An origin for laminated glacimarine sediments through sea‐ice build‐up and suppressed iceberg rafting

Sedimentology - Tập 47 Số 3 - Trang 557-576 - 2000
Julian A. Dowdeswell, Whittington, Jennings, Anna Andrews, Andreas Mackensen, Marienfeld

Tóm tắt

Laminated glacimarine sediments are observed in visual core logs and x‐radiographs from Scoresby Sund and Nansen Fjord, east Greenland. They are mostly underlain and overlain by massive or stratified glacimarine diamicton (Dmm or Dms), which is a product of iceberg delivery of heterogeneous debris and, in Scoresby Sund, reworking by deep‐drafted iceberg keels. The laminated sediments are AMS radiocarbon dated to two cold periods since the last, Late Weichselian deglaciation: the Younger Dryas stadial (Milne Land Stadial in east Greenland) and the Little Ice Age. During cold climatic events, multiyear shorefast sea ice (‘sikussak’) formed in these fjords and trapped the icebergs. Fine‐grained, laminated muds (Fl) were deposited in Scoresby Sund when the flux of icebergs was suppressed, but turbid meltwater continued to provide some sediment flux to the fjord systems, varying through time to produce laminations. In Nansen Fjord, thinner and often massive mud layers (Fm) resulted from shorter intervals of sea‐ice cover with no ice rafting. Stratified diamicton layers (Dms), which alternate with mud deposition to produce a laminated unit, probably represent intervening times of more open conditions with iceberg rafting. In Scoresby Sund, foraminifera are either absent from the laminated unit or begin to appear towards the end of its deposition. The absence of both benthic and planktonic foraminifera also suggests that multiyear sea ice was covering the core sites. There is no evidence of macrofaunal activity, and bioturbation is absent from the laminated sediments. Satellite data show that multiyear shorefast sea ice is present in several areas of the high Arctic today, and this traps icebergs calved from interior ice‐cap drainage basins. Thus, the process of laminated glacimarine sediment formation is likely to be applicable to a number of areas of the modern and Quaternary Arctic.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aagard K., 1968, The East Greenland Current north of Denmark Strait: Part I, Arctic, 21, 181

Aagard K., 1968, The East Greenland Current north of Denmark Strait: Part II, Arctic, 21, 267

AitkenA.E.(1990)Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 155–176.

10.1016/0025-3227(96)00022-9

AndrewsJ.T.&SyvitskiJ.P.M.(1994)Sediment fluxes along high latitude continental margins (NE Canada and E Greenland). In:Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth(Ed. by W. Hay) pp. 99–115. National Academy Press Washington DC.

10.1016/0278-4343(91)90080-P

10.1086/629711

AndrewsJ.T. JenningsA.E. CooperT. WilliamsK.M. MienertJ.(1996)Late Quaternary sedimentation along a fjord to shelf (trough) transect East Greenland (ca. 68°N). In:Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Margin(Ed. by J.T. Andrews W. Austin H. Bergsten and A.E. Jennings) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 111 153–166.

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199701/02)12:1<1::AID-JQS288>3.0.CO;2-T

CowanE.A.&PowellR.D.(1990)Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord Alaska USA. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 75–89.

Cowan E.A., 1997, Temperate glacimarine varves: an example from Disenchantment Bay, southern Alaska, J. Sedim. Res., 67, 536

10.1016/0025-3227(89)90159-X

10.1038/364218a0

DomackE.W.(1990)Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 91–103.

10.3189/S002214300000455X

10.1098/rsta.1995.0073

10.1086/629477

10.1086/629296

DowdeswellJ.A.&MurrayT.(1990)Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 121–137.

10.1029/91JC02821

10.1016/0025-3227(93)90187-Z

10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01390.x

10.1111/j.1502-3885.1994.tb00602.x

10.1080/01431169608949155

10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00071-1

Dowdeswell J.A., 2000, The glaciology of the Russian High Arctic from Landsat imagery, US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, 1386

Dwyer J.L., 1995, Mapping tide‐water glacier dynamics in East Greenland using Landsat data, J. Glaciol., 41, 584, 10.3189/S0022143000034900

Elverhøi A., 1980, Glacial erosion, sedimentation and microfauna in the inner part of Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Norsk Polarinst. Skrifter, 171, 33

10.1111/j.1365-3091.1983.tb00679.x

Funder S., 1972, Deglaciation of the Scoresby Sund fjord region, north‐east Greenland, Inst. Br. Geogr. Spec. Publ., 4, 33

Funder S., 1978, Holocene stratigraphy and vegetation history in the Scoresby Sund area, East Greenland, Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Bull., 129, 10.34194/bullggu.v129.6671

10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00082-6

10.1191/095968300666213169

10.2307/1550809

GilbertR.(1990)Rafting in glacimarine environments. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 105–120.

10.1139/e90-026

10.1016/0025-3227(93)90088-D

Grobe H., 1987, A simple method for the determination of ice‐rafted debris in sediment cores, Polarforschung, 57, 123

GroveJ.M.(1988)The Little Ice Age.Methuen London.

10.1017/S0032247400010809

Higgins A.K., 1990, North Greenland glacier velocities and calf ice production, Polarforschung, 60, 1

10.1080/11035897309455434

10.1017/S0032247400008342

10.1029/92RG00956

10.1017/S0260305500001221

Jennings A.E., 1993, The Quaternary history of Cumberland Sound, southeastern Baffin Island: the marine evidence, Géogr. Phys. Quat., 47, 21

10.2113/gsjfr.24.2.123

10.1177/095968369600600205

JohannessenO.M.(1986)Brief overview of the physical oceanography. In:The Nordic Seas(Ed. by B.G. Hurdle) pp. 103–127. Springer‐Verlag New York.

