8 The neurophysiology of vomiting

Abbot, 1952, The relation of sustained contraction of the duodenum to nausea and vomiting, Gastroenterology, 20, 238, 10.1016/S0016-5085(52)80150-7 Abrahamsson, 1969, Excitation of reflex vagal relaxation of the stomach from pharynx and esophagus in the cat, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 77, 172, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1969.tb04561.x Abrahamson, 1973, Vagal relaxation of the stomach induced by apomorphine in the cat, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 88, 296, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05458.x Andrews, 1986, The non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation of the stomach, Archives of International Pharmacodynamics and Therapy, 280, 84 Andrews, 1986, Vagal afferent innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, 65, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62757-0 Andrews, 1987, Evidence for an extra-abdominal site of action for the 5HT3 receptor antagonist BRL 24924 in the inhibition of radiation evoked emesis in the ferret, Neuropharmacology, 26, 1367, 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90100-6 Andrews, 1985, Characteristics of the vagally driven non-adrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory innervation of the ferret gastric corpus, Journal of Physiology, 363, 120, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015692 Andrews, 1988, Vagally mediated gastric motor and emetic reflexes evoked by stimulation of the antral mucosa in anaesthetized ferrets, Journal of Physiology, 395, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp016905 Andrews, 1980, Vagal afferent discharge from mechanoreceptors in different regions of the ferret stomach, Journal of Physiology, 298, 513, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013098 Andrews, 1980, The reflex activation of antral motility by gastric distension in the ferret, Journal of Physiology, 298, 79, 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013068 Andrews, 1985, Retching evoked by stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents in the anaesthetized ferret, Journal of Physiology, 358, 103P Andrews, 1986, Abdominal vagotomy modifies the emetic response to radiation in the ferret, Journal of Physiology, 378, 16P Andrews, 1986, The effect of abdominal visceral nerve lesions and a novel 5HT-M receptor antagonist on cytoxic and radiation induced emesis in the ferret, Journal of Physiology, 382, 47P Andrews, 1987, Increase in 3[H]-2deoxyglucose uptake in the ferret area postrema produced by apomorphine administration or electrical stimulation of the abdominal vagus, Journal of Physiology, 382, 188P Andrews, 1973, A study of compounds which initiate and block nerve impulses in the perfused liver, British Journal of Pharmacology, 49, 192, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08365.x Akwari, 1983, The gastrointestinal tract in chemotherapy induced emesis, 25, 18 Azpiroz, 1984, Pressure activity patterns in the canine proximal stomach: response to distension, American Journal of Physiology, 247, G265 Baker, 1985, The neuroanatomy of vomiting in man: association of projectile vomiting with a solitary metastasis in the lateral tegmentum of the pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 1165, 10.1136/jnnp.48.11.1165 Barnes, 1983, The physiology and pharmacology of emesis, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 7, 397, 10.1016/0098-2997(84)90006-2 Bateman, 1985, Studies on the pharmacological control of gastric emptying in man, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 20, 339, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05074.x Beleslin, 1987, Noradrenaline induced emesis, 26, 1157 Bennett, 1920, The effects of emotions on gastric secretion and motility in the human being, British Medical Journal, 662, 10.1136/bmj.2.3122.662 Bernard, 1856, Memoir on the Pancreas, 43 Blackshaw, 1987, Vagal afferent discharge from gastric mechanoreceptors during contraction and relaxation of the ferret corpus, Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 18, 19, 10.1016/0165-1838(87)90130-5 Blackshaw, 1987, Involvement of gastrointestinal mechano and intestinal chemoreceptors in vagal reflexes: an electrophysiological study, Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Borison, 1957, Site of emetic action of x-radiation in the cat, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 107, 439, 10.1002/cne.901070307 Borison, 1986, Anatomy and physiology of the chemoreceptor trigger zone and area postrema Borison, 1959, Role of medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone in post nephrectomy vomiting in dogs, American Journal of Physiology, 197, 850, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.4.850 Borison, 1983, Neuropharmacology of chemotherapy induced emesis, Drugs, 25, 8, 10.2165/00003495-198300251-00003 Borison, 1953, Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting, Pharmacology Reviews, 5, 193 Borison, 1975, Unit activity from the cat area postrema influenced by drugs, Brain Research, 92, 153, 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90537-5 Borison, 1984, Role of the area postrema in vomiting and related functions, 43, 2955 Boyle, 1987, Anti-emetic activity of BRL 43694, a novel 5HT3-receptor antagonist Brizzee, 1956, Effect of localized brain stem lesions and supradiaphragmatic vagotomy on X-radiation emesis in the monkey, American Journal of Physiology, 187, 567, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.187.3.567 Brizzee, 1986, The central nervous