Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions

Shelanski, 1956, PVP-iodine: history, toxicity, and therapeutic uses, J Int Coll Surg, 25, 727 Bogash, 1956, A three year observation of a new topical germicide, Bull Am J Hosp Pharm, 13, 226 Siggia, 1957, The chemistry of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine, J Am Pharm Assoc, 46, 201, 10.1002/jps.3030460317 Vratsanos, 1983, On the structure and function of the polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex, 289 1976 Horn, 1983, Physical-chemical fundamentals of the microbicidal action of povidone-iodine, 120 Knolle, 1983, Risks and benefits of povidone (PVP) in drugs with special reference to high molecular K 30: PVP in PVPiodine, 370 Schenk, 1979, Structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine, J Pharm Sci, 68, 1505, 10.1002/jps.2600681211 Woodward, 1983, Reactions of povidone and iodine: changes in active iodine species with dilution in water, 178 Rodeheaver, 1982, Bactericidal activity and toxicity of iodine-containing solutions, Arch Surg, 117, 181, 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380260051009 DiGenis, 1983, Studies on the association of 14 C Povidone and 131 l iodine complex with red blood cells and bacterial membranes, 302 Rutherford, 1983, Macromolecular aspects of the biocidal activity of povidone-iodine, 217 Garnes, 1959, Clinical evaluation of povidone-iodine aerosol spray in surgical practice, Am J Surg, 97, 49, 10.1016/0002-9610(59)90273-9 Zamora, 1985, Inhibition of povidone-iodine's bactericidal activity by common organic substances, Surgery, 98, 25 Lacey, 1979, Antibacterial activity of povidone-iodine against non-sporing bacteria, J Appl Bacteriol, 46, 443, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00842.x Cremieux, 1982, Inhibition de l'activité bactericide de la polyvinylpyrrolidone iodée et du chlorure de benzalkonium par des tensio-actifs non ioniques et ampholytes, J Pharm Belg, 37, 263 Gerschenfeld, 1957, Iodine as a virucial agent, J Am Pharm Assoc, 44, 177, 10.1002/jps.3030440315 Gerschenfeld, 1957, Povidone-iodine as a topical antiseptic, Am J Surg, 44, 938, 10.1016/0002-9610(57)90086-7 Gerschenfeld, 1962, Povidone-iodine as a vaginal microbicide, Am J Pharm, 134, 278 Lynn, 1977, Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives, 173 Erschenfeld, 1977, Iodine, 196 Payne, 1978, Skin distribution of clostridium welchii and the use of betadine solution as a sporicidal agent, 19 Furr, 1980, The killing of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis by povidone-iodine, J Antimicrob Chemother, 6, 225, 10.1093/jac/6.2.225 Monif, 1980, Quantitative and qualitative effect of povidone-iodine liquid and gel on the aerobic and anaerobic flora of the female genital tract, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 137, 432, 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91123-0 Drewett, 1972, Skin distribution of clostridium welchii; use of iodophor as sporicidal agent, Lancet, 1, 1172, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91387-6 Reverdy, 1983, Croissance de staphylococcus aureus Cowan I en presence de concentrations infrabactericides de polyvinylpyrrolidone iodée, J Pathol Biol, 31, 551 Hugo, 1977, The mode of action of nonantibiotic antibacterial agents, 202 Alexander, 1983, Reaction of povidone-iodine with amino acids and other important biological compounds, 274 Vallin, 1883, Dictionaire encyclopedique des sciences médicales, 336 Scherr, 1976, In vitro bacteriological evaluation of the effectiveness of antimicrobial irrigating solutions, J Bone Joint Surg, 58, 119, 10.2106/00004623-197658010-00022 Georgiade, 1978, Fifteen years experience utilizing betadine microbicides in the treatment of the burn patient, 141 Ahrenholz, 1979, Povidone-iodine in peritonitis: adverse effects in local instillation in experimental E. coli peritonitis, J Surg Res, 26, 458, 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90034-9 Berkelman, 1982, Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions, J Clin Microbiol, 15, 635, 10.1128/JCM.15.4.635-639.1982 Winicov, 1983, Determinations of free iodine and its significance in povidone-iodine solutions, 186 Gilmore, 1977, A reappraisal