Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression

Avitsur, 2001, Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in subordinate animals, Horm. Behav., 39, 247, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1653 Baumeister, 1995, The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, Psychol. Bull., 117, 497, 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 Beck, 1967 Beck, 2008, The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates, Am. J. Psychiatry, 165, 969, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721 Bierhaus, 2003, A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation, PNAS, 100, 1920, 10.1073/pnas.0438019100 Blackburn, 1991, Structure and function of telomeres, Nature, 350, 569, 10.1038/350569a0 Blatt, 2004 Bowlby, 1980 Brown, 1978 Capuron, 2004, Cytokines and Psychopathology: Lessons from Interferon-α, Biol. Psychiatry, 56, 819, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.009 Capuron, 2005, Anterior cingulate activation and error processing during interferon-alpha treatment, Biol. Psychiatry, 58, 190, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.033 Caspi, 2003, Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene, Science, 301, 386, 10.1126/science.1083968 Cherkas, 2006, The effects of social status on biological aging as measured by white-blood-cell telomere length, Aging Cell, 5, 361, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00222.x Choi, 2008, Reduced telomerase activity in human T lymphocytes exposed to cortisol, Brain Behav. Immun., 22, 600, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.004 Cole, 2007, Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes, Genome Biol., 8, R189, 10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r189 Dagarag, 2004, Genetic manipulation of telomerase in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: enhanced antiviral functions accompany the increased proliferative potential and telomere length stabilization, J. Immunol., 173, 6303, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6303 Damjanovic, 2007, Accelerated telomere erosion is associated with a declining immune function of caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients, J. Immunol., 179, 4249, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4249 Danese, 2008, Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 409, 10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.409 Dannlowski, 2008, 5-HTTLPR biases amygdala activity in response to masked facial expressions in major depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 418, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301411 Dantzer, 2008, From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 9, 46, 10.1038/nrn2297 Denson, 2009, Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: a meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions, Psychol. Bull., 135, 823, 10.1037/a0016909 Dickerson, 2009, Social-evaluative threat and proinflammatory cytokine regulation: an experimental laboratory investigation, Psychol. Sci., 20, 1237, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02437.x Dickerson, 2004, Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research, Psychol. Bull., 130, 355, 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 Dickerson, 2004, Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt, Psychosom. Med., 66, 124, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000097338.75454.29 Eisenberger, 2009, An fMRI study of cytokine-induced depressed mood and social pain: the role of sex differences, Neuroimage, 47, 881, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.040 Elenkov, 2000, Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: clinical implications, Proc. Assoc. Am. Phys., 108, 374 Elenkov, 2000, The sympathetic nerve—an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system, Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 595 Epel, 2004, Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress, PNAS, 101, 17312, 10.1073/pnas.0407162101 Freud, S., 1957. Mourning and melancholia, in: Strachey, J. (Ed. and Trans.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 14. Hogarth Press, London, pp. 243–258 (Original work published 1917). Gilbert, 1992 Glaser, 2003, Mild depressive symptoms are associated with amplified and prolonged inflammatory responses after influenza virus vaccination in older adults, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 60, 1009, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1009 Goodman, 2009, Depression and early adverse experiences, 249 Gotlib, 2008, HPA axis reactivity: a mechanism underlying the associations among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression, Biol. Psychiatry, 63, 847, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.008 Gruenewald, 2004, Acute threat to the social self: shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity, Psychosom. Med., 66, 915, 10.1097/01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef Hammen, 2005, Stress and depression, Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 1, 293, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938 Harkness, 2006, The role of childhood abuse and neglect in the sensitization to stressful life events in adolescent depression, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 115, 730, 10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.730 Harrison, 2009, Inflammation causes mood changes through alterations in subgenual cingulate activity and mesolimbic connectivity, Biol. Psychiatry, 66, 407, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015 Heim, 2000, Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood, JAMA, 284, 592, 10.1001/jama.284.5.592 Kemeny, 2003, The psychobiology of stress, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 12, 124, 10.1111/1467-8721.01246 Kemeny, 2009, Psychobiological responses to social threat: evolution of a psychological