connections involved in the vomiting reflex, 31 Brooks, 1983, Extracellular recording in rat area postrema in vitro and the effects of cholinergic drugs, serotonin and angiotensin II, Brain Research, 261, 85, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91286-6 Carpenter, 1983, Responses of neurons of canine area postrema to neurotransmitters and peptides, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 3, 113, 10.1007/BF00735276 Carpenter, 1984, Behavioural and electrophysiological studies of peptide induced emesis in dogs, 43, 2952 Chinn, 1954, Locus of emetic action following irradiation, 85, 472 Clarke, 1984, Nausea and vomiting, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 56, 19, 10.1093/bja/56.1.19 Cottrell, 1984, Mucosal enteroreceptors with vagal afferent fibres in the proximal duodenum of sheep, Journal of Physiology, 354, 497, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015390 Creytens, 1984, Effect of the non-antidopaminergic drug cisapride on postprandial nausea, Current Therapeutic Research, 36, 1063 Cunningham, 1987, Prevention of emesis in patients receiving cytotoxic drugs by GR 38032F, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, Lancet, i, 1461, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92208-2 Davis, 1986, The organisation of vomiting as a protective reflex: a commentary on the first day's discussions Davison, 1986, Activation of vagal gastric mechanoreceptors by cholecystokinin, 29, 363 Dorval, 1985, Effect of ionizing radiation on gastric secretion and gastric motility in monkeys, Gastroenterology, 89, 374, 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90339-7 Dubois, 1984, Altered gastric emptying and prevention of radiation induced vomiting in dogs, Gastroenterology, 86, 444, 10.1016/S0016-5085(84)80013-X Edin, 1980, Evidence for vagal enkephalinergic neural control of the feline pylorus and stomach, Gastroenterology, 78, 492, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90862-8 Fetting, 1982, Cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard induced vomiting in cats, Cancer Treatment Reports, 66, 1625 Geldof, 1986, Electrogastrographic study of gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with unexplained nausea and vomiting, Gut, 27, 799, 10.1136/gut.27.7.799 German, 1982, Reflex stimulation of tracheal mucus gland secretion by gastric irritation in cats, Journal of Applied Physiology, 52, 1153, 10.1152/jappl.1982.52.5.1153 Gerstner, 1960, Reaction to short-term radiation in man, 11, 389 Glenn, 1976, Gastric modulation of gustatory afferent activity, Physiology and Behaviour, 16, 561, 10.1016/0031-9384(76)90216-X Goldberg, 1931, The afferent paths of nerves involved in the vomiting reflex induced by distension of an isolated pyloric pouch, American Journal of Physiology, 99, 156, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1931.99.1.156 Gregory, 1946, Changes in intestinal tone and motility associated with nausea and vomiting, Journal of Physiology, 105, 58, 10.1113/jphysiol.1946.sp004152 Grundy, 1988, Sensory afferents from the gastrointestinal tract Gullikson, 1980, Electrical arrhythmias in gastric antrum of the dog, American Journal of Physiology, 239, G59 Harding, 1984, Characteristics of a new emesis producing intestinal factor, Physiologist, 27, 279 Harding, 1985, Discrete lesions of the area postrema abolish radiation induced emesis in the dog, Neuroscience Letters, 53, 95, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90103-X Harris, 1986, Mechanisms and treatment of cytotoxic induced nausea and vomiting Hatcher, 1923, Studies on vomiting, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 22, 139 Hawthorn, 1988, The role of the abdominal visceral innervation and 5-HT-M receptors in vomiting induced by the cytoxic drugs cyclophosphamide and cisplatin in the ferret, Quarterly Journal of Physiology, 73, 7, 10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003124 Ireland, 1987, Pharmacological characterisation of 5-hydroxytryptamine induced depolarization of the rat isolated vagus nerve, British Journal of Pharmacology, 90, 229, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb16844.x Khayutin, 1976, Chemosensitive spinal afferents: threshold of specific and nociceptive reflexes as compared with thresholds of excitation for receptors and axons, Progress in Brain Research, 43, 293, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64361-7 Kim, 1986, Characteristics of spontaneous and drug induced gastric arrhythmics in a chronic canine model, Gastroenterology, 90, 421, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90942-X Koella, 1966, Mechanism of the EEG-synchronizing action of serotinin, American Journal of Physiology, 211, 926, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.4.926 Kuwahara, 1983, Changes in the gastric motility by the chemical and mechanical stimulations in the dog, Japanese Journal of Physiology, 33, 29, 10.2170/jjphysiol.33.29 Laszlo, 1983, Emesis as a limiting toxicity in cancer chemotherapy Lee, 1985, Studies of mechanism of retching and vomiting in dogs, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 30, 22, 10.1007/BF01318366 Leibundgut, 1987, First results with ICS 205-930 (5HT3 receptor antagonist) in prevention of chemotherapy induced emesis, Lancet, i, 1198, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92159-3 Leslie, 1985, Neuroactive substances in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla oblongata, Neurochemistry International, 7, 191, 10.1016/0197-0186(85)90106-8 Leslie, 1986, Comparative aspects of the area postrema: fine