of the use of antiseptics in surgical practice, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 59, 93 Prince, 1979, Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics, J Pharm Sci, 67, 1629, 10.1002/jps.2600671134 Houang, 1976, Absence of bacterial resistance to povidone-iodine, J Clin Path, 29, 752, 10.1136/jcp.29.8.752 Berkelman, 1981, Pseudobacteremia attributed to contamination of povidone-iodine with Pseudomonas cepacea, Ann Intern Med, 95, 32, 10.7326/0003-4819-95-1-32 Lewin, 1980, Contaminated povidone-iodine solutions: northeastern United States, MMWR, 29, 553 Craven, 1981, Pseudobacteremia caused by povidone-iodine solution contaminated with Pseudomonas cepacea, N Engl J Med, 305, 621, 10.1056/NEJM198109103051106 Parrott, 1982, Pseudomonas aeruginosa peritonitis attributed to a contaminated iodophor solution in Georgia, MMWR, 31, 197 Hospital Infections Program, CDC, 1982, Epidemiologic notes and reports; update on contaminated prepodyne solution, MMWR, 31, 235 Favero, 1983, Scanning electron microscopic observations of bacteria resistant to iodophor solutions, 158 Gilmore, 1978, Prophylactic povidone-iodine in alimentary surgery, Am J Surg, 135, 156, 10.1016/0002-9610(78)90089-2 Bolton, 1979, Intraperitoneal povidoneiodine in experimental canine and murine peritonitis, Am J Surg, 137, 780, 10.1016/0002-9610(79)90093-X Lores, 1981, Peritoneal lavage with povidone-iodine solution in experimentally induced peritonitis, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 153, 33 Lagarde, 1978, Intraperitoneal povidoneiodine in experimental peritonitis, Ann Surg, 187, 613, 10.1097/00000658-197806000-00005 Lally, 1981, Evaluation of various intraperitoneal irrigation solutions in treating experimental fecal peritonitis, South Med J, 74, 789, 10.1097/00007611-198107000-00006 Galland, 1982, Reduction of surgical wound infection rates in contaminated wounds treated with antiseptics combined with systemic antibiotics, Surgery, 91, 329 Flint, 1970, Topical povidone-iodine reduces mortality from bacterial peritonitis, J Surg Res, 26, 280, 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90009-X Zamora, 1984, Povidone-iodine and wound infection, Surgery, 95, 121 Ninnemann, 1981, Suppressor cell induction by povidone-iodine: in vitro demonstration of a consequence of clinical burn treatment with betadine, J Immunol, 126, 1905, 10.4049/jimmunol.126.5.1905 Galanaud, 1980, Sodium periodate-induced suppressor T cells of the human in vitro antibody response, Cell Immunol, 51, 85, 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90240-3 Connolly, 1979, A study of the effect of povidoneiodine on polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis, Br J Exp Pathol, 60, 662 Branemark, 1967, Tissue injury caused by wound disinfectants, J Bone Joint Surg [Am], 49A, 48, 10.2106/00004623-196749010-00003 Viljanto, 1980, Disinfection of surgical wounds without inhibition of normal wound healing, Arch Surg, 115, 253, 10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380030009003 Viljanto, 1983, One percent povidone-iodine solution in local treatment of septic cavities, 410 Lavelle, 1975, Iodine absorption in burn patients treated topically with povidone-iodine, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 17, 355, 10.1002/cpt1975173355 Arango, 1979, Bacteriological and systemic effects of intraoperative segmental bowel preparation with povidone-iodine, Arch Surg, 114, 154, 10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370260044006 King, 1970, Protein-bound iodine and T4 test after vaginal application of povidone-iodine, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 108, 1175, 10.1016/0002-9378(70)90087-6 Knolle, 1983, Release of iodide from povidone-iodine (PVP-I) in PVP-I preparations. A review of iodide tolerances and a comparative clinical pharmacological study, 342 Quagliana, 1963, Effect of topical povidone-iodine (betadine) on serum protein-bound iodine, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23, 395, 10.1210/jcem-23-4-395 Higgins, 1964, The effect of povidone-iodine (betadine) on serum protein-bound iodine when used as a surgical preparation on intact skin, Can Med Assoc J, 90, 1298 Connolly, 1972, The