model in psychoneuroimmunology, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 1, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.008 Kendler, 2003, Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 60, 789, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.789 Kendler, 1995, Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women, Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 833, 10.1176/ajp.152.6.833 Kessler, 2010, Age differences in major depression: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Psychol. Med., 40, 225, 10.1017/S0033291709990213 Kiecolt-Glaser, 2002, Depression and immune function: central pathways to morbidity and mortality, J. Psychosom. Res., 53, 873, 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00309-4 Lieberman, 2009, Neuroscience. Pains and pleasures of social life, Science, 323, 890, 10.1126/science.1170008 Lupien, 2009, Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 434, 10.1038/nrn2639 Mazure, 1998, Life stressors as risk factors in depression, Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract., 5, 291, 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00151.x Mendes, 2008, How attributional ambiguity shapes physiological and emotional responses to social rejection and acceptance, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 94, 278, 10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.278 Miller, 2009, Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression, Biol. Psychiatry, 65, 732, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 Miller, 2009, Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later, Psychosom. Med., 71, 57, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318190d7de Monroe, 2008, Gene-environment interactions in depression research: genetic polymorphisms and life-stress polyprocedures, Psychol. Sci., 19, 947, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02181.x Monroe, 1999, Life events and depression in adolescence: relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 108, 606, 10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.606 Monroe, 2009, The social environment and life stress in depression, 340 Monroe, 2007, Severe life events predict specific patterns of change in cognitive biases in major depression, Psychol. Med., 37, 863, 10.1017/S0033291707000281 Monroe, 2007, Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 116, 116, 10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.116 Munafò, 2008, Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: a meta-analysis, Biol. Psychiatry, 63, 852, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.016 O’Connor, 2009, When grief heats up: pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation, Neuroimage, 47, 891, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049 O’Donovan, 2008, Access to social support in life and in the laboratory: combined impact on cardiovascular reactivity to stress and state anxiety, J. Health Psychol., 13, 1147, 10.1177/1359105308095968 O’Donovan, 2009, Pessimism correlates with leukocyte telomere shortness and elevated interleukin-6 in post-menopausal women, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 446, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.006 Padgett, 2003, How stress influences the immune response, Trends Immunol., 24, 444, 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X Parks, 2009, Telomere length, current perceived stress, and urinary stress hormones in women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 18, 551, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0614 Post, 1992, Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 149, 999, 10.1176/ajp.149.8.999 Raison, 2006, Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression, Trends Immunol., 27, 24, 10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 Risch, 2009, Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 301, 2462, 10.1001/jama.2009.878 Rohleder, 2008, The psychobiology of trait shame in young women: extending the social self preservation theory, Health Psychol., 27, 523, 10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.523 Rutter, 2009, Gene-environment interactions: biologically valid pathway or artifact?, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 66, 1287, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167 Sapolsky, 2000, How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions, Endocrine Rev., 21, 55, 10.1210/er.21.1.55 Selye, 1956 Shrout, 1989, Characterizing life events as risk factors for depression: the role of fateful loss events, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 98, 460, 10.1037/0021-843X.98.4.460 Simon, 2006, Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging, Biol. Psychiatry, 60, 432, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.004 Slavich, 2009, Targeted rejection predicts hastened onset of major depression, J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 28, 223, 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.223 Slavich, G.M., Monroe, S.M., Gotlib, I.H., 2010. Early adversity and depression history: associations with recent life stress in major depressive disorder, under review. Stark, 2001, Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in macrophages, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 280, 1799, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.R1799 Uher, 2010, The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update, Mol. Psychiatry, 15, 18, 10.1038/mp.2009.123 Weiner, 1992 Wirtz, 2006, Low social support and poor emotional regulation are associated with increased stress hormone reactivity to mental stress in systemic hypertension, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91, 3857, 10.1210/jc.2005-2586 Yirmiya, 2000, Illness, cytokines, and depression, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 917, 478, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05412.x