A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews - Tập 81 - Trang 536-551 - 2018
Chin Boon Ong1, Law Yong Ng2, Abdul Wahab Mohammad1,3
1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
3Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Hartley, 2006, Public perception and participation in water reuse, Desalination, 187, 115, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.072 Plumlee, 2008, Perfluorochemicals in water reuse, Chemosphere, 72, 1541, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.057 Guo, 2012, Sulfanilic acid-modified P25 TiO2 nanoparticles with improved photocatalytic degradation on Congo red under visible light, Dye Pigment, 92, 1278, 10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.09.004 Capelo-Martı́nez, 2004, Advanced oxidation processes for sample treatment in atomic spectrometry, TrAC Trends Anal Chem, 23, 331, 10.1016/S0165-9936(04)00401-7 Malato, 2002, Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot-plant scale: an overview, Appl Catal B Environ, 37, 1, 10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00315-0 Wang, 1998, A study of photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in vapor phase on TiO2 photocatalyst, Chemosphere, 36, 2763, 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10235-1 Klare, 2000, Degradation of short-chain alkyl- and alkanolamines by TiO2- and Pt/TiO2-assisted photocatalysis, Chemosphere, 41, 353, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00447-6 Cermenati, 2003, Titanium dioxide photocatalysis of adamantane, Tetrahedron, 59, 6409, 10.1016/S0040-4020(03)01092-5 Ziolli, 2003, Photochemical transformations of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil in marine waters: a comparison between photolysis and accelerated degradation with TiO2 using GC–MS and UVF, J Photochem Photobiol A Chem, 155, 243, 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00397-0 Alaton, 2001, Photochemical and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of waste vinylsulphone dyes: a case study with hydrolyzed Reactive Black 5, J Photochem Photobiol A Chem, 141, 247, 10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00440-3 Monneyron, 2003, Heterogeneous photocatalysis of butanol and methyl ethyl ketone—characterization of catalyst and dynamic study, Chem Eng Sci, 58, 971, 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00637-1 Autin, 2013, The impact of background organic matter and alkalinity on the degradation of the pesticide metaldehyde by two advanced oxidation processes: UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2, Water Res, 47, 2041, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.022 Wang, 2016, Diphenylarsinic acid contaminated soil remediation by titanium dioxide (P25) photocatalysis: degradation pathway, optimization of operating parameters and effects of soil properties, Sci Total Environ, 541, 348, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.023 Song, 2008, Surface ζ potential and photocatalytic activity of rare earths doped TiO2, J Rare Earths, 26, 693, 10.1016/S1002-0721(08)60165-9 Wang, 2008, Sunlight photocatalytic activity of polypyrrole–TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by “in situ” method, Catal Commun, 9, 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.10.027 Macák, 2005, Dye-sensitized anodic TiO2 nanotubes, Electrochem Commun, 7, 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.08.013 An, 2009, Deposition of Pt on the stable nanotubular TiO2 and its photocatalytic performance, Catal Commun, 11, 10.1016/j.catcom.2009.09.020 Wang, 2016, Enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanotube arrays for H2 production by using non-noble metal cobalt as co-catalyst, Mater Lett, 165, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.11.103 Qiu, 2008, Photocatalytic activity of polymer-modified ZnO under visible light irradiation, J Hazard Mater, 156, 80, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.114 Yogendra, 2011, A comparative study of photocatalytic activities of two different synthesized ZnO composites against Coralene red F3BS dye in presence of natural solar light, J Environ Sci Res, 1, 11 Fenoll, 2011, Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in leaching water under solar irradiation, Chemosphere, 85, 1262, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.022 Torrades, 2003, Experimental design of Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions for the treatment of cellulose bleaching effluents, Chemosphere, 53, 1211, 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00579-4 Muñoz, 2005, Environmental assessment of different solar driven advanced oxidation processes, Sol Energy, 79, 369, 10.1016/j.solener.2005.02.014 Rodriguez, 2011, Effectiveness of AOP's on abatement of emerging pollutants and their oxidation intermediates: nicotine removal with Fenton's reagent, Desalination, 280, 108, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.055 Molinari, 2013, 21 – photocatalytic membrane reactors: configurations, performance and applications in water treatment and chemical production, Handb Membr React, 808, 10.1533/9780857097347.4.808 Alfano, 2000, Photocatalysis in water environments using artificial and solar light, Catal Today, 58, 199, 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00252-2 Choi, 2012, Preparation of disk shaped ZnO particles using surfactant and their PL properties, Mater Lett, 75, 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.031 Gharoy Ahangar, 2015, Preparation and characterization of PVA/ZnO nanocomposite, J Food Process Preserv, 39, 1442, 10.1111/jfpp.12363 Al-Fori, 2014, Antifouling properties of zinc oxide nanorod coatings, Biofouling, 30, 871, 10.1080/08927014.2014.942297 Liang, 2012, A novel ZnO nanoparticle blended polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for anti-irreversible fouling, J Memb Sci, 394, 184, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.040 Herrmann, 1999, Heterogeneous photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants, Catal Today, 53, 115, 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00107-8 Rajamanickam, 2016, Photocatalytic degradation of an organic pollutant by zinc oxide – solar process, Arab J Chem, 9, S1858, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.05.006 Rauf, 2009, Fundamental principles and application of heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of dyes in solution, Chem Eng J, 151, 10, 10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.026 Meng, 2013, Synthesis of rod-cluster ZnO nanostructures and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells, Appl Surf Sci, 268, 561, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.171 Manzoor, 2009, Size control of ZnO nanostructures formed in different temperature zones by varying Ar flow rate with tunable optical properties, Phys E Low-Dimens Syst Nanostruct, 41, 500, 10.1016/j.physe.2008.09.012 Jimenez-Cadena, 2010, Synthesis of different ZnO nanostructures by modified PVD process and potential use for dye-sensitized solar cells, Mater Chem Phys, 124, 694, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.07.035 Ng, 2013, Integrated miniature fluorescent probe to leverage the sensing potential of ZnO quantum dots for the detection of copper(II) ions, Talanta, 116, 514, 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.031 Desai, 2007, Mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires, Sens Actuators A Phys, 134, 169, 10.1016/j.sna.2006.04.046 Zavar, 2017, A novel three component synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes derivatives using nano ZnO catalyst, Arab J Chem, 10, S67, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.07.011 Hassan, 2013, One-dimensional ZnO nanostructure growth prepared by thermal evaporation on different substrates: ultraviolet emission as a function of size and dimensionality, Ceram Int, 39, 7439, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.02.088 Ju, 2014, Direct hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanosheets on electrode for ethanol sensing, Sens Actuators B Chem, 201, 444, 10.1016/j.snb.2014.04.072 Yue, 2009, Synthesis of three-dimensional ZnO superstructures by a one-pot solution process, Mater Chem Phys, 117, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.05.010 Jang, 2006, Fine tuning of the face orientation of ZnO crystals to optimize their photocatalytic activity, Adv Mater, 18, 3309, 10.1002/adma.200601455 Luo, 2014, Ethanol sensing enhancement by optimizing ZnO nanostructure: from 1D nanorods to 3D nanoflower, 137 Qi, 2013, Simple synthesis of flower-like ZnO by a dextran assisted solution route and their photocatalytic degradation property, Mater Lett, 107, 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.06.054 Xie, 2013, Tunable synthesis of ordered zinc oxide nanoflower-like arrays, J Colloid Interface Sci, 395, 85, 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.028 Zhang, 2014, Effect of aspect ratio and surface defects on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods, Sci Rep, 4, 4596, 10.1038/srep04596 Zhang, 2012, Synthesis, characterization, and applications of ZnO nanowires, J Nanomater, 2012, 1 Li, 2006, Size effects on the band-gap of semiconductor compounds, Mater Lett, 60, 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.01.032 Banerjee, 2012, Zinc oxide nano-particles – sonochemical synthesis, characterization and application for photo-remediation of heavy metal, Ultrason Sonochem, 19, 85, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.007 Wang, 2013, Hydrothermal synthesis of dumbbell-shaped ZnO microstructures, Ceram Int, 39, 8969, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.096 Fang, 2013, Optical properties and photocatalytic activities of spherical ZnO and flower-like ZnO structures synthesized by facile hydrothermal method, J Alloy Compd, 575, 359, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.05.183 Chandrasekaran, 