Picking up the pieces: a biosphere reserve framework for a fragmented landscape – The Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, South Africa

Anon (1995) The Establishment of a Biosphere Reserve in the Coastal Zone, Saldanha to Koeberg. Unpubl report, 61 pp Azorin JAE (1992) The Potential of Alien Acacias as Woodfuel Resource in the South Western Cape. Unpubl. report, National Energy Council, Cape Town Batisse M (1986) Developing and focusing the biosphere reserve concept. Nature & Resources 22: 2–11 Bedward M, Pressey RL and Keith DA (1992) A new approach for selecting fully representative reserve networks: addressing efficiency, reserve design and land suitability with iterative analyses. Biological Conservation 62: 115–125 Belbin L (1993) Environmental representativeness: regional partitioning and reserve selection. Biological Conservation 66:223–230 Bond P and Goldblatt P (1984) Plants of the Cape Flora: a descriptive catalogue. Journal of South African Botany 13 (Suppl.): 1–455 Boucher C (1981) Floristic and structural features of the coastal foreland vegetation south of the Berg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 2–26. University of the Western Cape, Bellville Boucher C (1987) A phytosociological study of transects through the Western Cape coastal foreland, South Africa. Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch Boucher C and Jarman ML (1977) The vegetation of the Langebaan area, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Sout Africa 42: 241–272 Cowling RM and Bond WJ (1991) How small can reserves be? An empirical approach in Cape Fynbos, South Africa. Biological Conservation 58: 243–256 Cowling RM and Holmes PM (1992) Flora and vegetation. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 23–61. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Cowling RM, Pierce SM and Moll EJ (1986) Conservation and utilisation of South Coast Renosterveld, an endangered South African vegetation type. Biological Conservation 37: 363–377 Cowling RM, Russel G, Hoffman MT and Hilton-Taylor C (1989) Patterns of plant species diversity in southern Africa. In: Huntley BJ (ed) Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation, pp 19–50. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Deacon HJ, Hendley QB and Lambrechts JJN (eds) (1983) Fynbos palaeoecology: A preliminary synthesis. South African Nat. Sci Prog. Rep 75: 215 pp Deacon HJ, Jury MR and Ellis F (1992) Selective regime and time. In: (Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos — Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 206–225. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Dennis Moss Partnership (1995) The Establishment of a Biosphere Reserve in the Coastal Zone Saldanha Bay to Koeberg: Pilot Study. Unpubl report, 69 pp Fuggle RF and Rabie MA (eds) (1992) Protected area. In: Environmental Management in South Africa, pp 670–712. Juta & Co, Kenwyn Graham RW (1988) The role of climate change in the design of biological reserves: the paleoecological perspective for conservation biology. Conservation Biology 2: 391–394 Greig JC (1981) The reptiles, amphibians and fish of the coastal lowlands of the Western Cape. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 27–29. University of the Western Cape, Belville Hockey PAR (1993) Potential impacts of water abstraction on the birds of the lower Berg River wetlands. In: Shaw K (ed) Berg River Estuary and Associated Wetlands. RAMSAR Rep., pp 114–152. Cape Nature Conservation, Cape Town Holmes PM and Cowling RM (1997) The effects of invasion by Accacia saligna on the guild structure and regeneration capabilities of South African fynbos shrubland. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 317–332 Hunter ML, Jacobsen GL and Webb T (1988) Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity. Conservation Biology 2: 375–385 Jarman ML (ed) (1986) Conservation priorities in lowland regions of the fynbos biome. S. Afr. Nat. Sci. Prog. Rep. 87: pp 55 Kemper J, Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Forsyth GC and McKelly DH (submitted) Landscape patterns and their correlates in a fragmented ecosystem: South Coast Rensoterveld, South Africa King JM (1988) Hydrology and hydrobiology in the fynbos biome. Ecosys. Prog. Occ. Rep. 26: pp 59 Lambrechts JJN (1981) Soils of the coastal lowlands of the western Cape. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 9. University of the Western Cape, Belville Lambrechts JJN, Theron AA and Fry M (1986) Detail characterisation of soils under different fynbos-climate-geology combinations in the south and south-western Cape. Ecosystem Pro-grammes, Project Report Series. University of Cape Town, Cape Town Linder HP (1985) Gene flow, speciation and species diversity patterns in a species-rich area: the Cape Flora. In: Vrba ES (ed) Species and Speciation. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria Lombard AT (1995) The problems with multi-species conservation: do hotspots, ideal reserves and existing reserves coincide? South African Journal of Zoology 30: 145–168 Lombard AT, Cowling RM, Pressey RL and Mustart PJ (1997) Reserve design on the Agulhus Plain, South Africa: a flexible tool for conservation in a species-rich fragmented landscape. Conservation Biology 11: 1101–1116 MacDowell CR (1993) Vegetation assessment of the Berg River estuary and floodplain with evaluation of likely impacts arising from proposed upstream water impoundments. In: Shaw K(ed) Berg River Estuary and Associated Wetlands, RAMSAR Rep., pp 26–83. Cape Nature Conservation, Cape Town Major J (1988) Endemism: a botanical perspective. In: Myers AA and Giller PS (eds) Analytical Biogeography. An Integrated Approach to the Study of Animal and Plant Distribution, pp 117–146. Chapman & Hall, New York Margules CR and Myers JA (1993) The location and management of natural areas in the forestry context: an Australian perspective. In: Everard (ed) The Relevance of Island Biogeographical Theory in Commercial Forestry, pp 3–26. FRD, Pretoria McDonald DJ (1988) A synopsis of the plant communities of Swartboschkloof Jonkershoek, Cape Province. Bothalia 18: 233–260 McNeely JA (1994) Protected areas for the 21st century: working to provide benefits to society. