Autism as a neural systems disorder: A theory of frontal-posterior underconnectivity

Aguirre, 1998, The variability of human, BOLD hemodynamic responses, NeuroImage, 8, 360, 10.1006/nimg.1998.0369 Alexander, 2007, Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism, NeuroImage, 34, 61, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.032 Anderson, 2004, An integrated theory of the mind, Psychological Review, 111, 1036, 10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1036 Arbib, 2000, Synthetic brain imaging: grasping, mirror neurons and imitation, Neural Networks, 13, 975, 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00070-8 Asperger, H., 1944. Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood. Translated in Autism and Asperger'sSyndrome, Frith, U., 1991. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 37–92. Assaf, 2010, Abnormal functional connectivity of default mode sub-networks in autism spectrum disorder patients, Neuroimage, 53, 247, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.067 Aylward, E.H., Minshew, N.J., Field, K., Sparks, B.F., Singh, N., 2002. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology 59, 175–183. Bailey, 1998, A clinicopathological study of autism, Brain, 121, 101, 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 Barnea-Goraly, 2004, White matter structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging, Biological Psychiatry, 55, 323, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.022 Baron-Cohen, 1989, Are autistic children ‘behaviorists’?, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 579, 10.1007/BF02212859 Baron-Cohen, 1995 Baslow, M.H., 2003. N-acetylaspartate in the vertebrate brain: metabolism and function. Neurochemical Research 28, 941–953. Bauman, 1985, Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism, Neurology, 35, 866, 10.1212/WNL.35.6.866 Belmonte, M.K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L.M., Carper, R.A., Webb, S.J., 2004. Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience 24, 9228–9231. Ben Bashat, 2007, Accelerated maturation of white matter in young children with autism: a high B value DWI study, NeuroImage, 37, 40, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.060 Bird, 2006, Attention does not modulate neural responses to social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders, NeuroImage, 31, 1614, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.037 Björne, 2005, A model of attentional impairments in autism: first steps toward a computational theory, Cognitive Systems Research, 6, 193, 10.1016/j.cogsys.2004.11.003 Boucher, 1992, Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 33, 843, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01960.x Boynton, 1996, Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1, The Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 4207, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04207.1996 Brock, 2002, The temporal binding deficit hypothesis of autism, Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 209, 10.1017/S0954579402002018 Carlsson, 1998, Hypothesis: Is infantile autism a hypoglutamatergic disorder? Relevance of glutamate–serotonin interactions for pharmacotherapy, Journal of Neural Transmission, 105, 525, 10.1007/s007020050076 Carper, 2005, Localized enlargement of the frontal cortex in early autism, Biological Psychiatry, 57, 126, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.005 Carper, 2002, Cerebral lobes in autism: early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects, NeuroImage, 16, 1038, 10.1006/nimg.2002.1099 Casanova, M.F., van Kooten, I.A., Switala, A.E., van Engeland, H., Heinsen, H., Steinbusch, H.W., Hof, P.R., Trippe, J., Stone, J., Schmitz, C., 2006. Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism. Acta Neuropathology (Berlin) 112, 287–303. Castelli, 2002, Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes, Brain, 125, 1839, 10.1093/brain/awf189 Changeux, 1976, Selective stabilization of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks, Nature, 264, 705, 10.1038/264705a0 Cherkassky, 2006, Functional connectivity in a baseline resting-state network in autism, NeuroReport, 17, 1687, 10.1097/01.wnr.0000239956.45448.4c Chung, 2004, Less white matter concentration in autism: 2D voxel-based morphometry, NeuroImage, 23, 242, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.037 Coben, 2008, EEG power and coherence in autistic spectrum disorder, Clininical Neurophysiology, 119, 1002, 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.013 Cohen, 1994, An artificial neural network analogue of learning in autism, Biological Psychiatry, 36, 5, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90057-4 Cormen, 2001 Courchesne, 2003, Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism, Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 337, 10.1001/jama.290.3.337 Courchesne, 2001, Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study, Neurology, 57, 245, 10.1212/WNL.57.2.245 Courchesne, 2005, Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 225, 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001 Courchesne, 2005, Brain overgrowth in autism during a critical time in development: implications for frontal pyramidal neuron and interneuron development and connectivity, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 153, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.01.003 Courchesne, 2004, The autistic brain: birth through adulthood, Current Opinion in Neurolology, 17, 489, 10.1097/01.wco.0000137542.14610.b4 Courchesne, 2005, Autism at the beginning: microstructural and growth abnormalities underlying the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of autism, Developmental Psychopathology, 17, 577, 10.1017/S0954579405050285 Coyle, 2002, The diverse roles of L-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction, 71 Dantzig, 1997 Damarla, 2010, Cortical underconnectivity coupled with preserved visuospatial cognition in autism: evidence from an fMRI study of an embedded figures task, Autism Research, 5, 273, 10.1002/aur.153 