structural considerations help to determine its function, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 6, 95, 10.1007/BF00711065 Leslie, 1984, Neuronal connections of the area postrema, 43, 2941 Manni, 1982, Area postrema and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Experimental Neurology, 77, 39, 10.1016/0014-4886(82)90141-8 McCarthy, 1974, Respiratory mechanics of vomiting in decerebrate cats, American Journal of Physiology, 226, 738, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.3.738 McCarthy, 1974, Vomiting: radiographic and oscillographic correlates in the decerebrate cat, Gastroenterology, 67, 1126, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32697-6 McNamee, 1985, Gastric emptying in chronic renal failure, British Medical Journal, 291, 310, 10.1136/bmj.291.6491.310 Mehler, 1983, Observations on the connectivity of the parvicellular reticular formation with respect to a vomiting center, Brain, Behaviour and Evolution, 23, 63, 10.1159/000121489 Mei, 1983, vol. 4, 1 Miller, 1983, ‘Vomiting centre’ reanalyzed: an electrical stimulation study, Brain Research, 270, 154, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90805-3 Miner, 1986, Inhibition of cisplatin induced vomiting by selective 5 hydroxytryptamine M-receptor antagonism, British Journal of Pharmacology, 88, 497, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10228.x Miner, 1987, Evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptors mediate cytotoxic drug and radiation evoked emesis, British Journal of Cancer, 56, 159, 10.1038/bjc.1987.177 Money, 1970, Motion sickness, Physiological Reviews, 50, 1, 10.1152/physrev.1970.50.1.1 Newton, 1987, A comparison of GABA- and GAD-like immunoreactivity within the area postrema of the rat and cat, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 255, 208, 10.1002/cne.902550205 Newson, 1982, Ultrastructural observations in the rat ileal mucosa of possible epithelial ‘taste cells’ and submucosal sensory neurons, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 114, 161, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb06967.x Oman, 1986, MIT/Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab 1 mission, 64, 316 Pack, 1984, Amine containing cells of the lung, European Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 65, 559 Paintal, 1964, Effect of drugs on vertebrate mechanoreceptors, Pharmacology Review, 16, 341 Paintal, 1973, Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects, Physiological Reviews, 53, 159, 10.1152/physrev.1973.53.1.159 Palkovitz, 1985, Distribution of neuroactive substances in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla oblongata, Neuorchemistry International, 7, 213, 10.1016/0197-0186(85)90107-X Pettorossi, 1983, Modulation of the masseteric reflex by gastric vagal afferents, Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 121, 67 Reason, 1975 Richardson, 1985, Identification of serotonin M-receptor subtypes and their specific blockade by a new class of drugs, Nature, 316, 126, 10.1038/316126a0 Round, 1986, The depolarizing action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on rabbit vagal afferent and sympathetic neurones in vitro and its selective blockade by ICS-205-930, British Journal of Pharmacology, 88, 485, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10227.x Sawchenko, 1983, Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve, 13 Schwartz, 1986, Neurochemical investigations into the human area postrema, 18 Smith, 1961, Cineradiographic analysis of vomiting in the cat, Gastroenterology, 40, 654, 10.1016/S0016-5085(61)80036-X Stern, 1987, Spectral analysis of tachygastria recorded during motion sickness, Gastroenterology, 92, 92, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90843-2 Stewart, 1977, Intestinal myoelectric activity after activation of central emetic mechanisms, American Journal of Physiology, 233, E131 Stott, 1986, Mechanisms and treatment of motion illness, 110 Tan, 1986, Innervation of perioesophageal region of cat's diaphragm: implications for studies of control of vomiting, Neuroscience Letters, 68, 339, 10.1016/0304-3940(86)90513-6 Thoren, 1979, Role of cardiac vagal C-fibres in cardiovascular control, Reviews of Physiology, 86, 1 Thumas, 1891, Ueber das Brechcentrum und uber die Wirkung einiger pharmakologischer Mittel auf dasselbe, Virchow's Archives of Pathology and Anatomy, 123, 44, 10.1007/BF01881928 Walton, 1931, The nerve pathways in the vomiting of peritonitis, Archives of Surgery, 22, 829, 10.1001/archsurg.1931.01160050140008 Wang, 1950, The vomiting centre, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 63, 928, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1950.02310240087005 Wang, 1951, The vomiting centre: its destruction by radon implantation in the dog medulla oblongata, American Journal of Physiology, 166, 712, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1951.166.3.712 Wang, 1952, A new concept of organisation of the central emetic mechanism: recent studies on the sites of action of apomorphine, copper sulphate and cardiac glycosides, Gastroenterology, 22, 1, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)36357-7 Wepfer, 1679 Willems, 1986, Peripheral nervous pathways involved in nausea and vomiting, 56 You, 1984, Studies of electromechanical activity of the stomach in humans and dogs with particular attention to tachygastria, Gastroenterology, 86, 1410, 10.1016/S0016-5085(84)80159-6 Young, 1980, Nervous control of stomach movements in dogfishes and rays, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 1, 10.1017/S0025315400024061