Johnsen S.J., 1992, A ‘deep’ ice core from East Greenland, Meddelelser Grønland, Geosci., 29

KaufmanD.S.&WilliamsK.M.(compilers) (1992)Radiocarbon Date List VII: Baffin Island N.W.T.INSTAAR Occ. Paper 48 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado.

Koch L., 1945, The East Greenland ice, Meddelelser Grønland, 130

10.1038/343630a0

10.1016/0025-3227(90)90100-X

10.1111/j.1502-3885.1996.tb00838.x

10.1016/0025-3227(84)90197-X

ManleyW.F.&JenningsA.E.(1996)Radiocarbon Date List VIII: Eastern Canadian Arctic Labrador Northern Quebec East Greenland Shelf Iceland Shelf and Antarctica.INSTAAR Occ. Paper 50 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado.

Marienfeld P., 1991, Holozäne sedimentationsentwicklung im Scoresby Sund, Ost‐Grönland, Berichte Polarforschung, 96

MarienfeldP.(1991b)14C dates of glacimarine sediments from Scoresby Sund East Greenland. In:The Last Interglacial–Glacial Cycle: Jameson Land and Scoresby Sund East Greenland(Ed. by P. Möller et al.) LundQua Report Ser. 33 165–167.

10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00024.x

NuttallA.‐M.(1993)Glaciological Investigations in East Greenland using Digital Landsat Imagery. Unpubl. MPhil Thesis University of Cambridge.

10.1007/BF00144609

Ogilvie A.E.J., 1991, Climatic changes in Iceland A.D. c. 865–1598, Acta Archaeologica, 61, 233

Olesen O.B., 1969, Preliminary report on glacier observations in Nordvestfjord, East Greenland, Grønlands Geol. Undersøgelse, Rapport, 21, 41, 10.34194/rapggu.v21.7213

Polyak L., 1994, Late‐ and postglacial environments in the northern Barents Sea west of Franz Josef Land, Polar Res., 13, 197, 10.3402/polar.v13i2.6693

10.3189/172756481794352306

PowellR.D.(1990)Glacimarine processes at grounding‐line fans and their growth to ice‐contact deltas. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 53–73.

PowellR.D.(1991)Grounding‐line systems as second‐order controls on fluctuations of tidewater termini of temperate glaciers. In:Glacial Marine Sedimentation: Palaeoclimatic Significance(Ed. by J.B. Anderson and G.M. Ashley) Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 261 75–93.

10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0937:CCITFS>2.3.CO;2

ReehN.(1985)Greenland Ice‐Sheet mass balance and sea‐level change. In:Glaciers Ice Sheets and Sea Level: Effect of a CO2‐Induced Climatic Change. Report DOE/EV/60235‐1 pp. 155–171. US Department of Energy Washington DC.

10.1029/1999GL900065

10.1017/S0022143000003464

SmithL.M.(1997)Late Quaternary Glacial Marine Sedimentation in the Kangerlussuaq Region East Greenland 68°N. MSc Thesis University of Colorado Boulder.

SteinA.(1996)Seismic Stratigraphy and Seafloor Morphology of the Kangerlugssuaq Region East Greenland: Evidence for Glaciations to the Continental Shelf Break during the Late Weischelian Age and Earlier. MSc Thesis University of Colorado Boulder.

10.1016/0025-3227(92)90081-R

SwiftJ.H.(1986)The Arctic waters. In:The Nordic Seas(Ed. by B.G. Hurdle) pp. 129–153. Springer‐Verlag New York.

10.1016/0025-3227(89)90158-8

SyvitskiJ.P.M. BurrellD.C. SkeiJ.M.(1987)Fjords: Processes and Products. Springer‐Verlag New York.

10.14430/arctic1662

10.1016/0921-8181(95)00023-2

Tauber H., 1975, 14C content of recent molluscs from Scoresby Sund, central East Greenland, Grønlands Geol. Undersøgelse, Rapport, 75, 95, 10.34194/rapggu.v75.7460

VorrenT.O. HaldM. Edvardsen.M. Lind‐HansenO.‐W.(1983)Glacigenic sediments and sedimentary environments on continental shelves: general principles with a case study from the Norwegian shelf. In:Glacial Deposits in North‐West Europe(Ed. by J. Ehlers) pp. 61–73. Balkema Rotterdam.

10.1016/0025-3227(84)90201-9

10.1029/RG019i003p00345

Weidick A., 1995, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World: Greenland, US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, 1386

10.1029/92PA02591

10.2307/1552028

Woodworth‐LynasC.M.T.&GuignéJ.Y.(1990)Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz. In:Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments(Ed. by J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53 217–223.

Woodworth‐LynasC.M.T.&DowdeswellJ.A.(1994)Soft sediment striated surfaces and massive diamicton facies produced by floating ice. In:Earth’s Glacial Record(Ed. by M. Deynoux J.M.G. Miller E.W. Domack N. Eyles I.J. Fairchild and G.M. Young) pp. 241–259. Cambridge University Press Cambridge.

Zinger Y.M., 1965, Est′ li shel’fovyye ledniki na Severnoy Zemle? [Are there ice shelves on Severnaya Zemlya?], Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, 11, 250

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Sedimentology

Tập 47 Số 3

557-576

Thông tin tác giả