2012, The effect of various capping agents on the surface modifications of sol–gel synthesised ZnO nanoparticles, J Alloy Compd, 540, 89, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.06.032 Lim, 2011, Preparation of ZnO nanorods by microemulsion synthesis and their application as a CO gas sensor, Sens Actuators B Chem, 160, 94, 10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.018 Wan, 2012, Solvothermal synthesis of core–shell ZnO hollow microhemispheres, Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp, 396, 46, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.12.039 Jiao, 2013, Controlled morphology evolution of ZnO nanostructures in the electrochemical deposition: from the point of view of chloride ions, Electrochim Acta, 111, 64, 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.050 Yue, 2009, Controlled growth of well-aligned hierarchical ZnO arrays by a wet chemical method, Mater Lett, 63, 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.055 Ushio, 1993, Synthesis of ZnO single crystals by the flux method, J Mater Sci, 28, 218, 10.1007/BF00349054 Wu, 2006, Preparation of zinc oxide nanofibers by electrospinning, J Am Ceram Soc, 89, 699, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00735.x Hasanpoor, 2015, Microwave-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Procedia Mater Sci, 11, 320, 10.1016/j.mspro.2015.11.101 Lee, 2008, ZnO nanoparticles with controlled shapes and sizes prepared using a simple polyol synthesis, Superlattices Microstruct, 43, 330, 10.1016/j.spmi.2008.01.004 Vafaee, 2007, Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles by a novel sol–gel route, Mater Lett, 61, 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.11.089 Köse, 2015, A facile synthesis of zinc oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite lithium ion battery anodes by sol–gel method, J Power Sources, 295, 235, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.135 Davar, 2011, Synthesis and characterization of spinel-type zinc aluminate nanoparticles by a modified sol–gel method using new precursor, J Alloy Compd, 509, 2487, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.058 Ciciliati, 2015, Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis by a modified sol–gel method and characterization, Mater Lett, 159, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.06.023 Ba-Abbad, 2013, Visible light photocatalytic activity of Fe3+-doped ZnO nanoparticle prepared via sol–gel technique, Chemosphere, 91, 1604, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.055 Jiang, 2012, Optical waveguide based on ZnO nanowires prepared by a thermal evaporation process, J Alloy Compd, 532, 31, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.03.114 Ma, 2010, Room temperature growth and properties of ZnO films by pulsed laser deposition, Appl Surf Sci, 257, 1310, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.08.057 Ouyang, 2008, Catalyst-free synthesis of macro-scale ZnO nanonail arrays on Si substrate by simple physical vapor deposition, Mater Lett, 62, 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.12.051 Zhang, 2009, Novel rose-like ZnO nanoflowers synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, Mater Lett, 63 Lee, 2013, Thickness dependence of microstructure and properties of ZnO thin films deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using ultrasonic nebulization, Thin Solid Films, 546, 38, 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.029 Hu, 2012, Highly formaldehyde-sensitive, transition-metal doped ZnO nanorods prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, Sens Actuators B Chem, 169, 74, 10.1016/j.snb.2012.03.035 Wang, 2009, Effect of the oxygen pressure on the microstructure and optical properties of ZnO films prepared by laser molecular beam epitaxy, Phys B Condens Matter, 404, 4075, 10.1016/j.physb.2009.07.165 Tang, 2007, Synthesis of two kinds of ZnO nanostructures by vapor phase method, Mater Lett, 61, 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.06.085 Sobczyk-Guzenda, 2013, Photocatalytic activity of thin TiO2 films deposited using sol–gel and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition methods, Ceram Int, 39, 2787, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.09.046 Anand, 2015, Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis by electrochemical method: optimization of parameters for maximization of productivity and characterization, J Alloy Compd, 636, 288, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.189 Šarić, 2015, Solvothermal synthesis of zinc oxide microspheres, J Alloy Compd, 652, 91, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.200 Ghosh, 2014, Facile sonochemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanoflakes at room temperature, Mater Lett, 130, 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.112 Laurenti, 2015, Zinc oxide nanostructures by chemical vapour deposition as anodes for Li-ion batteries, J Alloy Compd, 640, 321, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.222 Kumar, 2011, A novel approach for the synthesis of nanocrystalline zinc oxide powders by room temperature co-precipitation method, Mater Lett, 65, 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.04.015 Samanta, 2013, Wet chemical growth and optical property of ZnO nanodiscs, Opt – Int J Light Electron Opt, 124, 2871, 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.08.066 Ba-Abbad, 2013, Optimization of process parameters using D-optimal design for synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via sol–gel technique, J Ind Eng Chem, 19, 99, 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.010 Morkoç H, Özgür Ü General properties of ZnO. Zinc oxide. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; n.d., p. 1–76. 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527623945.ch1〉. Özgür, 2013, Chapter 16 – zinc oxide materials and devices grown by MBE, Mol Beam Epitaxy, 369, 10.1016/B978-0-12-387839-7.00016-6 Boukos, 2012, Zinc vacancies and interstitials in ZnO nanorods, Thin Solid Films, 520, 4654, 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.10.138 Zhang, 2001, Intrinsic n-type versus p-type doping asymmetry and the defect physics of ZnO, Phys Rev B, 63, 75205, 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.075205 Collins TC, Hauenstein RJ. Fundamental properties of ZnO. Zinc Oxide Mater. Electron. Optoelectron. Device Appl. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011, p. 1–28. 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119991038.ch1〉. Duan, 2012, Annealing effects on properties of Ag–N dual-doped ZnO films, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 10064, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.06.075 Mereu, 2013, Synthesis and characterization of undoped, Al and/or Ho doped ZnO thin films, Ceram Int, 39, 5535, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.067 Yu, 2013, Crystallinity-dependent substitutional nitrogen doping in ZnO and its improved visible light photocatalytic activity, J Colloid Interface Sci, 400, 18, 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.02.046 Di Valentin, 2013, Trends in non-metal doping of anatase TiO2: B, C, N and F, Catal Today, 206, 12, 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.11.030 Bechambi, 2015, Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A in the presence of C-doped ZnO: effect of operational parameters and photodegradation mechanism, J Ind Eng Chem, 32, 201, 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.08.017 Nenavathu, 2013, Synthesis, characterization and enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticles using trypan blue as a model dye, Appl Catal A Gen, 459, 106, 10.1016/j.apcata.2013.04.001 Sirelkhatim, 2015, Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism, Nano-Micro Lett, 7, 219, 10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x Hosseini, 2015, Effect of Ag doping on structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles, J Alloy Compd, 640, 408, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.136 Rezaei, 2013, Simple and large scale refluxing method for preparation of Ce-doped ZnO nanostructures as highly efficient photocatalyst, Appl Surf Sci, 265, 591, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.053 Yayapao, 2013, Sonochemical synthesis, photocatalysis and photonic properties of 3% Ce-doped ZnO nanoneedles, Ceram Int, 39, S563, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.10.136 Yayapao, 2013, Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of Nd-doped ZnO for photocatalysis, Mater Lett, 90, 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.027 Song, 2012, First principles study of band gap of Cu doped ZnO single-wall nanotube modulated by impurity concentration and concentration gradient, Comput Mater Sci, 65, 175, 10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.07.031 Ahmad, 2013, Preparation of highly efficient Al-doped ZnO photocatalyst by combustion synthesis, Curr Appl Phys, 13, 697, 10.1016/j.cap.2012.11.008 Yun, 2010, Improvement of ZnO nanorod-based dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency by Al-doping, J Phys Chem Solids, 71, 1724, 10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.08.020 Phuruangrat, 2013, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis, characterization and optical property of 0–3wt% Sn-doped ZnO, Mater Lett, 91, 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.091 Zhu, 2015, High-performance self-powered/active humidity sensing of Fe-doped ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator, Sens Actuators B Chem, 213, 382, 10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.119 Wang, 2004, The characteristics and photocatalytic activities of silver doped ZnO nanocrystallites, Appl Surf Sci, 227, 312, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2003.12.012 Saleh, 2014, Transition-metal-doped ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity under UV light, Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 130, 581, 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.089 Lee, 2016, Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: a review, Water Res, 88, 428, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.045 Reza M. Coupled semiconductor metal oxide nanocomposites: types, synthesis conditions and properties. Adv. Compos. Mater. Med. Nanotechnol. InTech; 2011. 