R&D in the metallurgical industry toward the 21st century

Statistical Abstract of the United States, 115th ed. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). citation_journal_title=J. Metals; citation_author=J.W. Evans, J. Szekely; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=40-44; citation_id=CR2 Employment Projections for 1995 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1984). citation_inbook_title=Copper Smelting—an Update; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=33-39; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=T.J. Kim; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Flash Reaction Processes; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=1-17; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=D.E. Holt; citation_publisher=U. of Missouri-Rolla citation_inbook_title=Copper Smelting—an Update; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=51-76; citation_id=CR6; citation_author=T. Suzuki; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper Smelting—an Update; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=213-236; citation_id=CR7; citation_author=P.J. Mackey; citation_author=J.B. Bailey; citation_author=G.D. Hallett; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper Smelting—an Update; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=41-49; citation_id=CR8; citation_author=G. Lindkvist; citation_author=P.-L. Nystedt; citation_author=S. Petersson; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper Smelting—an Update; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=143-163; citation_id=CR9; citation_author=G. Munoz; citation_author=G. Vera; citation_author=H. Salazar; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Extractive Metallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=168-196; citation_id=CR10; citation_author=I.S. Blair; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper and Nickel Converters; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_pages=1-32; citation_id=CR11; citation_author=R.E. Johnson; citation_author=N.J. Themelis; citation_author=G.A. Eltringham; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper and Nickel Converters; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_pages=291-311; citation_id=CR12; citation_author=J.G. Gomez; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Copper and Nickel Converters; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_pages=210-224; citation_id=CR13; citation_author=M. Goto; citation_author=K. Kanamori; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 2. Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=31-40; citation_id=CR14; citation_author=M.R. Toivanen; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 2. Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=89-102; citation_id=CR15; citation_author=I.V. Kojo; citation_author=P. Hanniala; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 2. Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=115-124; citation_id=CR16; citation_author=M. Goto; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 2. Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=161-176; citation_id=CR17; citation_author=S. Ajima; citation_author=M. Hayashi; citation_author=Y. Nishiyama; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of Copper 95, Vol. IV. Pyrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=271-279; citation_id=CR18; citation_author=S.W. Marcuson; citation_publisher=CIM citation_inbook_title=EPD Congress 1994; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=477-501; citation_id=CR19; citation_author=L. Deininger; citation_author=K.C. Choi; citation_author=A. Siegmund; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 2. Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=317-331; citation_id=CR20; citation_author=K.C. Choi; citation_author=H.J. Kim; citation_author=Y.H. Lee; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_author=P.E. Queneau, A. Siegmund; citation_volume=48; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=38-44; citation_id=CR21 citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of Copper 95, Vol. IV. Pyrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=41-52; citation_id=CR22; citation_author=D.B. George; citation_author=R.J. Gottling; citation_author=C.J. Newman; citation_publisher=CIM citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_author=E.N. Mounsey, K.R. Roblliard; citation_volume=46; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=58-60; citation_id=CR23 H. Weigel and G. Melcher, U.S. patent 4,362,561 (7 December 1982). citation_journal_title=Can. Inst. Min. Metall. Bull.; citation_author=K.B. Chaudhuri, M. Koch, J.L. Patino; citation_volume=73; citation_issue=817; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=146-150; citation_id=CR25 citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of Copper 95, Vol. IV. Pyrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=167-178; citation_id=CR26; citation_author=V.P. Bystrov; citation_author=A.A. Komkov; citation_author=L.A. Smirnov; citation_publisher=CIM citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of Copper 95, Vol. IV. Pyrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=383-388; citation_id=CR27; citation_author=A.V. Tarasov; citation_author=P.A. Kovgan; citation_publisher=CIM citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=46; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=50-50; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=J. Metals; citation_author=J.A. Asteljoki; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=20-23; citation_id=CR29 citation_inbook_title=Third Colloquium on Process Simulation; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=187-217; citation_id=CR30; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_author=M. Perez-Tello; citation_author=K.M. Riihilahti; citation_publisher=Helsinki U. of Tech. citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=Y.B. Hahn, H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=21B; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=945-958; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02670265; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_title=Annual review article on developments in physical chemistry and basic principles; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=29-33; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_title=Developments in Physical Chemistry and Basic Principles; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn, W.D. Cho; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=40-44; citation_id=CR33 citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of Copper 95, vol. 3. Electrorefining and Hydrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1975; citation_pages=617-627; citation_id=CR34; citation_author=J. Hino; citation_publisher=CIM citation_title=Co-Products and Minor Elements in Nonferrous Smelting; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR35; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=EPD Congress 1991; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=437-467; citation_id=CR36; citation_author=H.G. Kim; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Pyrometallurgy of Copper; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=617-636; citation_id=CR37; citation_author=H.G. Kim; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=Pergamon citation_inbook_title=First International Conference on Processing Materials for Properties; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=365-368; citation_id=CR38; citation_author=H.G. Kim; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=Can. Metall. Quart.; citation_author=H.G. Kim, H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=31-37; citation_doi=10.1016/S0008-4433(96)00030-4; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=K.W. Seo, H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=22B; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=791-799; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02651156; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=P.C. Chaubal; citation_volume=20B; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=39-51; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02670348; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=P.C. Chaubal, M. Nagamori; citation_volume=19B; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=547-556; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02659145; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Trans. Jap. Inst. Metals; citation_author=C. Acuna, A. Yazawa; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=881-889; citation_id=CR43 