Black-White racial health disparities in inflammation and physical health: Cumulative stress, social isolation, and health behaviors

Ansar, 2013, C-reactive protein and the biology of disease, Immunol. Res., 56, 131, 10.1007/s12026-013-8384-0 Armstrong, 2013, Prior experiences of racial discrimination and racial differences in health care system distrust, Med. Care, 51, 144, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31827310a1 Baum, 1999, Socioeconomic status and chronic stress. Does stress account for SES effects on health?, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 896, 131, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08111.x Bell, 2018, The role of social context in racial disparities in self-rated health, J. Urban Heal., 95, 13, 10.1007/s11524-017-0211-9 Bernstein, 1994, Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect, Am. J. Psychiatry, 151, 1132, 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 Bondy, 2021, Inflammation is associated with future depressive symptoms among older adults, Brain Behav. Immun. Health, 13 Brown, 2012, Race-ethnicity and health trajectories: Tests of three hypotheses across multiple groups and health outcomes, J. Health Soc. Behav., 53, 359, 10.1177/0022146512455333 Brugha, 1985, The List of Threatening Experiences: a subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat, Psychol. Med., 15, 189, 10.1017/S003329170002105X Carlson, 2018, Addressing the impact of racism on Veterans of Color: a race-based stress and trauma intervention, Psychol. Violence, 8, 748, 10.1037/vio0000221 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Adult Obesity Facts. DNPAO Data Stat. 39, 0–1. Chartier, 2009, Health risk behaviors and mental health problems as mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health, Am. J. Public Health, 99, 847, 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122408 Cuffee, 2013, Reported racial discrimination, trust in physicians, and medication adherence among inner-city African Americans with hypertension, Am. J. Public Health, 103, e55, 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301554 Dohrenwend, 2006, Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability, Psychol. Bull., 132, 477, 10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.477 Fernandez-Real, 2001, Circulating Interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1154, 10.1210/jcem.86.3.7305 Gehlert, 2008, Targeting health disparities: a model linking upstream determinants to downstream interventions, Health Aff., 27, 339, 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.339 Gehred, 2021, Long-term neural embedding of childhood adversity in a population-representative birth cohort followed for five decades, Biol. Psychiatry, 0 Gleason, 2012, The enduring impact of borderline personality pathology: risk for threatening life events in later middle-age, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 121, 447, 10.1037/a0025564 Iacovino, 2016, Personality predicts health declines through stressful life events during late mid-life, J. Pers., 84, 536, 10.1111/jopy.12179 Jackson, 2010, Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course, Am. J. Public Health, 100, 933, 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446 Kirkinis, 2018, Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature, Ethn. Heal., 0, 1 Kish, 1949, A Procedure for Objective Respondent Selection within the Household, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 44, 380, 10.1080/01621459.1949.10483314 Kochanek, 2013, How did cause of death contribute to racial differences in life expectancy in the United States in 2010?, NCHS Data Brief., 1 Kubany, 2000, Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, Psychol. Assess., 12, 210, 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210 Lewis, 2015, Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues, Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 11, 407, 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 Maggio, 2006, Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway, J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 61, 575, 10.1093/gerona/61.6.575 McClendon, 2019, Mechanisms of Black-White disparities in health among older adults: examining discrimination and personality, J. Health Psychol. McEwen, 1998, Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators, N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 171, 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 Miller, 2011, Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms, Psychol. Bull., 137, 959, 10.1037/a0024768 Moorer, 2001, Psychometric properties of the RAND-36 among three chronic diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatic diseases and COPD) in the Netherlands, Qual. Life Res, 10, 637, 10.1023/A:1013131617125 Mortenson, 2009, Interpersonal trust and social skill in seeking social support among Chinese and Americans, Commun. Res., 36, 32, 10.1177/0093650208326460 Musa, 2009, Trust in the health care system and the use of preventive health services by older black and white adults, Am. J. Public Health, 99, 1293, 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123927 Muthén, L., Muthén, B., 2015. Mplus. seventh ed., Muthén & MuthénLos Angeles, CA. Myers, 2009, Ethnicity- and socio-economic status-related stresses in context: an integrative review and conceptual model, J. Behav. Med., 32, 9, 10.1007/s10865-008-9181-4 Oltmanns, 2014, Prevalence of personality disorders at midlife in a community sample: disorders and symptoms reflected in interview, self, and informant reports, J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 36, 177, 10.1007/s10862-013-9389-7 Ozbay, 2007, Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice, Psychiatry, 4, 35 Paul, 2019, The intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment: nonspecificity of maltreatment type and associations with borderline personality pathology, Dev. Psychopathol., 31, 1157, 10.1017/S095457941900066X Prather, 2015, Sleep duration, insomnia, and markers of systemic inflammation: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), J. Psychiatr. Res., 60, 95, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.018 Scher, 2001, The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data, J. Trauma. Stress, 14, 843, 10.1023/A:1013058625719 Senn, 2014, The mediating roles of perceived stress and health behaviors in the relation between objective, subjective, and neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceived health, Ann. Behav. Med., 48, 215, 10.1007/s12160-014-9591-1 Slopen, 2010, Early life adversity and inflammation in African Americans and Whites in the Midlife in the United States Survey, Psychosom. Med, 72, 694, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181e9c16f Smith, 2010, Race and trust, Annu. Rev. Sociol., 36, 453, 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102526 Spence, 2011, Recruitment of African American men: overcoming challenges for an epidemiological study of personality and health, Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol., 17, 377, 10.1037/a0024732 Stepanikova, 2017, Systemic inflammation in midlife: race, socioeconomic status, and perceived discrimination, Am. J. Prev. Med., 52, S63, 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.026 Sternthal, 2011, Racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter?, Du Bois Rev., 1, 95, 10.1017/S1742058X11000087 Taylor, 2011, Early adversity and adult health outcomes, Dev. Psychopathol., 23, 939, 10.1017/S0954579411000411 Thoits, 2010, Stress and health: major findings and policy implications, J. Health Soc. Behav., 51, S41, 10.1177/0022146510383499 Thompson, 2004, Stigmatization, Discrimination, and mental health: the impact of multiple identity status, Identity, 74, 529 Tuck, 2009, Standard operating procedures for serum and plasma collection: Early detection research network consensus statement standard operating procedure integration working group, J. Proteome Res., 8, 113, 10.1021/pr800545q Vickers, 1990, Demonstration of replicable dimensions of health behaviors, Prev. Med., 19, 377, 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90037-K Wang, 2013, IL-6 pathway-driven investigation of response to IL-6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis, BMJ Open, 3 Williams, 2010, Race, socioeconomic status and health: complexities, ongoing challenges and research opportunities, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1186, 69, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x Williams, 2005, Social sources of racial disparities in health, Health Aff., 24, 325, 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325