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 390–405 Myers N (1979) The Sinking Ark — A New Look at the Problem of Disappearing Species. Pergammon Press, Oxford Myers N (1990) The biodiversity challenge: expanded hot-spots analyses. Environment 10: 243–255 Myers N (1993) Biodiversity and the precautionary principle. Ambio 22: 74–79 Nicholls AO and Margules CR (1993) An upgraded reserve selection algorithm. Biological Conservation 64: 165–169 Nieman WA (1981) Climate of the coastal lowlands of the western Cape. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 11–15. University of the Western Cape, Belville Noss RF (1987) Protecting natural areas in fragmented landscapes. Natural Areas Journal 7: 2–13 Peters RL and Lovejoy TE (eds) (1992) Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA Pienkowski MW, Bignal EM, Galbraith CA, McCracken DI, Stillman RA, Boobyer MG and Curtis DJ (1996) A simplified classification of land-type zones to assist the integration of bio-diversity objectives in land-use policies. Biological Conservation 75: 11–25 Pressey RL (in press) Algorithms, politics and timber: an example of the role of science in a public, political negotiation process over new conservation areas in production forests. In: Wills RT, Hobbs RJ and Fox MD (eds) Ecology for Everyone: Communicating Ecology to Scientists, the Public and the Politicians, 26 pp. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney Pressey RL and Nicholls AO (1989) Application of a numerical algorithm to the selection of reserves in semi-arid New South Wales. Biological Conservation 50: 263–278 Pressey RL and Nicholls AO (1991) Reserve selection in the Western Division of New South Wales: development of a new procedure based on land system mapping. In: Margules CR and Austin MP (eds) Nature Conservation: Cost Effective Biological Surveys and Data Analyses, pp 98–105. CSIRO, Australia Pressey RL, Humphries CJ, Margules CR, Vane-Wright RI and Williams PH (1993) Beyond opportunitism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. TREE 8: 124–128 Pressey RL, Bedward M and Keith DA (1994) New procedures for reserve selection in New South Wales: maximising the chances of achieving a representative network. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ and Vane-Wright RI (eds) Systematices and Conservation evaluation, pp 351–373. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK Pressey RL, Ferrier S, Hutchinson CD, Sivertsen DP and Manion G (1995) Planning for negotiation: using an iterative geographic information system to explore alternative protected area networks. In: Saunders DA, Craig JL and Mattiske EM (eds) Nature Conservation: The Role of Networks, pp 23–33. Surrey Beatty, Sydney Rebelo AG (1992) Red data book species in the Cape Floristic region: threats, priorities and target species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48: 55–85 Rebelo AG (1996a) West Coast Renosterbos. In: Low AB and Rebelo AG (eds) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, pp 66. Dept. Environmental Affairs, Pretoria Rebelo AG (1996b) Sand Plain Fynbos. In: Low AB and Rebelo AG (eds) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, pp 74. Dept. Environmental Affairs, Pretoria Rebelo AG (1997) Conservation. In: Cowling RM, Richardson DM and Pierce SM (eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa, pp 571–590. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Rebelo AG and Siegfried WR (1992) Where should nature reserves be located in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa? Models for the spatial configuration of a reserve network aimed at maximising the protection of floral diversity. Conservation Biology 6: 243–252 Rebelo AG and Tansley SA (1993) Using rare plant species to identify priority conservation areas in the Cape Floristic region: the need to standardise for total species richness. South African Journal of Science 89: 156–161 Richards MB, Cowling RM and Stock WD (1995) Fynbos plant communities and vegetation-environment relationships in the Soetanysberg hills, Western Cape. South African Journal of Botany 61: 298–305 Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Holmes PM and Cowling RM (1992) Plant and animal invasions. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos — Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, pp 271–308. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Rogers J (1981) Geological history of the western Cape's coastal lowlands. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 7–8. University of the Western Cape, Belville Rojas M and McNeely JA (1995) The Convention on Biological Diversity: New Roles and Opportunities for Biosphere Reserves. International Conference on Biosphere Reserves, Seville, 20–25 March Shaw K, de Witt B, du Preez D, Palmer G and Wessels NG (1996) Berg river estuary and associated wetlands. RAMSAR Rep., Cape Nature Conservation, Cape Town Siegfried WR (1981) Trophic structure of some communities of fynbos birds. In: Moll E (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Coastal Lowlands of the Western Cape, pp 31–51. University of the Western Cape, Belville Siegfried WR (1989) Preservation of species on southern African nature reserves. In: Huntley BJ (ed) Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation, pp 186–201. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Tansley S (1982) Koppie Conservation Project. Unpubl. Report, Botanical Society, Cape Town UNESCO (1984) Action plan for biosphere reserves. Nature and Resources 2: 1–12 UNESCO (1995) The Seville strategy for biosphere reserves. Biosphere Reserves: The First Twenty Years. General Conference, Twenty-eighth Session, Seville Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ and Williams PH (1991) What to protect? — Systematics and the agony of choice.Biological Conservation 55: 235–254 Vernhes JR (1987) Biosphere Reserves: The Beginnings, the Present and the Future Challenges. Fourth World Congress, Colorado, 11–18 Sep Wells MP and Brandon KE (1993) The principles and practices of buffer zones and local participation in biodiversity conservation. Ambio 22: 157–162 Willis CK, Cowling RM and Lombard AT (1996) Patterns of endemism in the limestone flora of the South African lowland fynbos. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 55–73 Zonneveld IS (1989) The land unit — A fundamental concept in landscape ecology, and its applications. Landscape Ecology 3: 67–86