Dawson, 2002, Defining the broader phonotype of autism: genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives, Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 581, 10.1017/S0954579402003103 Deutsch, 2005, Children's reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging, Cortex, 41, 354, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70272-7 Dranias, 2008, Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic value systems in conditioning and outcome-specific revaluation, Brain Research, 1238, 239, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.013 Fall, K., 2003. A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for Challenged Internets. Intel Research Technical Report (IRB-TR-03-003). Fletcher, 2010, Microstructural connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus in adolescents with high-functioning autism, NeuroImage, 51, 1117, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.083 Friedman, 2003, Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder, Neurology, 60, 100, 10.1212/WNL.60.1.100 Frith, C., 2003. What do imaging studies tell us about the neural basis of autism? In: Bock, G., Goode, J. (Eds.), Autism: Neural Basis and Treatment Possibilities: Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 251. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 149–176. Frith, 1989 Frith, 1983, Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 329, 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00906.x Geschwind, 2007, Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 103, 10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.009 Giedd, 1999, Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study, Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861, 10.1038/13158 Goldstein, 1994, Age differences in academic achievement in high-functional autistic individuals, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 671, 10.1080/01688639408402680 Grossberg, 1999, The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness, Consciousness and Cognition, 8, 1, 10.1006/ccog.1998.0372 Grossberg, 2008, Neural dynamics underlying impaired autonomic and conditioned responses following amygdala and orbitofrontal lesions, Behavioral Neuroscience, 122, 1100, 10.1037/a0012808 Grossberg, 2000, The resonant dynamics of speech perception: interword integration and duration-dependent backward effects, Psychological Review, 104, 735, 10.1037/0033-295X.107.4.735 Grossberg, 2006, Neural dynamics of autistic behaviors: cognitive, emotional, and timing substrates, Psychological Review, 113, 483, 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.483 Gustafsson, 1997, Inadequate cortical feature maps: a neural circuit theory of autism, Biological Psychiatry, 42, 1138, 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00141-8 Happé, 1995, The role of age and verbal ability in the Theory of Mind task performance of subjects with autism, Child Development, 66, 843, 10.2307/1131954 Hardan, 2000, Corpus callosum size in autism, Neurology, 55, 1033, 10.1212/WNL.55.7.1033 Hartline, 2007, Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers, Current Biology, 17, R29, 10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.042 Hazlett, 2005, Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth through age 2 years, Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1366, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1366 Herbert, 2003, Larger brain and white matter volumes in children with developmental language disorder, Developmental Science, 6, F11, 10.1111/1467-7687.00291 Herbert, 2004, Localization of white matter volume increase in autism and developmental language disorder, Annals of Neurology, 55, 530, 10.1002/ana.20032 Hisaoka, 2001, Regional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in autistic individuals, Neuroradiology, 43, 496, 10.1007/s002340000520 Horwitz, 1999, Predicting human functional maps with neural net modeling, Human Brain Mapping, 8, 137, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3<137::AID-HBM11>3.0.CO;2-B Hughes, 1994, Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism, Neuropsychologia, 32, 477, 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 Huttenlocher, 1990, Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development, Neuropsychologia, 28, 517, 10.1016/0028-3932(90)90031-I Jacobs, 1992, Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 323, 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.323 Jäncke, 1999, The relation between forebrain volume and midsagittal size of the corpus callosum in children, NeuroReport, 10, 2981, 10.1097/00001756-199909290-00020 Jäncke, 1997, The relationship between corpus callosum size and forebrain volume, Cerebral Cortex, 7, 48, 10.1093/cercor/7.1.48 Jones, 2010, Sources of group differences in functional connectivity: an investigation applied to autism spectrum disorder, NeuroImage, 49, 401, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.051 Just, 1999, Computational modeling of high-level cognition and brain function, Human Brain Mapping, 8, 128, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3<128::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-G Just, 2007, Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry, Cerebral Cortex, 17, 951, 10.1093/cercor/bhl006 Just, 2004, Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity, Brain, 127, 1811, 10.1093/brain/awh199 Just, 2007, The organization of thinking: what functional brain imaging reveals about the neuroarchitecture of complex cognition, Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 153, 10.3758/CABN.7.3.153 Kaas, 1997, Topographic maps are fundamental to sensory processing, Brain Research Bulletin, 44, 107, 10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00094-4 Kaas, J.H., 2000.Why is brain size so important: design problems and solutions as neocortex gets bigger or smaller. Brain and Mind 1, 7–23. Kana, 2007, Inhibitory control in high-functioning autism: decreased activation and underconnectivity in inhibition networks, Biological Psychiatry, 62, 198, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.004 Kana, 2006, Sentence comprehension in autism: thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity, Brain, 129, 2484, 10.1093/brain/awl164 Kana, 2009, Atypical frontal-posterior synchronization of Theory of Mind regions in autism during mental state attribution, Social Neuroscience, 4, 135, 10.1080/17470910802198510 Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H., Jessell, Thomas M. (Eds.), 2000. Principles of Neural Science, fourth ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Kanner, 1943, Autistic disturbances of affective contact, Nervous Child, 2, 217 Keller, T.A., Just, M.A., 2009a. Reduced fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity in high-functioning autism: a large-sample whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging study. Poster presented at 15th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, San Francisco, CA, June 2009. Keller, 2009, Altering cortical connectivity: remediation-induced changes in the white matter of poor readers, Neuron, 64, 624, 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.018 Keller, 2007, A developmental study of the structural integrity of white matter in autism, NeuroReport, 18, 23, 10.1097/01.wnr.0000239965.21685.99 Kennedy, 2008, The intrinsic functional organization of the brain is altered in autism, NeuroImage, 39, 1877, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.052 Knaus, 2010, Language laterality in autism spectrum disorder and typical controls: a functional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor MRI study, Brain and Language, 112, 113, 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.005 Koshino, 2005, Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism, NeuroImage, 24, 810, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.028 Koshino, 2008, fMRI investigation of working memory for faces in autism: visual coding and underconnectivity with frontal areas, Cerebral Cortex, 18, 289, 10.1093/cercor/bhm054 Lee, 2007, Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter in the superior temporal gyrus and temporal stem in autism, Neuroscience Letters, 424, 127, 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.07.042 Levitt, J.G., O’Neill, J., McCracken, J.T., Guthrie, D., Toga, A.W., Alger, J.R., 2003. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in childhood autism. Biological Psychiatry 54, 1355–1366. Lewis, 2008, Growth-related neural reorganization and the autism phenotype: a test of the hypothesis that altered brain growth leads to altered connectivity, Developmental Science, 11, 135, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00634.x Lewis, 2009, The relation between connection length and degree of connectivity in young adults: a DTI analysis, Cerebral Cortex, 19, 554, 10.1093/cercor/bhn105 Manes, 1999, An MRI study of the corpus callosum and cerebellum in mentally retarded autistic individuals, Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 470, 10.1176/jnp.11.4.470 Marin-Teva, 2004, Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells, Neuron, 41, 535, 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00069-8 Mason, 2008, Theory of Mind disruption and recruitment of the right hemisphere during narrative comprehension in autism, Neuropsychologia, 46, 269, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.018 McClelland, 2000, The basis of hyperspecificity in autism: a preliminary suggestion based on properties of neural nets, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 497, 10.1023/A:1005576229109 Minshew, 1998, Autism as a disorder of complex information processing, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 4, 129, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<129::AID-MRDD10>3.0.CO;2-X Minshew, 1997, Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: profile of a complex information processing disorder, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 303, 10.1017/S1355617797003032 Mitchison, 1991, Neuronal branching patterns and the economy of cortical wiring, Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 245, 151, 10.1098/rspb.1991.0102 Mizuno, 2011, The neural basis of deictic shifting in linguistic perspective-taking in high-functioning autism, Brain, 134, 2422, 10.1093/brain/awr151 Mizuno, 2006, Partially enhanced thalamocortical functional connectivity in autism, Brain Research, 1104, 160, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.064 Monk, 2009, Abnormalities of intrinsic functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders, NeuroImage, 47, 764, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.069 Mottron, 2006, Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: an update, and eight principles of autistic perception, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27, 10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7 Mundy, 1994, Joint attention, developmental level, and symptom presentation in children with autism, Development and Psychopathology, 6, 389, 10.1017/S0954579400006003 Mundy, 2009, A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition, and autism, Autism Research, 2, 2, 10.1002/aur.61 Murias, 2007, Resting state cortical connectivity reflected in EEG coherence in individuals with autism, Biological Psychiatry, 62, 270, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.012 Newman, 2003, Frontal and parietal participation in problem solving in the Tower of London: fMRI and computational modeling of planning and high-level perception, Neuropsychologia, 41, 1668, 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00091-5 Newman, 2007, Hyperlexia in children with autism spectrum disorders, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 760, 10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y Noonan, 2009, Aberrant functional connectivity in autism: evidence from low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations, Brain Research, 1262, 48, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.076 O’Laughlin, C., Thagard, P., 2000. Autism and coherence: a computational model. Mind & Language 