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/14357〉. Lin, 2012, Preparation of coupled ZnO/SnO2 photocatalysts using a rotating packed bed, Chem Eng J, 181, 196, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.062 Johra, 2015, RGO–TiO2–ZnO composites: synthesis, characterization, and application to photocatalysis, Appl Catal A Gen, 491, 52, 10.1016/j.apcata.2014.11.036 Nur, 2007, Stannic oxide-titanium dioxide coupled semiconductor lhotocatalyst loaded with polyaniline for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of 1-octene, Int J Photoenergy, 2007, 1, 10.1155/2007/98548 Chiang, 2013, Photocatalytic decolorization of methylene blue in aqueous solutions using coupled ZnO/SnO2 photocatalysts, Powder Technol, 246, 137, 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.033 Yang, 2012, Preparation and characterization of SnO2/ZnO/TiO2 composite semiconductor with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 8704, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.05.078 Wang, 2009, High photocatalytic activity of silver-loaded ZnO-SnO2 coupled catalysts, Chem Eng J, 146, 355, 10.1016/j.cej.2008.06.016 Zhang, 2004, Preparation and photocatalytic properties of a nanometer ZnO–SnO2 coupled oxide, Appl Catal A Gen, 260, 215, 10.1016/j.apcata.2003.10.025 Moradi, 2016, The effect of different molar ratios of ZnO on characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite, J Saudi Chem Soc, 20, 373, 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.08.002 Li, 2014, Preparation and characterization of regenerated cellulose/TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites and its photocatalytic activity, Mater Lett, 117, 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.12.009 Zhu, 2012, Effective photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange utilizing TiO2/ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite films under simulated solar irradiation, Desalination, 286, 41, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.10.036 Liu, 2013, Co3O4/ZnO nanocomposites for gas-sensing applications, Appl Surf Sci, 265, 379, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.016 Huang, 2012, Low temperature synthesis and photocatalytic properties of highly oriented ZnO/TiO2−xNy coupled photocatalysts, Appl Catal B Environ, 123, 9, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.04.010 Wang, 2004, Enhanced photocatalytic performance of nanosized coupled ZnO/SnO2 photocatalysts for methyl orange degradation, J Photochem Photobiol A Chem, 168, 47, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.05.014 Chang, 2016, Efficient synthesis of sunlight-driven ZnO-based heterogeneous photocatalysts, Mater Des, 98, 324, 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.027 Fan, 2012, ZnO–graphene composite for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, Catal Commun, 29, 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.09.013 Iftekhar Uddin, 2015, Low temperature acetylene gas sensor based on Ag nanoparticles-loaded ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid, Sens Actuators B Chem, 207, 362, 10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.091 Stoller, 2008, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett, 8, 3498, 10.1021/nl802558y Balandin, 2008, Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene, Nano Lett, 8, 902, 10.1021/nl0731872 Bolotin, 2008, Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene, Solid State Commun, 146, 10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024 Lee, 2008, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene, Science, 80-, 321 Paulchamy, 2015, A simple approach to stepwise synthesis of graphene oxide nanomaterial, J Nanomed Li, 2012, ZnO/graphene-oxide nanocomposite with remarkably enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance, J Colloid Interface Sci, 377, 114, 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.060 Liu, 2012, Microwave-assisted non-aqueous route to deposit well-dispersed ZnO nanocrystals on reduced graphene oxide sheets with improved photoactivity for the decolorization of dyes under visible light, Appl Catal B Environ, 125, 425, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.016 Fu, 2013, Seed-mediated synthesis and the photo-degradation activity of ZnO–graphene hybrids excluding the influence of dye adsorption, Appl Surf Sci, 283, 654, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.003 Liu, 2013, Graphene facilitated visible light photodegradation of methylene blue over