007/BF00012530 Bélanger, 2003, Cytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici), Phytopathology, 93, 402, 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.4.402 Bharwana, 2013, Alleviation of lead toxicity by silicon is related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes suppressed lead uptake and oxidative stress in cotton, J. Bioremediat. Biodegrad., 4, 1 Blecker, 2006, Biologic cycling of silica across a grassland bioclimosequence, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, 10.1029/2006GB002690 Bokor, 2014, Ionome and expression level of Si transporter genes (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6) affected by Zn and Si interaction in maize, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Bokor, 2014, Silicon does not always mitigate zinc toxicity in maize, Acta Physiol. Plant., 36, 733, 10.1007/s11738-013-1451-2 Casey, 2003, Aqueous silicate complexes in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., Plant Cell Environ., 27, 51, 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01124.x CEC (Commission of the European Communities), 2002. COM(2002) 179: Communication from the commission to the council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection. Final, 35p. Chalmardi, 2014, Silicon nutrition potentiates the antioxidant metabolism of rice plants under iron toxicity, Acta Physiol. Plant., 36, 493, 10.1007/s11738-013-1430-7 Chen, 2000, Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals, Chemosphere, 41, 229, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00415-4 Chiba, 2009, HvLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter in barley, Plant J., 57, 810, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03728.x Cocker, 1998, The amelioration of aluminium toxicity by silicon in higher plants: solution chemistry or an in planta mechanism, Physiol. Plant., 104, 608, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040413.x Collin, 2014, Copper distribution and speciation in bamboo exposed to a high Cu concentration and Si supplementation. First evidence on the presence of reduced copper bound to sulfur compounds in Poaceae, Environ. Pollut., 187, 22, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.024 Collin, 2013, Effects of silicon and copper on bamboo grown hydroponically, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 6482, 10.1007/s11356-013-1703-0 Cornelis, 2011, Identification and distribution of the readily soluble silicon pool in a temperate forest soil below three distinct tree species, Plant Soil, 342, 369, 10.1007/s11104-010-0702-x Corrales, 1997, Influence of silicon pretreatment on aluminium toxicity in maize roots, Plant Soil, 190, 203, 10.1023/A:1004209828791 Côté -Beaulieu, 2009, Absorption of aqueous inorganic and organic silicon compounds by wheat and their effect on growth and powdery mildew control, Environ. Exp. Bot., 65, 155, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.09.003 da Cunha, 2009, Silicon effects on metal tolerance and structural changes in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on a cadmium and zinc enriched soil, Water Air Soil Pollut., 197, 323, 10.1007/s11270-008-9814-9 da Cunha, 2008, Silicon alleviates the toxicity of cadmium and zinc for maize (Zea mays L.) grown on contaminated soil, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 171, 849, 10.1002/jpln.200800147 Desplanques, 2006, Silicon transfers in a rice field in Camargue (France), J. Geochem. Explor., 88, 190, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.036 Ding, 2005, Silicon isotope study on rice plants from the Zhejiang province, China, Chem. Geol., 218, 41, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.018 Ding, 2008, Silicon isoope fractionation in bamboo and its significance to the biogeochemical cycle of cilicon, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 1381, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.008 do Nascimento, 2006, Phytoextraction: a review on enhanced metal availability and plant accumulation, Sci. Agric., 3, 299, 10.1590/S0103-90162006000300014 Doncheva, 2009, Silicon amelioration of manganese toxicity in Mn-sensitive and Mn-tolerant maize varieties, Environ. Exp. Bot., 65, 169, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.11.006 Dragišić Maksimović, 2007, Silicon modulates the metabolism and utilization of phenolic compounds in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown at excess manganese, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 170, 739, 10.1002/jpln.200700101 Dresler, 2015, The effect of silicon on maize growth under cadmium stress, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 62, 86, 10.1134/S1021443715010057 Ehsan, 2014, Citric acid assisted phytoremediation of Cd by Brassica napus L., Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 106, 164, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.007 Emadian, 1989, Growth enhancement of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings by silicon, J. Plant Physiol., 134, 98, 10.1016/S0176-1617(89)80209-3 Epstein, 1994, The anomaly of silicon in plant biology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11, 10.1073/pnas.91.1.11 Epstein, 1999, Silicon, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50, 641, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641 Epstein, 2009, Silicon: its manifold roles in plants, Ann. Appl. Biol., 155, 155, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00343.x