15, 375–392. Otsuka, 1999, Brain metabolites in the hippocampus-amygdala region and cerebellum in autism: an 1H-MR spectroscopy study, Neuroradiology, 41, 517, 10.1007/s002340050795 Paus, 1999, Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescence: an in vivo study, Science, 283, 1908, 10.1126/science.283.5409.1908 Pelphrey, 2005, Neural basis of eye gaze processing deficits in autism, Brain, 128, 1038, 10.1093/brain/awh404 Pennington, 1996, Executive functions and developmental psychopathology, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x Piven, 1996, Regional brain enlargement in autism: a magnetic resonance imaging study, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 530, 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00020 Piven, 1995, An MRI study of brain size in autism, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1145, 10.1176/ajp.152.8.1145 Piven, 1997, An MRI study of the corpus callosum in autism, American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1051, 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1051 Polleux, 2004, Toward a developmental neurobiology of autism, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 10, 303, 10.1002/mrdd.20044 Ringo, 1991, Neuronal interconnection as a function of brain size, Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 38, 1, 10.1159/000114375 Ringo, 1994, Time is of the essence: a conjecture that hemispheric specialization arises from interhemispheric conduction delay, Cerebral Cortex, 4, 331, 10.1093/cercor/4.4.331 Rippon, 2007, Disordered connectivity in the autistic brain: challenges for the new psychophysiology, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63, 164, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.03.012 Rubenstein, 2003, Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems, Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 2, 255, 10.1034/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x Sahyoun, C.P., Belliveau, J.W., Soulières, I., Schwartz, S., Mody, M., 2010. Neuroimaging of the functional and structural networks underlying visuospatial vs. linguistic reasoning in high-functioning autism. Neuropsychologia 48, 86–95. Schipul, 2011, Inter-regional brain communication and its disturbance in autism, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 5, 10, 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00010 Schipul, S.E., Williams, D.L. Keller, T.A., Minshew, N.J. Just, M.A., in press. Distinctive neural processes during learning in autism. Cerebral Cortex. Schultz, 2005, Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 125, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012 Schultz, 2000, Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger Syndrome, Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.331 Schultz, 2003, The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358, 415, 10.1098/rstb.2002.1208 Schultz, 2002, Genetics of childhood disorders: XLIII. Autism, part 2: neural foundations, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1259, 10.1097/00004583-200210000-00018 Shah, 1983, An islet of ability in autistic children: a research note, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 613, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x Shah, 1993, Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the block design task?, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1351, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x Shannon, 1949, Communication in the presence of noise, Proceedings of the IRE, 37, 10, 10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969 Shih, 2010, Atypical network connectivity for imitation in autism spectrum disorder, Neuropsychologia, 48, 2931, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.035 Solomon, 2009, The neural substrates of cognitive control deficits in autism spectrum disorders, Neuropsychologia, 47, 2515, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.019 Sparks, 2002, Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder, Neurology, 59, 184, 10.1212/WNL.59.2.184 Stone, P., Veloso, M., 1999. Task decomposition and dynamic role assignment for real-time strategic teamwork. In: Muller, J.P., et al. (Eds.), ATAL ‘98, LNAI 1555, pp. 293–308. Sundaram, 2008, Diffusion tensor imaging of frontal lobe in autism spectrum disorder, Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2659, 10.1093/cercor/bhn031 Tager-Flusberg, 1992, Autistic children's talk about psychological states: deficits in the early acquisition of a theory of mind, Child Development, 63, 161, 10.2307/1130910 Turner, 2006, Atypically diffuse functional connectivity between caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex in autism, Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2, 34, 10.1186/1744-9081-2-34 Vargas, 2005, Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism, Annals of Neurology, 57, 67, 10.1002/ana.20315 Vidal, 2006, Mapping corpus callosum deficits in autism: an index of aberrant cortical connectivity, Biological Psychiatry, 60, 218, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.011 Villalobos, 2005, Reduced functional connectivity between V1 and inferior frontal cortex associated with visuomotor performance in autism, NeuroImage, 25, 916, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.022 Waiter, 2005, Structural white matter deficits in high-functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder: a voxel-based investigation, NeuroImage, 24, 455, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.049 Waxman, 1980, Determinants of conduction velocity in myelinated nerve fibers, Muscle Nerve, 3, 141, 10.1002/mus.880030207 Weng, 2010, Alterations of resting state functional connectivity in the default network in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, Brain Research, 1313, 202, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.057 Williams, 2006, Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing, Child Neuropsychology, 12, 279, 10.1080/09297040600681190 Yakovlev, 1967, The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain, 3