effect of preoperative surgical scrubbing with povidone-iodine on urinary iodine levels, Aust NZ J Surg, 42, 94, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1972.tb06752.x Preibler, 1983, Anderungen der schilddrusenhormonspiegel nach schweren Verbrennungen bei Oberflachenbehandlung mit povidon-jod, Langenbecks Arch Chir, 360, 9, 10.1007/BF01255579 Alexander, 1981, Protein linked iodotyrosines in serum after topical application of povidone-iodine (betadine), J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 53, 105, 10.1210/jcem-53-1-105 Block, 1980, Thyroid function abnormalities from the use of topical betadine solution on intact skin of children, Cutis, 26, 88 Pyati, 1977, Absorption of iodine in the neonate following topical use of povidoneiodine, J Pediatr, 91, 825, 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)81052-4 Chabrolle, 1978, Goiter and hypothyroidism in the newborn after cutaneous absorption of iodine, Arch Dis Child, 53, 495, 10.1136/adc.53.6.495 Aronoff, 1980, Increased serum iodide concentration from iodine absorption through wounds treated topically with povidone-iodine, Am J Med Sci, 279, 173, 10.1097/00000441-198005000-00007 Sindelar, 1979, Irrigation of subcutaneous tissue with povidone-iodine solution for prevention of surgical wound infections, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 148, 227 Sharpe, 1981, Evaluation of povidone-iodine as a vesical irrigant for treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections, Urology, 17, 335, 10.1016/0090-4295(81)90258-2 Merimsky, 1981, Preoperative bladder irrigation with povidone-iodine, Br J Urol, 53, 330, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03190.x Sindelar, 1979, Intraperitoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution for the prevention of intraabdominal abcesses in the bacterially contaminated abdomen, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 148, 409 Strife, 1977, Peritoneal absorption of povidone-iodine, Lancet, 1, 1265, 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92481-3 Moseley, 1977, Betadine in the management of an infected Hancock prosthesis, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 73, 306, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)39964-7 Lord, 1977, Intraoperative antibiotic wound lavage, Ann Surg, 185, 634, 10.1097/00000658-197706000-00004 Glick, 1985, Iodine toxicity in a patient treated by continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation, Ann Thorac Surg, 39, 478, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)61965-0 Vorherr, 1980, Vaginal absorption of povidone-iodine, JAMA, 244, 2628, 10.1001/jama.1980.03310230030018 Shepard, 1978, Betadine: opthalmic preparation and intraocular lens surgery, 99 Dungeman, 1978, Iodine allergy, facts and phantoms, 21 Llorens, 1972, Reaction to povidone-iodine surgical scrub associated with radical pelvic operations, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 114, 834, 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90913-1 Feldtmann, 1979, Povidone-iodine skin sensitivity observed with possible altered immune status, JAMA, 242, 239, 10.1001/jama.242.3.239b Pietsch, 1976, Complications of povidone-iodine absorption in topically treated burn patients, Lancet, 1, 280, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91406-9 Hunt, 1980, A critical evaluation of povidone-iodine absorption in thermally injured patients, J Trauma, 20, 127, 10.1097/00005373-198002000-00004 Wolff, 1949, The temporary nature of the inhibitory action of excess iodine on organic iodine synthesis in the normal thyroid, Endocrinology, 45, 504, 10.1210/endo-45-5-504 Ingbar, 1983, Normal and abnormal responses of the thyroid to excess iodine, 317 Bucher, 1983, Fuhrt PVP-jod desinfektion von neugeborenen zurtransienten hypothyreose?, Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 113, 671 Lyen, 1982, Transient thyroid suppression associated with topically applied povidone-iodine, Am J Dis Child, 136, 369 L'Allemand, 1983, Iodine-induced alterations of thyroid function in newborn infants after prenatal and perinatal exposure to povidone iodine, J Pediatr, 102, 935, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80028-6