titanium dioxide photocatalysts, Chem Eng J, 214, 298, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.10.058 Zhou, 2012, Hydrothermal preparation of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid with high performance in photocatalytic degradation, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 6204, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.02.131 Bosch-Navarro, 2012, Influence of the pH on the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide under hydrothermal conditions, Nanoscale, 4, 3977, 10.1039/c2nr30605k Steplin Paul Selvin, 2017, Visible light driven photodegradation of Rhodamine B using cysteine capped ZnO/GO nanocomposite as photocatalyst, J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 1 Zhang, 2007, Controllable synthesis of flower- and rod-like ZnO nanostructures by simply tuning the ratio of sodium hydroxide to zinc acetate, Nanotechnology, 18, 75606, 10.1088/0957-4484/18/7/075606 Gupta, 2011, Defect mediated photocatalytic activity in shape-controlled ZnO nanostructures, J Alloy Compd, 509, 6725, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.157 Akir, 2016, Eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with different morphologies and their visible light photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Rhodamine B, Ceram Int, 42, 10259, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.153 Becker, 2011, Tuning of the crystallite and particle sizes of ZnO nanocrystalline materials in solvothermal synthesis and their photocatalytic activity for dye degradation, J Phys Chem C, 115, 13844, 10.1021/jp2038653 Ong, 2017, Solar photocatalytic degradation of hazardous Congo red using low-temperature synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Process Saf Environ Prot, 104, 549, 10.1016/j.psep.2016.04.006 Hong, 2006, Synthesis and surface modification of ZnO nanoparticles, Chem Eng J, 119, 71, 10.1016/j.cej.2006.03.003 Farzi, 2015, Surface modification of ZnO nano-particles with trimetoxyvinyl silane and oleic acid and studying their dispersion in organic media, Int J Nano Dimens, 6, 67 Sperling, 2010, Surface modification, functionalization and bioconjugation of colloidal inorganic nanoparticles, Philos Trans R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng Sci, 368 Zhang, 2012, Tuning photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanorods via surface modification, Mater Chem Phys, 137, 622, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.09.065 Hong, 2009, Synthesis, surface modification and photocatalytic property of ZnO nanoparticles, Powder Technol, 189, 426, 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.07.004 Luo, 2013, Ligand exchange of colloidal ZnO nanocrystals from the high temperature and nonaqueous approach, Nano-Micro Lett, 5, 274, 10.1007/BF03353758 Kwon, 2014, Effects of surface-modifying ligands on the colloidal stability of ZnO nanoparticle dispersions in in vitro cytotoxicity test media, Int J Nanomed, 9, S57 Kango, 2013, Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—a review, Prog Polym Sci, 38, 1232, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.02.003 Kuriakose, 2013, Structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of flower-like ZnO nanostructures prepared by a facile wet chemical method, Beilstein J Nanotechnol, 4, 763, 10.3762/bjnano.4.87 Ong, 2014, Enhanced daylight-induced photocatalytic activity of solvent exfoliated graphene (SEG)/ZnO hybrid nanocomposites toward degradation of Reactive Black 5, Ind Eng Chem Res, 53, 17333, 10.1021/ie5027088 Rong, 2001, Structure–property relationships of irradiation grafted nano-inorganic particle filled polypropylene composites, Polymer, 42, 167, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00325-6 Mahmood, 2011, Enhanced visible light photocatalysis by manganese doping or rapid crystallization with ZnO nanoparticles, Mater Chem Phys, 130, 531, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.07.018 Umar, 2015, Synthesis, characterization of Mo and Mn doped ZnO and their photocatalytic activity for the decolorization of two different chromophoric dyes, Appl Catal A Gen, 505, 507, 10.1016/j.apcata.2015.02.001 Ullah, 2008, Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles, J Hazard Mater, 156, 194, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.033 Rekha, 2010, Structural, optical, photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide and manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, Phys B Condens Matter, 405, 3180, 10.1016/j.physb.2010.04.042 Jongnavakit, 2012, Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Cu-doped ZnO thin films prepared by the sol–gel method, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 8192, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.05.021 Fu, 2011, Sol–gel preparation and enhanced photocatalytic performance of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 1587, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.10.003 Thennarasu, 