The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook

Ahmed, 2001, Brine disposal from reverse osmosis desalination plants in Oman and the United Arab Emirates, Desalination, 133, 135, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)80004-7

Akinaga, 2018, Brine utilisation for cooling and salt production in wind-driven seawater greenhouses: design and modelling, Desalination, 426, 135, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.025

Allison, 1993, High water recovery with electrodialysis reversal, 1

Almulla, 2003, Developments in high recovery brackish water desalination plants as part of the solution to water quantity problems, Desalination, 153, 237, 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01142-6

Arnal, 2005, Concentration of brines from RO desalination plants by natural evaporation, Desalination, 182, 435, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.036

Bashitialshaaer, 2007, Impact of brine disposal from EMU desalination plant on seawater composition, 21

Bashitialshaaer, 2009, Environmental assessment of brine discharge including wastewater collection in the Arabian gulf

Belatoui, 2017, Environmental effects of brine discharge from two desalination plants in Algeria (South Western Mediterranean), Desalin. Water Treat., 76, 311, 10.5004/dwt.2017.20812

Blackwell, 2005, Evaluation of a sequential biological concentration system in natural resource management of a saline irrigated area, Aust. J. Water Resour., 9, 169

Bleninger, 2010, Desalination plant discharge calculator, Desalin. Water Treat., 13, 156, 10.5004/dwt.2010.1055

Brady, 2005, Inland desalination: challenges and research needs, J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ., 132, 46, 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2005.mp132001007.x

Caldera, 2017, Learning curve for seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants: capital cost trend of the past, present, and future, Water Resour. Res., 53, 10523, 10.1002/2017WR021402

Chen, 2015, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of desalinated water among professionals in health and water departments in Shengsi, China: a qualitative study, PLoS One, 10

Costa, 2006, Performance and cost estimation of nanofiltration for surface water treatment in drinking water production, Desalination, 196, 55, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.08.030

Damania, 2017

Darre, 2018, Desalination of water: a review, Curr. Pollut. Rep., 1

DesalData

Djuma, 2016, Non-conventional water resources research in semi-arid countries of the Middle East, Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 2290, 10.1080/19443994.2014.984930

Efraty, 2012, Closed circuit desalination series no 7: retrofit design for improved performance of conventional BWRO system, Desalin. Water Treat., 41, 301, 10.1080/19443994.2012.664716

Einav, 2002, The footprint of the desalination processes on the environment, Desalination, 152, 141

Elimelech, 2011, The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment, Science, 333, 712, 10.1126/science.1200488

Fernández-Torquemada, 2005, Preliminary results of the monitoring of the brine discharge produced by the SWRO desalination plant of Alicante (SE Spain), Desalination, 182, 395, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.023

Frank, 2017, Short-term effects of SWRO desalination brine on benthic heterotrophic microbial communities, Desalination, 417, 52, 10.1016/j.desal.2017.04.031

Gacia, 2007, Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 72, 579, 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.11.021

Garcia, 2011, 7 year operation of a BWRO plant with raw water from a coastal aquifer for agricultural irrigation, Desalin. Water Treat., 31, 331, 10.5004/dwt.2011.2380

Ghaffour, 2013, Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability, Desalination, 309, 197, 10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015

Giwa, 2017, Brine management methods: recent innovations and current status, Desalination, 407, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.12.008

Gomez, 2011

Greenlee, 2009, Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges, Water Res., 43, 2317, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010

Gude, 2017, Desalination and water reuse to address global water scarcity, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 16, 591, 10.1007/s11157-017-9449-7

Hajbi, 2010, Reuse of RO desalination plant reject brine, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 31, 341, 10.1007/s11669-010-9727-3

Harvey

Ibáñez, 2013, Acid and base recovery from softened reverse osmosis (RO) brines. Experimental assessment using model concentrates, Desalination, 309, 165, 10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.006

International Center for Biosaline Agriculture [ICBA]

Jones, 2018, Drought impacts on river salinity in the southern US: implications for water scarcity, Sci. Total Environ., 644, 844, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.373

Kaplan, 2017, Assessment of desalination technologies for treatment of a highly saline brine from a potential CO2 storage site, Desalination, 404, 87, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.11.018

Kelkar, 2003, Performance evaluation of reverse osmosis desalination plants for rural water supply in a developing country–a case study, Environ. Monit. Assess., 89, 243, 10.1023/A:1026147331266

Kesieme, 2013, Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the context of carbon pricing, and opportunities for membrane distillation, Desalination, 323, 66, 10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.033

Ketsetzi, 2008, Being “green” in chemical water treatment technologies: issues, challenges and developments, Desalination, 223, 487, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.230

Khawaji, 2007, A 13.3 MGD seawater RO desalination plant for Yanbu Industrial City, Desalination, 203, 176, 10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.018

Korngold, 2009, Electrodialysis of brine solutions discharged from an RO plant, Desalination, 242, 215, 10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.008

Kurihara, 2001, Operation and reliability of very high-recovery seawater desalination technologies by brine conversion two-stage RO desalination system, Desalination, 138, 191, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00264-8

Lachish, 2002, Optimizing the efficiency of reverse osmosis seawater, Desalination

Liu, 2016, Concentrating brine from seawater desalination process by nanofiltration–electrodialysis integrated membrane technology, Desalination, 390, 53, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.03.012

Loganathan, 2017, Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 3, 37

Lucier, 2018, Gender and community mainstreaming in fog water collection systems, Water, 10, 1472, 10.3390/w10101472

Macedonio, 2008, Pressure-driven membrane operations and membrane distillation technology integration for water purification, Desalination, 223, 396, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.200