Farooq, 2013, Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by silicon is related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes; suppressed cadmium uptake and oxidative stress in cotton, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 96, 242, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.006 Fauteux, 2005, Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi: mini review, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 249, 1, 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.034 Feng, 2010, Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L., Sci. Hortic., 123, 521, 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.10.013 Fleck, 2013, Silicon decreases the arsenic level in rice grain by limiting arsenite transport, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 176, 785, 10.1002/jpln.201200440 Frantz, 2011, Silicon differentially influences copper toxicity response in silicon-accumulator and non-accumulator species, J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 136, 329, 10.21273/JASHS.136.5.329 Fu, 2012, Silicon-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots, Pedosphere, 22, 795, 10.1016/S1002-0160(12)60065-4 Gill, 2015, Chromium-induced physio-chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L., Chemosphere, 120, 154, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.029 Greger, M., Landberg, T., Lux, A., Singh, B.R., 2011. Influence of Si on Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Silicon in Agriculture, Beijing, China, September 13–18. Gu, 2011, Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil, Chemosphere, 83, 1234, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.014 Gu, 2012, Silicon-mediated amelioration of zinc toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings, Plant Soil, 350, 193, 10.1007/s11104-011-0894-8 Gunes, 2007, Silicon increases boron tolerance and reduces oxidative damage of wheat grown in soil with excess boron, Biol. Plant., 51, 571, 10.1007/s10535-007-0125-6 Gunes, 2007, Silicon-mediated changes of some physiological and enzymatic parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in spinach and tomato grown in sodic-B toxic soil, Plant Soil, 290, 103, 10.1007/s11104-006-9137-9 Guntzer, 2012, Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 32, 201, 10.1007/s13593-011-0039-8 Guo, 2005, Effect of silicate on the growth and arsenate uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in solution culture, Plant Soil, 272, 173, 10.1007/s11104-004-4732-0 Guo, 2009, Arsenic uptake is suppressed in a rice mutant defective in silicon uptake, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 172, 867, 10.1002/jpln.200900060 Guo, 2006, Effect of application of silicon on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings in soil, Environ. Sci., 27, 1393 Guo, 2007, Is the effect of silicon on rice uptake of arsenate (AsV) related to internal silicon concentrations, iron plaque and phosphate nutrition?, Environ. Pollut., 148, 251, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.021 Habiba, 2015, EDTA enhanced plant growth, antioxidant defense system, and phytoextraction of copper by Brassica napus L., Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 1534, 10.1007/s11356-014-3431-5 Hammond, 1995, Aluminium/silicon interactions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings, Plant Soil, 173, 89, 10.1007/BF00155521 Hara, 1999, Ameliorative effect of silicon on aluminum injury in the rice plant, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 45, 929, 10.1080/00380768.1999.10414342 Hodson, 1995, Aluminium/silicon interactions in higher plants, J. Exp. Bot., 46, 161, 10.1093/jxb/46.2.161 Hodson, 1990, Techniques for the microanalysis of higher plants, with particular reference to silicon in cryofixed wheat tissues, Scanning Microsc., 4, 407 Hodson, 2005, Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants, Ann. Bot., 96, 1027, 10.1093/aob/mci255 Hu, 2013, Effect of silicate supplementation on the alleviation of arsenite toxicity in 93-11 (Oryza sativa L. indica), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 8579, 10.1007/s11356-013-1811-x Hussain, 2015, Exogenous application of silicon at the boot stage decreases accumulation of cadmium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains, Braz. J. Bot., 10.1007/s40415-014-0126-6 Iwasaki, 2002, Leaf apoplastic silicon enhances manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), J. Plant Physiol., 159, 167, 10.1078/0176-1617-00691 Júnior, 2010, Rice grown in nutrient solution with doses of manganese and silicon, Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo, 34, 1629, 10.1590/S0100-06832010000500016 Kabata-Pendias, 2001 Kaya, 2009, Mitigation effects of silicon on maize plants grown at high zinc, J. Plant Nutr., 32, 1788, 10.1080/01904160903152624 Keller, 2015, Effect of silicon on wheat seedlings (Triticum turgidum L.) grown in hydroponics and exposed to 0 to 30µM Cu, Planta, 241, 847, 10.1007/s00425-014-2220-1 Khandekar, 2011, Soluble silicon modulates expression of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in copper stress, J. Plant Physiol., 168, 699, 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.009 Khodarahmi, 2012, Effect of silicon nutrition on alleviating cadmium toxicity-induced damage on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at vegetative stage, J. Sci. Technol., 3, 103 Kidd, 