2016, Enhanced visible photocatalytic activity of cotton ball like nano structured Cu doped ZnO for the degradation of organic pollutant, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 134, 412, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.10.030 Mittal, 2014, UV–Visible light induced photocatalytic studies of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method, Sol Energy, 110, 386, 10.1016/j.solener.2014.09.026 Mohan, 2012, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cu-doped ZnO nanorods, Solid State Commun, 152, 10.1016/j.ssc.2011.12.008 He, 2012, Co-doped ZnO nanopowders: location of cobalt and reduction in photocatalytic activity, Mater Chem Phys, 132, 1035, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.12.061 Shinde, 2012, Oxidative degradation of acid orange 7 using Ag-doped zinc oxide thin films, J Photochem Photobiol B, 117, 262, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.10.011 Whang, 2012, Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue with laser-induced Ag/ZnO nanoparticles, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 2796, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.10.134 Divband, 2013, Synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanostructures by different methods and investigation of their photocatalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol degradation, Appl Surf Sci, 284, 80, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.015 Zhong, 2012, Improved photocatalytic performance of Pd-doped ZnO, Curr Appl Phys, 12, 998, 10.1016/j.cap.2012.01.003 Khalil, 2011, Augmented photocatalytic activity of palladium incorporated ZnO nanoparticles in the disinfection of Escherichia coli microorganism from water, Appl Catal A Gen, 402, 162, 10.1016/j.apcata.2011.05.041 Sanoop, 2016, Synthesis of yttrium doped nanocrystalline ZnO and its photocatalytic activity in methylene blue degradation, Arab J Chem, 9, S1618, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.023 Ahmad, 2013, Structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of hafnium doped zinc oxide nanophotocatalyst, Ceram Int, 39, 8693, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.051 Wang, 2015, Structure, luminescence and photocatalytic activity of Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by auto combustion method, Mater Sci Semicond Process, 29, 372, 10.1016/j.mssp.2014.07.034 Selvam, 2013, Pure and Mg-doped self-assembled ZnO nano-particles for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol, J Environ Sci, 25, 2157, 10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60277-0 Ivetić, 2014, Effect of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic efficiency in alprazolam degradation, Ceram Int, 40, 1545, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.041 Jia, 2011, Solid state synthesis of tin-doped ZnO at room temperature: characterization and its enhanced gas sensing and photocatalytic properties, J Hazard Mater, 193, 194, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.049 Kaneva, 2011, Effect of nickel doping on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO thin films under UV and visible light, Appl Surf Sci, 257, 8113, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.04.119 Zhong, 2012, Fabrication of Bi3+-doped ZnO with enhanced photocatalytic performance, Appl Surf Sci, 258, 4929, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.01.121 Su, 2013, Evaluation of the microstructural and photocatalytic properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide coatings deposited by plasma spraying, Thin Solid Films, 544, 170, 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.03.129 Faisal, 2013, Highly efficient photocatalyst based on Ce doped ZnO nanorods: controllable synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity, Chem Eng J, 229, 225, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.004 Karunakaran, 2010, Preparation and characterization of antimicrobial Ce-doped ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide, Mater Chem Phys, 123, 585, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.05.019 Kumar, 2012, Nd-doped ZnO as a multifunctional nanomaterial, J Rare Earths, 30, 761, 10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60126-4 Zhao, 2014, Optical properties and photocatalytic activity of Nd-doped ZnO powders, Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China, 24, 1434, 10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63209-X Zong, 2014, Synthesis and high photocatalytic activity of Eu-doped ZnO nanoparticles, Ceram Int, 40, 10375, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.02.123 Sin, 2013, Photocatalytic performance of novel samarium-doped spherical-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructures under visible light irradiation for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation, J Colloid Interface Sci, 401, 40, 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.043 Sin, 