Migration and Health Selectivity in the Context of Internal Migration in China, 1997–2009
Tóm tắt
Using data from the 1997–2009 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we examine the ‘healthy migrant hypothesis’ in a setting where internal migrants face significant barriers to movement. Going beyond much of the existing literature in the Chinese context, we use an appropriate comparison between migrants and non-migrants at origin, using detailed health measures, and data spanning a wider geographic and temporal extent than had been previously considered. Consistent with research from both international migration contexts and other internal migration settings, we find that migrants are positively selected on the basis of health, although the relationship between health and migration diminishes across time. The strongest evidence for health selection comes from a subjective self-reported health measure, although we also find evidence for selection against those experiencing acute health conditions. We speculate that the across-time differentiation may be caused by the rapid social, economic and policy changes in China’s economic reform era. Thus, we suggest that migration scholars should consider the changing macro context when theorizing about selection factors.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraido-Lanza, A. F., Dohrenwend, B. P., Ng-Mak, D. S., & Blake Turner, J. (1999). The Latino mortality paradox: A test of the ‘Salmon Bias’ and healthy migrant hypotheses. American Journal of Public Health, 89(10), 1543–1548.
Barboza, D. (2010). Another death at electronics supplier in China. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/22/technology/22suicide.html. Accessed 7 Oct 2011.
Baulch, B. & Agnes, Q. (2011). Testing and adjusting for attrition in household panel data. Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC) Toolkit Note.
Borjas, G. J. (1987). Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. The American Economic Review, 77(4), 531–553.
Chan, K. W. (1996). Post-Mao China: A two-class society in the making. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20, 134–150.
Chan, K. W., & Buckingham, Will. (2008). Is China abolishing the Hukou system? The China Quarterly, 195, 582–606.
Chan, K. W., & Zhang, L. (1999). The hukou system and rural-urban migration in China: Processes and changes. China Quarterly, 160(1), 818–855.
Chen, F. (2005). Residential patterns of parents and their married children in contemporary China: A life course approach. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(2), 125–148.
Chen, J. (2011). Internal migration and health: Re-examining the healthy migrant phenomenon in China. Social Science and Medicine, 72, 1294–1301.
Cornelius, W. A. (2001). Death at the border: Efficacy and unintended consequences of US immigration control policy. Population and Development Review, 27(4), 661–685.
Duan, C., Yang, Ke., Zhang, P., & Xuehe, L. (2008). The major trends of floating population since economic reform era. Population Research, 32(6), 30–43.
Espinosa, K., & Massey, D. (1997). Undocumented migration and the quantity and quality of social capital. Soziale Welt, 12, 141–162.
Fan, C. C. (2005). Migration, Hukou, and the City. In China Urbanizes: consequences, strategies, and policies. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Fitzgerald, J., Gottschalk, P., & Moffitt, R. (1998). An analysis of sample attrition in panel data: The Michigan panel study of income dynamics. The Journal of Human Resources, 33(2), 251–299.
Hayward, M. D., & Heron, M. (1999). Racial inequality in active life among adult Americans. Demography, 36(1), 77–91.
Hildebrandt, N., & McKenzie, D. (2005). The effects of migration on child health in Mexico. Economia, 6(1), 257–289.
Hu, X., Cook, S., & Salazar, M. A. (2008). Internal migration and health in China. Lancet, 372, 17–19.
Hummer, R. A., Powers, D. A., Pullum, S. G., Gossman, G. L., & Frisbie, W. P. (2007). Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the United States. Demography, 44(3), 441–457.
Li, X., Stanton, B., Chen, X., Hong, Y., Fang, X., Lin, D., et al. (2006). Health indicators and geographic mobility among young rural-to-urban migrants in China. World Health Population, 8(2), 5–21.
Liang, Z. (2001). The age of migration in China. Population and Development Review, 27(3), 499–524.
Lu, Y. (2008). Test of the ‘healthy migrant hypothesis’: A longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Social Science and Medicine, 67(8), 1331–1339.
Lu, Y. (2010). Rural-urban migration and health: Evidence from longitudinal data in Indonesia. Social Science and Medicine, 70(3), 412–419.
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431–466.
Massey, D. S., & Chiara, C. (2008). The geographic diversification of American immigration. In D. S. Massey (Ed.), New faces in new places: The changing geography of American immigration (pp. 25–50). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Meng, X. (2000). Labour market reform in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Palloni, A., & Morenoff, J. D. (2001). Interpreting the paradox in the hispanic paradox: Demographic and epidemiologic approaches. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 954, 140–174.
Rindfuss, R. R. (1991). The young adult years: Diversity, structural change, and fertility. Demography, 28(4), 493–512.
Royston, P. (2004). Multiple imputation of missing values. Stata Journal, 4(3), 227–241.
Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for survey nonresponse. New York: Wiley.
Shen, J., Wong, K., & Feng, Z. (2002). State-sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of South China, 1980–1998. Urban Geography, 23(7), 674–699.
Shen, J., & Yefang, H. (2003). The working and living space of the ‘Floating population’ in China. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 44(1), 51–62.
Solinger, D. J. (1999). China’s floating population: Implications for state and society. In R. MacFarquha & M. Goldman (Eds.), The paradox of China’s post-mao reforms. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Turra, C. M., & Elo, I. T. (2008). The impact of Salmon Bias on the hispanic mortality advantage: New evidence from social security data. Population Research and Policy Review, 27(5), 515–530.
Turra, C. M., & Goldman, N. (2007). Socioeconomic differences in mortality among U.S. adults: Insights into the Hispanic paradox. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, S184–S192.
Ullmann, H. S., Goldman, N., & Massey, D. (2011). Healthier before they migrate, less healthy when they return?: The health of returned migrants in Mexico. Social Science and Medicine, 73, 421–428.
Von Hippel, P. T. (2007). Regression with missing Ys: An improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data. Sociological Methodology, 37(1), 83–117.
Wang, F., Ren, P., Ang, Z. S., & Anan, S. (2005). Reproductive health status, knowledge, and access to health care among female migrants in Shanghai, China. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37, 603–622.
Wen, M., Fan, J., Jin, L., & Wang, G. (2010). Neighborhood effects on health among migrants and natives in Shanghai, China. Health and Place, 16, 452–460.
White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskadisticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.
Yang, X., & Guo, F. (1999). Gender differences in determents of temporary labor migration in China: A multilevel analysis. International Migration Review, 33(4), 929–953.
Zhao, Y. (2003). The role of migrant networks in labor migration: The case of China. Contemporary Economic Policy, 21(4), 500.