Exploring alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected dairy cattle
Tóm tắt
Besnoitia besnoiti is an Apicomplexan protozoa causative of bovine besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease of cattle, with a variety of pathological findings that could alter some laboratory parameters. A study was conducted in a bovine besnoitiosis endemically infected dairy herd located in Italy characterized by high intra-herd seroprevalence and cattle with clinical signs of the disease. In the study, alterations in laboratory parameters, i.e. hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol levels, in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected cows were investigated in depth. Laboratory parameters in 107 cows, of which 61 were seronegative and 46 were seropositive to B. besnoiti, including 27 with clinical signs of bovine besnoitiosis, were compared. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the effect of Besnoitia infection on the considered laboratory parameters. Hematological analyses revealed that B. besnoiti infection determined a significant alteration to the leukocyte differential, with a higher percentage of granulocytes and a lower percentage of lymphocytes in seropositive and clinically affected animals (Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0.022); erythrocyte and platelet counts did not show any difference between the considered groups of cows. Biochemistry tests evidenced that the parasite infection influenced serum protein values in seropositive cows and glutamate dehydrogenase values in clinically affected animals. No or only slight differences were revealed for all of the other biochemical and enzyme activity parameters in B. besnoiti-infected animals. In addition, despite the lack of statistical significance, seropositive and clinically affected cows evidenced higher concentrations of serum cortisol values compared to seronegative animals. Although physiological, pathological and farm-related factors could have influenced the results in investigated animals, further studies involving more animals from different farms would be advisable to infer the role of B. besnoiti on these alterations, since laboratory parameters could help veterinarians in the diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis in cattle.
Tài liệu tham khảo
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Bovine besnoitiosis: an emerging disease in Europe. EFSA J. 2010;8:1499–514.
Gentile A, Militerno G, Schares G, Nanni A, Testoni S, Bassi P, et al. Evidence for bovine besnoitiosis being endemic in Italy: first in vitro isolation of Besnoitia besnoiti from cattle born in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2012;184:108–15.
Gazzonis AL, Alvarez-Garcia G, Zanzani SA, Garippa G, Rossi L, Maggiora M, et al. Besnoitia besnoiti among cattle in insular and northwestern Italy: endemic infection or isolated outbreaks? Parasites Vectors. 2014;7:585.
Gazzonis AL, Alvarez-Garcia G, Maggioni A, Zanzani SA, Olivieri E, Compiani R, et al. Serological dynamics and risk factors of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in breeding bulls from an endemically infected purebred beef herd. Parasitol Res. 2017;116:1383–93.
Villa L, Gazzonis AL, Zanzani SA, Perlotti C, Sironi G, Manfredi MT. Bovine besnoitiosis in an endemically infected dairy cattle herd in Italy: serological and clinical observations, risk factors, and effects on reproductive and productive performances. Parasitol Res. 2019;118:3459–68.
Alvarez-Garcia G, Frey CF, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. A century of bovine besnoitiosis: an unknown disease re-emerging in Europe. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:407–15.
Cortes H, Leitao A, Gottstein B, Hemphill A. A review on bovine besnoitiosis: a disease with economic impact in herd health management, caused by Besnoitia besnoiti. Parasitology. 2014;141:1406–17.
Jacquiet P, Liénard E, Franc M. Bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Vet Parasitol. 2010;174:30–6.
Langenmayer MC, Scharr JC, Sauter-Louis C, Schares G, Gollnick NS. Natural Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: hematological alterations and changes in serum chemistry and enzyme activities. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:32.
Nieto-Rodríguez JM, Calero-Bernal R, Álvarez-García G, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Redondo-García E, Fernández-García JL, et al. Characterization of an outbreak of emerging bovine besnoitiosis in southwestern Spain. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:2887–92.
Dubey JP, Van Wilpe E, Blignaut DJC, Schares G, Williams JH. Development of early tissue cysts and associated pathology of Besnoitia besnoiti in a naturally infected bull (Bos taurus) from South Africa. J Parasitol. 2013;99:459–66.
Alshehabat M, Alekish M, Talafha A. Selected metabolic biochemical and enzyme activities associated with Besnoitia besnoiti infection in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48:1301–4.
Nazifi S, Oryan A, Mohebbi H. Evaluation of hematological parameters in caprine besnoitiosis. J Appl Anim Res. 2002;21:123–8.
Oryan A, Nazifi S, Mohebbi H. Pathology and serum biochemical changes in natural caprine besnoitiosis. Rev Med Vet. 2008;159:27–32.
Mormède P, Andanson S, Aupérin B, Beerda B, Guémené D, Malmkvist J, et al. Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiol Behav. 2007;92:317–39.
Brown EJ, Vosloo A. The involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenocortical axis in stress physiology and its significance in the assessment of animal welfare in cattle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2017;84:a1398.
Álvarez-García G, García-Lunar P, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Shkap V, Ortega-Mora LM. Dynamics of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle. Parasitology. 2014;141:1419–35.
Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Ferre I, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Advances in the diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis: current options and applications for control. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47:737–51.
Villa L, Gazzonis AL, Perlotti C, Zanzani SA, Sironi G, Manfredi MT. First report of Demodex bovis infestation in bovine besnoitiosis co-infected dairy cattle in Italy. Parasitol Int. 2020;75:102021.
Wood D, Quiroz-Rocha GF. Normal hematology of cattle. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, editors. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. Ames: Wiley; 2010. p. 829–35.
Roland L, Drillich M, Iwersen M. Hematology as a diagnostic tool in bovine medicine. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2014;26:592–8.
Russell KE. Platelet kinetics and laboratory evaluation of thrombocytopenia. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ, editors. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. Ames: Wiley; 2010. p. 576–85.
Stockham SL, Scott MA. Proteins. In: Stockham SL, Scott MA, editors. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. Ames: Blackwell Publishing; 2008. p. 369–414.