2013, Preparation and photocatalytic properties of visible light-driven samarium-doped ZnO nanorods, Ceram Int, 39, 5833, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.01.004 Suwanboon, 2013, Optical and photocatalytic properties of La-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared via precipitation and mechanical milling method, Ceram Int, 39, 2811, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.09.050 Anandan, 2007, Photocatalytic activity of La-doped ZnO for the degradation of monocrotophos in aqueous suspension, J Mol Catal A Chem, 266, 149, 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.11.008 Khataee, 2015, Sonocatalytic degradation of a textile dye over Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through sonochemical process, Ultrason Sonochem, 23, 219, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.08.023 Haibo, 2013, Synthesis of carbon doped ZnO with a porous structure and its solar-light photocatalytic properties, Mater Lett, 111, 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.08.081 Patil, 2010, Ecofriendly synthesis and solar photocatalytic activity of S-doped ZnO, J Hazard Mater, 183, 315, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.026 Wu, 2014, Facile one-step synthesis of N-doped ZnO micropolyhedrons for efficient photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde under visible-light irradiation, Appl Surf Sci, 319, 237, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.217 Rajbongshi, 2014, Influence of N-doping on photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles under visible light irradiation, Mater Lett, 134, 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.073 Gu, 2013, Investigation of defects in N-doped ZnO powders prepared by a facile solvothermal method and their UV photocatalytic properties, Mater Res Bull, 48, 4699, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.034 Prieto-Rodriguez, 2012, Treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents by solar photocatalysis using low TiO2 concentrations, J Hazard Mater, 211, 131, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.008 Han, 2012, Comparative photocatalytic degradation of estrone in water by ZnO and TiO2 under artificial UVA and solar irradiation, Chem Eng J, 213, 150, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.066 Sarasidis, 2014, Investigation of diclofenac degradation in a continuous photo-catalytic membrane reactor. Influence of operating parameters, Chem Eng J, 239, 299, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.026 Hairom, 2014, Effect of various zinc oxide nanoparticles in membrane photocatalytic reactor for Congo red dye treatment, Sep Purif Technol, 137, 74, 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.09.027 Mozia, 2010, Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) in water and wastewater treatment. A review, Sep Purif Technol, 73, 71, 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.03.021 Song, 2012, Natural organic matter removal and flux decline with PEG–TiO2-doped PVDF membranes by integration of ultrafiltration with photocatalysis, J Memb Sci, 405, 48, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.063 Zhang, 2014, Recent progresses on fabrication of photocatalytic membranes for water treatment, Catal Today, 230, 47, 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.11.019 Kim, 2010, The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment, Environ Pollut, 158, 2335, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.024 Song, 2014, The removal of natural organic matter with LiCl–TiO2-doped PVDF membranes by integration of ultrafiltration with photocatalysis, Desalination, 344, 412, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.04.012 Hu, 2013, Decoloring methyl orange under sunlight by a photocatalytic membrane reactor based on ZnO nanoparticles and polypropylene macroporous membrane, Int J Polym Sci, 2013, 1, 10.1155/2013/451398 Mascolo, 2007, Photocatalytic degradation of methyl red by TiO2: comparison of the efficiency of immobilized nanoparticles versus conventional suspended catalyst, J Hazard Mater, 142, 130, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.068 Kacem, 2014, Kinetics and efficiency displayed by supported and suspended TiO2 catalysts applied to the disinfection of Escherichia coli, Chin J Catal, 35, 1571, 10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60212-6 Brezova, 1994, Photocatalytic degradation of p-toluenesulphonic acid in aqueous systems containing powdered and immobilized titanium dioxide, J Photochem Photobiol A, 83, 69, 10.1016/1010-6030(94)03804-X Mansilla, 2006, Photocatalytic EDTA degradation on suspended and immobilized TiO2, J Photochem Photobiol A Chem, 181, 188, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.11.023 Dijkstra, 2001, Comparison of the efficiency of immobilized and suspended systems in photocatalytic degradation, Catal Today, 66, 487, 10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00257-7