MicroRNA silencing for cancer therapy targeted to the tumour microenvironment

He, L. & Hannon, G. J. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nature Rev. Genet. 5, 522–531 (2004)

Calin, G. A. & Croce, C. M. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 857–866 (2006)

Esquela-Kerscher, A. & Slack, F. J. Oncomirs — microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 259–269 (2006)

Medina, P. P., Nolde, M. & Slack, F. J. OncomiR addiction in an in vivo model of microRNA-21-induced pre-B-cell lymphoma. Nature 467, 86–90 (2010)

Babar, I. A. et al. Nanoparticle-based therapy in an in vivo microRNA-155 (miR-155)-dependent mouse model of lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, E1695–E1704 (2012)

Stenvang, J., Petri, A., Lindow, M., Obad, S. & Kauppinen, S. Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides. Silence 3, 1 (2012)

Kasinski, A. L. & Slack, F. J. Epigenetics and genetics. MicroRNAs en route to the clinic: progress in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer 11, 849–864 (2011)

Cheng, C. J., Saltzman, W. M. & Slack, F. J. Canonical and non-canonical barriers facing antimiR cancer therapeutics. Curr. Med. Chem. 20, 3582–3593 (2013)

Elmen, J. et al. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature 452, 896–899 (2008)

Krutzfeldt, J. et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature 438, 685–689 (2005)

White, P. J., Anastasopoulos, F., Pouton, C. W. & Boyd, B. J. Overcoming biological barriers to in vivo efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 11, e10 (2009)

Vaupel, P., Kallinowski, F. & Okunieff, P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res. 49, 6449–6465 (1989)

Reshetnyak, Y. K., Andreev, O. A., Lehnert, U. & Engelman, D. M. Translocation of molecules into cells by pH-dependent insertion of a transmembrane helix. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6460–6465 (2006)

Thevenin, D., An, M. & Engelman, D. M. pHLIP-mediated translocation of membrane impermeable molecules into cells. Chem. Biol. 16, 754–762 (2009)

Reshetnyak, Y. K. et al. Measuring tumor aggressiveness and targeting metastatic lesions with fluorescent pHLIP. Mol. Imaging Biol. 13, 1146–1156 (2011)

Nielsen, P. E., Egholm, M. & Buchardt, O. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA). A DNA mimic with a peptide backbone. Bioconjug. Chem. 5, 3–7 (1994)

Østergaard, H., Tachibana, C. & Winther, J. R. Monitoring disulfide bond formation in the eukaryotic cytosol. J. Cell Biol. 166, 337–345 (2004)

Rai, D., Karanti, S., Jung, I., Dahia, P. L. M. & Aguiar, R. C. T. Coordinated expression of microRNA-155 and predicted target genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 181, 8–15 (2008)

Rather, M. I., Nagashri, M. N., Swamy, S. S., Gopinath, K. S. & Kumar, A. Oncogenic microRNA-155 down-regulates tumor suppressor CDC73 and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation: implications for cancer therapeutics. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 608–618 (2013)

Costinean, S. et al. Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in Eμ-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7024–7029 (2006)

Sandhu, S. K., Croce, C. M. & Garzon, R. Micro-RNA expression and function in lymphomas. Adv. Hematol. 2011, 1–12 (2011)

Cheng, C. J. & Slack, F. J. The duality of oncomiR addiction in the maintenance and treatment of cancer. Cancer J. 18, 232–237 (2012)

DeVita, V. T., Lawrence, T. S. & Rosenberg, S. A. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology 9th edn (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011)

Zhang, Y. et al. LNA-mediated anti-miR-155 silencing in low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Blood 120, 1678–1686 (2012)

Gottwein, E. et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature 450, 1096–1099 (2007)

Dweep, H., Sticht, C., Pandey, P. & Gretz, N. miRWalk–database: prediction of possible miRNA binding sites by ‘walking’ the genes of three genomes. J. Biomed. Inform. 44, 839–847 (2011)

Li, S. et al. microRNA-155 silencing inhibits proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis by upregulating BACH1 in renal cancer cells. Mol. Med. Report. 5, 949–954 (2012)

Brognara, E. et al. Uptake by human glioma cell lines and biological effects of a peptide-nucleic acids targeting miR-221. J. Neurooncol. 118, 19–28 (2014)

Wang, Y.-Z. et al. Delivery of an miR155 inhibitor by anti-CD20 single-chain antibody into B cells reduces the acetylcholine receptor-specific autoantibodies and ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 176, 207–221 (2014)

Christensen, L. et al. Solid-phase synthesis of peptide nucleic acids. J. Pept. Sci. 1, 175–183 (1995)

Obad, S. et al. Silencing of microRNA families by seed-targeting tiny LNAs. Nature Genet. 43, 371–378 (2011)

Sahu, B. et al. Synthesis and characterization of conformationally preorganized, (R)-diethylene glycol-containing γ-peptide nucleic acids with superior hybridization properties and water solubility. J. Org. Chem. 76, 5614–5627 (2011)

Fabani, M. M. et al. Efficient inhibition of miR-155 function in vivo by peptide nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 4466–4475 (2010)

Shiraishi, T. & Nielsen, P. E. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugates as carriers for cellular delivery of antisense oligomers. Artif. DNA PNA XNA 2, 90–99 (2011)

Fabbri, E. et al. miRNA therapeutics: delivery and biological activity of peptide nucleic acids targeting miRNAs. Epigenomics 3, 733–745 (2011)

Xu, G. et al. Transcriptome and targetome analysis in MIR155 expressing cells using RNA-seq. RNA 16, 1610–1622 (2010)

Loeb, G. B. et al. Transcriptome-wide miR-155 binding map reveals widespread noncanonical microRNA targeting. Mol. Cell 48, 760–770 (2012)