citation_inbook_title=Productivity and Technology in Metallurgical Industry; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=227-239; citation_id=CR44; citation_author=Y. Takeda; citation_author=A. Yazawa; citation_publisher=TMS H.G. Kim, “Minor Element Behavior in Pyrometallurgical Coppermaking Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah (1993). N. Choi, “Distribution of Minor Elements between Nickel-Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slag,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah (1996). citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=M. Nagamori, P.J. Mackey; citation_volume=9B; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=255-265; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02653691; citation_id=CR47 citation_inbook_title=Nickel Metallurgy, Vol. 1: Extraction and Refining of Nickel; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=147-163; citation_id=CR48; citation_author=R.S. Celmer; citation_author=J.M. Toguri; citation_publisher=CIM citation_inbook_title=Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=307-323; citation_id=CR49; citation_author=R.S. Celmer; citation_author=J.M. Toguri; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=S.N. Sinha, H.Y. Sohn, M. Nagamori; citation_volume=16B; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=53-59; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02657488; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=I.V. Kojo, P.A. Taskinen, K.R. Lilius; citation_volume=16B; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=171-172; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02657503; citation_id=CR51 citation_journal_title=Scand. J. Metall.; citation_author=S. Tandon, R.D. Agrawal, M.L. Kapoor; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=237-240; citation_id=CR52 citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. 1. Basic Principles; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=443-452; citation_id=CR53; citation_author=H. Fukuyama; citation_author=T. Fujisawa; citation_author=C. Yamauchi; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Gas-Solid Reactions; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_id=CR54; citation_author=J. Szekely; citation_author=J.W. Evans; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=Academic Press citation_title=Rate Processes of Extractive Metallurgy; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_id=CR55; citation_publisher=Plenum H.Y. Sohn, lecture notes, University of Utah (1996). citation_inbook_title=Light Metals 1994; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1141-1152; citation_id=CR57; citation_author=L. Zhou; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=I.-J. Youn, K.-Y. Park; citation_volume=20B; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=959-966; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02670201; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=K.I. Rhee, H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=21B; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=331-339; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02664201; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Scand. J. Metall.; citation_author=D.G.C. Robertson, L.R. Nelson, K.N. Swamy; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=283-306; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Scand. J. Metall.; citation_author=S. Saha Roy; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=26-30; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=G.S. Gupta, N. Chakraborti, T. Sundarajan; citation_volume=20B; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=925-934; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02670198; citation_id=CR62 citation_inbook_title=Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=901-912; citation_id=CR63; citation_author=H.E. Flynn; citation_author=A.E. Morris; citation_author=D. Carter; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=K.M. Iyer, H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=25B; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=207-219; citation_id=CR64 citation_inbook_title=Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt, Vol. I. Fundamental Aspects; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=223-243; citation_id=CR65; citation_author=K.M. Iyer; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Mathematical Modeling of Materials Processing Operations; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=643-670; citation_id=CR66; citation_author=W.E. Wahsiedler; citation_publisher=TMS citation_inbook_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Year 2000 and Beyond; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=17-36; citation_id=CR67; citation_author=S. Asai; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Materials Processing in the Computer Age; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR68; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Magnetohydrodynamics in Process Metallurgy; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR69; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=National Research Council News Report; citation_author=M. Bello; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=9; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=10-12; citation_id=CR70 citation_journal_title=Metall. Trans. B; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_volume=22B; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=737-754; citation_doi=10.1007/BF02651151; citation_id=CR71 citation_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. I Basic Principles; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR72; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, Vol. II Technology and Practice; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR73; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Metallurgical Processes for the Year 2000 and Beyond; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_id=CR74; citation_author=H.Y. Sohn; citation_author=E.S. Geskin; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Novel Techniques in Synthesis and Processes of Advanced Materials; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR75; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=In Situ Reactions for Synthesis of Composites, Ceramics, and Intermetallics; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR76; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials III; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR77; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Processing and Application of High Purity Refractory Metals and Alloys; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR78; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=First International Conference on Processing Materials for Properties; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR79; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Recycling of Metals and Engineered Materials, Third International Symposium; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR80; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Treatment and Minimization of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastes; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR81; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Extraction and Processing for the Treatment and Minimization of Wastes; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR82; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Recycling of Metals and Engineered Materials, Second International Symposium; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_id=CR83; citation_author=J.H.L. Linden; citation_author=D.L. Stewart; citation_author=Y. Sahai; citation_publisher=TMS citation_title=Recycle and Secondary Recovery of Metals; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_id=CR84; citation_publisher=TMS citation_journal_title=JOM; citation_author=R.G. Reddy; citation_volume=41; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=66-69; citation_id=CR85