2001, The role of root exudates in aluminum resistance and silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in three varieties of maize (Zea mays L.), J. Exp. Bot., 52, 1339 Kim, 2014, Silicon mitigates heavy metal stress by regulating P-type heavy metal ATPases, Oryza sativa low silicon genes, and endogenous phytohormones, BMC Plant Boil., 14, 13, 10.1186/1471-2229-14-13 Kovda, 1973, vol. 2 Li, 2008, Alleviation of copper toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana by silicon addition to hydroponic solutions, J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 133, 670, 10.21273/JASHS.133.5.670 Li, 2012, Silicate-mediated alleviation of Pb toxicity in banana grown in Pb-contaminated soil, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 145, 101, 10.1007/s12011-011-9165-z Li, 2013, Silicon ameliorates manganese toxicity by regulating manganese transport and antioxidant reactions in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Soil., 354, 407, 10.1007/s11104-011-1076-4 Li, 2008, Effects of several amendments on rice growth and uptake of copper and cadmium from a contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci., 20, 449, 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62078-1 Li, 2009, Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice with water management and silicon fertilization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3778, 10.1021/es803643v Li, 2014, Impact of rice cultivar and organ on elemental composition of phytoliths and the release of bio-available silicon, Front Plant Sci., 5, 10.3389/fpls.2014.00529 Liang, 2007, Mechanisms of siliconmediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: a review, Environ. Pollut., 147, 422, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.06.008 Liang, 1996, Effects of silicon on salinity tolerance of two barley cultivars, J. Plant Nutr., 19, 173, 10.1080/01904169609365115 Liang, 2005, Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil, Chemosphere, 58, 475, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.034 Liu, 2009, Foliar application of two silica sols reduced cadmium accumulation in rice grains, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 1466, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.116 Liu, 2013, Inhibition of cadmium ion uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) cells by a wall‐bound form of silicon, New Phytol., 200, 691, 10.1111/nph.12494 Liu, 2013, Silicon attenuates cadmium toxicity in Solanum nigrum L. by reducing cadmium uptake and oxidative stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 68, 1, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.018 Lu, 2014, Contrasting effects of silicates on cadmium uptake by three dicotyledonous crops grown in contaminated soil, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1 Lukacova Kulikova, 2010, Silicon influence on maize, Zea mays L., hybrids exposed to cadmium treatment, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 85, 243, 10.1007/s00128-010-0046-5 Lukacova, 2013, Silicon mitigates the Cd toxicity in maize in relation to cadmium translocation, cell distribution, antioxidant enzymes stimulation and enhanced endodermal apoplasmic barrier development, Plant Growth Regul., 70, 89, 10.1007/s10725-012-9781-4 Lux, 2003, The dynamics of silicon deposition in the sorghum root endodermis, New Phytol., 158, 437, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00764.x Ma, 2015, A hemicellulose‐bound form of silicon inhibits cadmium ion uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) cells, New Phytol., 10.1111/nph.13276 Ma, 2004, Characterization of the silicon uptake system and molecular mapping of the silicon transporter gene in rice, Plant Physiol., 136, 3284, 10.1104/pp.104.047365 Ma, 2001, Silicon as a beneficial element for crop plants, 17 Ma, 1997, Al-induced inhibition of root elongation in corn, Zea mays L., is overcome by Si addition, Plant Soil, 188, 171, 10.1023/A:1004274223516 Ma, 2002 Ma, 2006, A silicon transporter in rice, Nature, 440, 688, 10.1038/nature04590 Ma, 2006, Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants, Trends Plant Sci., 11, 392, 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.007 Ma, 2008, Functions and transport of silicon in plants, Cell Mol. Life Sci., 65, 3049, 10.1007/s00018-008-7580-x Ma, 2007, An efflux transporter of silicon in rice, Nature, 448, 209, 10.1038/nature05964 Ma, 2011, Transport of silicon from roots to panicles in plants, Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B: Phys. Biol. Sci., 87, 377, 10.2183/pjab.87.377 Maksimović, 2012, Silicon ameliorates manganese toxicity in cucumber by decreasing hydroxyl radical accumulation in the leaf apoplast, J. Exp. Bot., 63, 2411, 10.1093/jxb/err359 Malčovská, 2014, Effect of silicon on growth, photosynthesis, oxidative status and phenolic compounds of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium excess, Water Air Soil Pollut., 225, 1 Marmiroli, 2014, The effect of silicon on the uptake and translocation of arsenic in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), Environ. Exp. Bot., 99, 9, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.10.016 Masarovic, 2012, Effect of silicon application on Sorghum bicolor exposed to toxic concentration of zinc, Biologia, 67, 706, 10.2478/s11756-012-0054-5 Mehrabanjoubani, 2014, Impacts of silicon nutrition on growth and nutrient status of rice plants grown under