Comparison of the defined daily dose and days of treatment methods for evaluating the consumption of antibiotics and antifungals in the intensive care unit

Goldmann, 1996, Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in hospitals: a challenge to hospital leadership, JAMA, 275, 234, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530270074035 Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2001, 1 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2012 Meyer, 2013, Antibiotic consumption and resistance: data from Europe and Germany, Int J Med Microbiol, 303, 388, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.04.004 Dancer, 2013, Approaching zero: temporal effects of a restrictive antibiotic policy on hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing coliforms and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 41, 137, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.013 Fournier, 2012, Twenty years of antimicrobial resistance control programme in a regional multi hospital institution, with focus on emerging bacteria (VRE and CPE), Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 1, 9, 10.1186/2047-2994-1-9 Grau, 2013, How to measure and monitor antimicrobial consumption and resistance, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 31, 16, 10.1016/S0213-005X(13)70128-9 Dumartin, 2010, Antibiotic use in 530 French hospitals: results from a surveillance network at hospital and ward levels in 2007, J Antimicrob Chemother, 65, 2028, 10.1093/jac/dkq228 Filius, 2005, An additional measure for quantifying antibiotic use in hospitals, J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 805, 10.1093/jac/dki093 Kuster, 2008, Quantitative antibiotic use in hospitals: comparison of measurements, literature review, and recommendations for a standard of reporting, Infection, 36, 549, 10.1007/s15010-008-7462-z Muller-Pebody, 2004, Increase and change in pattern of hospital antimicrobial use, Denmark, 1997–2001, J Antimicrob Chemother, 54, 1122, 10.1093/jac/dkh494 Ronning, 2003, Problems in collecting comparable national drug use data in Europe: the example of antibacterials, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 58, 843, 10.1007/s00228-003-0572-8 Dellit, 2007, Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 159, 10.1086/510393 Ruiz, 2018, Antimicrobial stewardship programme in critical care medicine: a prospective interventional study, Med Intensiva, 42, 266, 10.1016/j.medin.2017.07.002 World Health Organization, 2016 Polk, 2007, Measurement of adult antibacterial drug use in 130 US Hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 664, 10.1086/511640 Mandy, 2004, Methodological validation of monitoring indicators of antibiotics use in hospitals, Pharm World Sci, 26, 90, 10.1023/B:PHAR.0000018595.78732.1c de With, 2004, Antibiotic use in German university hospitals 1998–2000 (Project INTERUNI-II), Int J Antimicrob Agents, 24, 213, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.03.015 Kern, 2005, The MABUSE-INTERREGIO-II project team: antibiotic use in non-university regional acute care general hospitals in southwestern Germany, 2001–2002, Infection, 33, 333, 10.1007/s15010-005-5059-3 Tsai, 2015, Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations for the optimization of antimicrobial delivery in the critically ill, Curr Opin Crit Care, 21, 412, 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000229 Zagorski, 2002, The effect of renal dysfunction on antimicrobial use measurements, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 1491, 10.1086/344753 Kern, 2005, Fluoroquinolone consumption and resistance in haematology-oncology patients: ecological analysis in two university hospitals 1999–2002, J Antimicrob Chemother, 55, 57, 10.1093/jac/dkh510 Muller, 2006, Discrepancies between prescribed daily doses and WHO defined daily doses of antibacterials at a university hospital, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 61, 585, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02605.x Knaus, 1985, APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system, Crit Care Med, 13, 818, 10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009 Monnet, 2007, Measuring antimicrobial use: the way forward, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 671, 10.1086/511649 Barlam, 2016, Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Clin Infect Dis, 62, 1197, 10.1093/cid/ciw217 Kubin, 2012, Lack of significant variability among different methods for calculating antimicrobial days of therapy, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 33, 421, 10.1086/664770