March, 2014, The end of scarcity? Water desalination as the new cornucopia for Mediterranean Spain, J. Hydrol., 519, 2642, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.023

Martinez-Alvarez, 2016, Seawater desalination for crop irrigation—a review of current experiences and revealed key issues, Desalination, 381, 58, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.032

Martin-Gorriz, 2014, Energy and greenhouse-gas emissions in irrigated agriculture of SE (southeast) Spain. Effects of alternative water supply scenarios, Energy, 77, 478, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.09.031

Mekonnen, 2016, Four billion people facing severe water scarcity, Sci. Adv., 2, 10.1126/sciadv.1500323

Meneses, 2010, Alternatives for reducing the environmental impact of the main residue from a desalination plant, J. Ind. Ecol., 14, 512, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00225.x

Mezher, 2011, Techno-economic assessment and environmental impacts of desalination technologies, Desalination, 266, 263, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.035

Mohamed, 2005, Impact of land disposal of reject brine from desalination plants on soil and groundwater, Desalination, 182, 411, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.035

Mohsen, 2010, Performance evaluation of reverse osmosis desalination plant: a case study of Wadi Ma'in, Zara and Mujib plant, Desalin. Water Treat., 14, 265

Morillo, 2014, Comparative study of brine management technologies for desalination plants, Desalination, 336, 32, 10.1016/j.desal.2013.12.038

Palomar, 2011, Impacts of brine discharge on the marine environment

Pearce, 2004, Pretreatment options for large scale SWRO plants: case studies of OF trials at Kindasa, Saudi Arabia, and conventional pretreatment in Spain, Desalination, 167, 175, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.127

Pilat, 2001, Practice of water desalination by electrodialysis, Desalination, 139, 385, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00338-1

Pinto, 2017, Desalination projects economic feasibility: a standardization of cost determinants, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 78, 904, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.024

Qadir, 2018, Addressing trade-offs to promote safely managed wastewater in developing countries, Water Econ. Pol., 4, 1871002, 10.1142/S2382624X18710029

Qadir, 2015, Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources, vol. 5

Qadir, 2018, Fog water collection: challenges beyond technology, Water, 10, 372, 10.3390/w10040372

Qiu, 2012, Comparison of configurations for high-recovery inland desalination systems, Water, 4, 690, 10.3390/w4030690

Qurie, 2013, Inland treatment of the brine generated from reverse osmosis advanced membrane wastewater treatment plant using epuvalisation system, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 13808, 10.3390/ijms140713808

Rabinowitz, 2016, Nuclear energy and desalination in Israel, Bull. At. Sci., 72, 32, 10.1080/00963402.2016.1124658

Richter, 2013, Tapped out: how can cities secure their water future?, Water Policy, 15, 335, 10.2166/wp.2013.105

Roberts, 2015, Near field flow dynamics of concentrate discharges and diffuser design, 369

Roberts, 2010, Impacts of desalination plant discharges on the marine environment: a critical review of published studies, Water Res., 44, 5117, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.036

Sánchez, 2015, Uses of the reject brine from inland desalination for fish farming, Spirulina cultivation, and irrigation of forage shrub and crops, Desalination, 364, 96, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.034

Schewe, 2014, Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 3245, 10.1073/pnas.1222460110

Silber, 2015, Irrigation with desalinated water: a step toward increasing water saving and crop yields, Water Resour. Res., 51, 450, 10.1002/2014WR016398

Singh, 2009, Analysis of high recovery brackish water desalination processes using fuel cells, Sep. Sci. Technol., 44, 585, 10.1080/01496390802634414

Sood, 2014, Can desalinization and clean energy combined help to alleviate global water scarcity?, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 10.1111/jawr.12174

Stover, 2013, Industrial and brackish water treatment with closed circuit reverse osmosis, Desalin. Water Treat., 51, 1124, 10.1080/19443994.2012.699341

Subramani, 2015, Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: a critical review, Water Res., 75, 164, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.032

Tanaka, 2011, Global trends and performances of desalination research, Desalin. Water Treat., 25, 1, 10.5004/dwt.2011.1936

Valero, 2010, Desalination of brackish river water using Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR): control of the THMs formation in the Barcelona (NE Spain) area, Desalination, 253, 170, 10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.011

van Vliet, 2017, Quality matters for water scarcity, Nat. Geosci., 10, 800, 10.1038/ngeo3047

Vanham, 2018, Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: an evaluation of indicator 6.4. 2 “level of water stress”, Sci. Total Environ., 613, 218, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.056

Von Gottberg, 2005, Optimizing water recovery and energy consumption for seawater RO systems, 510, 1

Voutchkov, 2011, Overview of seawater concentrate disposal alternatives, Desalination, 273, 205, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.018

Wenten, 2016, Reverse osmosis applications: prospect and challenges, Desalination, 391, 112, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.12.011

Wenten, 2016, Scale-up Strategies for Membrane-Based Desalination Processes: A Review, J. Membr. Sci. Res., 2, 42

Wenten, 2017, Integrated processes for desalination and salt production: a mini-review, vol. 1818(No. 1), 020065

Wilf, 2001, Optimization of seawater RO systems design, Desalination, 138, 299, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00278-8

Xu, 2013, Critical review of desalination concentrate management, treatment and beneficial use, Environ. Eng. Sci., 30, 502, 10.1089/ees.2012.0348

Younos, 2005, Environmental issues of desalination, J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ., 132, 11, 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2005.mp132001003.x

Zhou, 2015, Development of lower cost seawater desalination processes using nanofiltration technologies—a review, Desalination, 376, 109, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.020