varying zinc regimes, Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. Meunier, 1999, Biogenic silica storage in soils, Geology, 27, 835, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0835:BSSIS>2.3.CO;2 Mitani, 2005, Uptake system of silicon in different plant species, J. Exp. Bot., 56, 1255, 10.1093/jxb/eri121 Mitani, 2009, Identification of maize silicon influx transporters, Plant Cell Physiol., 50, 5, 10.1093/pcp/pcn110 Morikawa, 2002, Si amelioration of Al toxicity in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in two Andosols, Plant Soil, 240, 161, 10.1023/A:1015804401190 Naeem, 2014, Suppression of cadmium concentration in wheat grains by silicon is related to its application rate and cadmium accumulating abilities of cultivars, J. Sci. Food Agric. Nagajyoti, 2010, Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 8, 199, 10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8 Neumann, 1997, Heavy metal tolerance of Minuartia verna, J. Plant Physiol., 151, 101, 10.1016/S0176-1617(97)80044-2 Neumann, 2001, Silicon and heavy metal tolerance of higher plant, Phytochemistry, 56, 685, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00472-6 Noman, 2015, Foliar application of ascorbate enhances the physiological and biochemical attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought stress, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 10.1080/03650340.2015.1028379 Nowakowski, 1997, Silicon and copper interaction in the growth of spring wheat seedlings, Biol. Plant., 39, 463, 10.1023/A:1001009100026 Nwugo, 2008, Effects of silicon nutrition on cadmium uptake: growth and photosynthesis of rice plants exposed to lowlevel cadmium, Plant Soil, 311, 73, 10.1007/s11104-008-9659-4 Nwugo, 2010, The effect of silicon on the leaf proteome of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under cadmium-stress, J. Proteom. Res., 10, 518, 10.1021/pr100716h Oliva, 2011, Effects of silicon on copper toxicity in Erica andevalensis Cabezudo and Rivera: a potential species to remediate contaminated soils, J. Environ. Monit., 13, 591, 10.1039/c0em00549e Prabagar, 2011, Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity and cell death in suspension cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Environ. Exp. Bot., 70, 266, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.001 Putwattana, 2010, Immobilization of cadmium in soil by cow manure and silicate fertilizer, and reduced accumulation of cadmium in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), Sci. Asia, 36, 349, 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2010.36.349 Rad, 2014, Effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium accumulation and biological responses of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin), Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 45, 1918, 10.1080/00103624.2014.909835 Rains, 2006, Active silicon uptake by wheat, Plant Soil, 280, 223, 10.1007/s11104-005-3082-x Raven, 1983, The transport and function of silicon in plants, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 58, 179, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1983.tb00385.x Rizwan, 2012, Effect of silicon on reducing cadmium toxicity in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. cv. Claudio W.) grown in a soil with aged contamination, J. Hazard. Mater., 209–210, 326, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.033 Rogalla, 2002, Role of leaf apoplast in silicon-mediated manganese tolerance of Cucumic sativus L., Plant Cell Environ., 25, 549, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00835.x Sanglard, 2014, Silicon nutrition alleviates the negative impacts of arsenic on the photosynthetic apparatus of rice leaves: an analysis of the key limitations of photosynthesis, Physiol. Plant, 10.1111/ppl.12178 Sauer, 2006, Review of methodologies for extracting plant-available and amorphous Si from soils and aquatic sediments, Biogeochemistry, 80, 89, 10.1007/s10533-005-5879-3 Savant, 1997, Silicon management and sustainable rice production, Adv. Agron., 58, 151, 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60255-2 Sharma, 2009, The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance, Trends Plant Sci., 14, 43, 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.10.007 Shen, 2014, Silicon effects on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of peanut under aluminum stress, Acta Physiol. Plant., 36, 3063, 10.1007/s11738-014-1676-8 Shi, 2010, Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity in peanut plants in relation to cadmium distribution and stimulation of antioxidative enzymes, Plant Growth Regul., 61, 45, 10.1007/s10725-010-9447-z Shi, 2005, Silicon-mediated alleviation of Mn toxicity in Cucumis sativus in relation to activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, Phytochemistry, 66, 1551, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.05.006 Shi, 2005, Effect of Si on the distribution of Cd in rice seedlings, Plant Soil, 272, 53, 10.1007/s11104-004-3920-2 Shim, 2014, Stabilization of heavy metals in mining site soil with silica extracted from corn cob, Water Air Soil Pollut., 225, 1, 10.1007/s11270-014-2152-1 Singh, 2011, Influence of exogenous silicon addition on aluminium tolerance in rice seedlings, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 144, 1260, 10.1007/s12011-011-9118-6 Sommer, 2006, Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes: a review, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 169, 310, 10.1002/jpln.200521981 Song, 2014, The effect of silicon on photosynthesis and expression of its relevant genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-zinc stress, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0113782 Song, 2011, The alleviation of zinc toxicity by silicon is related to zinc transport and antioxidative reaction in rice, Plant Soil, 344, 319, 10.1007/s11104-011-0749-3 Song, 2009, Silicon-enhanced resistance to cadmium toxicity in Brassica chinensis L. is attributed to Si suppressed cadmium uptake and transport and Si-enhanced antioxidant defense capacity, J. Hazard. Mater., 172, 74, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.143 Srivastava, 2014, Exogenous application of calcium and silica alleviates cadmium toxicity, by suppressing oxidative damage in rice seedlings Suzuki, 2011, ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress, Plant Cell Environ., 35, 259, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02336.x Takahashi, 1990, The possibility of silicon as an essential element for higher plants, Comm. Agric. Food Chem., 2, 99 Tang, 2015, Effects of selenium and silicon on enhancing antioxidative capacity in ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) under cadmium stress, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4187-2 Treder, 2005, Effect of silicon application on cadmium uptake and distribution in strawberry plants grown on contaminated soils, J. Plant Nutr., 28, 917, 10.1081/PLN-200058877 Tripathi, 2012, Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent chromium, Acta Physiol. Plant., 34, 279, 10.1007/s11738-011-0826-5 Tripathi, 2012, Rice seedlings under cadmium stress: effect of silicon on growth, cadmium uptake, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and root and leaf structures, Chem. Ecol., 28, 281, 10.1080/02757540.2011.644789 Tripathi, 2015, Silicon-mediated alleviation of Cr (VI) toxicity in wheat seedlings as evidenced by chlorophyll florescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and anatomical changes, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 113, 133, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.029 Tripathi, 2013, Silicon mediates arsenic tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through lowering of arsenic uptake and improved antioxidant defence system, Ecol. Eng., 52, 96, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.057 Vaculik, 2012, Silicon modifies root anatomy, and uptake and subcellular distribution of cadmium in young maize, Ann. Bot., 110, 433, 10.1093/aob/mcs039 Vaculik, 2009, Silicon mitigates cadmium inhibitory effects in young maize plants, Environ. Exp. Bot., 67, 52, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.06.012 Vatehová, 2012, Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus, Biologia, 67, 498, 10.2478/s11756-012-0034-9 Wagner, 1993, Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health, Adv. Agric., 51, 173, 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60593-3 Wang, 2014, Foliar application with nano-silicon alleviates Cd toxicity in rice seedlings, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1 Wang, 2004, Apoplastic binding of aluminum is involved in silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in maize, Plant Physiol., 136, 3762, 10.1104/pp.104.045005 Williams, 1957, The effect of silicon on yield and manganese-54 uptake and distribution in the leaves of barley plants grown in culture solutions, Plant Physiol., 32, 404, 10.1104/pp.32.5.404 Wuana, 2011, Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation, ISRN Ecol., 10.5402/2011/402647 Yamaji, 2012, Functional characterization of a silicon transporter gene implicated in silicon distribution in barley, Plant Physiol., 160, 1491, 10.1104/pp.112.204578 Yamaji, 2008, A transporter regulating silicon distribution in rice shoots, Plant Cell, 20, 1381, 10.1105/tpc.108.059311 Yang, 1999, Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth, J Plant Nutr., 22, 693, 10.1080/01904169909365664 Ye, 2012, Effects of silicon on the distribution of cadmium compartmentation in root tips of Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong, Environ. Pollut., 162, 369, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.002 Zeng, 2011, Alleviation of chromium toxicity by silicon addition in rice plants, Agric. Sci. China, 10, 1188, 10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60109-0 Zhang, 2008, Long-term effects of exogenous silicon on cadmium translocation and toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Environ Exp Bot., 62, 300, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.10.024 Zhang, 2014, Silicon alleviation of cadmium toxicity in mangrove (Avicennia marina) in relation to cadmium compartmentation, J. Plant Growth Regul., 33, 233, 10.1007/s00344-013-9366-0 Zhang, 2013, Silicon alleviates cadmium toxicity in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. seedlings in relation to root anatomy and radial oxygen loss, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 76, 187, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.005 Zhang, 2013, Silicon mediated the detoxification of Cr on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Cr-contaminated soil, J. Food Agric. Environ., 11, 814 Zia-ur-Rehman, 2015, Remediating cadmium-contaminated soils by growing grain crops using inorganic amendments, 367