6 The control of production and release of haemostatic factors in the endothelial cell

Angles-Cano, 1985, Production of monoclonal antibodies to the high fibrin affinity, tissue-type plasminogen activator of human plasma. Demonstration of its endothelial origin by immunolocalisation, Blood, 66, 913, 10.1182/blood.V66.4.913.913 Benveniste, 1972, Leukocyte-dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets: the role of IgE, basophils, and a platelet-activating factor, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 136, 1356, 10.1084/jem.136.6.1356 Bevilacqua, 1984, Interleukin 1 induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 160, 618, 10.1084/jem.160.2.618 Birch, 1992, Calcium/calmodulin transduces thrombin-stimulated secretion: studies in intact and minimally permeabilized human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 118, 1501, 10.1083/jcb.118.6.1501 Blair, 1982, Prostacyclin is not a circulating hormone in man, Prostaglandins, 23, 577, 10.1016/0090-6980(82)90118-6 Bogle, 1991, Bradykinin and ATP stimulate l-arginine uptake and nitric oxide release in vascular endothelial cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 180, 926, 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81154-4 Booyse, 1986, Rapid release and deactivation of plasminogen activators in human endothelial cell cultures in the presence of thrombin and ionophore A23187, 12, 228 Booyse, 1988, Normal but not hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein induces rapid release of tissue plasminogen activator from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, 14, 175 Born, 1984, Source and concentration of extracellular adenosine triphosphate during haemostasis in rats, rabbits and man, Journal of Physiology, 354, 419, 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015385 Bourin, 1986, Functional domains of rabbit thrombomodulin, 83, 5924 Bowie, 1986, Transplantation of normal bone marrow into a pig with severe von Willebrand's disease, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 78, 26, 10.1172/JCI112560 Braquet, 1987, Perspectives in platelet-activating factor research, Pharmacological Reviews, 39, 97 Brock, 1991, Tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor increases cytosolic Ca2+ and von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells, American Journal of Pathology, 138, 213 Brox, 1984, Production and availability of thromboplastin in endothelial cells: the effects of thrombin, endotoxin and platelets, British Journal of Haematology, 57, 239, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb02892.x Busch, 1982, Identification in vitro of an endothelial cell surface cofactor for antithrombin III, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 69, 726, 10.1172/JCI110502 Bussolino, 1986, Interleukin 1 stimulates platelet-activating factor production in cultured human endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 77, 2027, 10.1172/JCI112532 Camussi, 1983, The release of platelet-activating factor from human endothelial cells in culture, Journal of Immunology, 131, 2397 Carew, 1992, The roles of protein kinase C and intracellular Ca++ in the secretion of von Willebrand factor from human vascular endothelial cells, Biochemical Journal, 286, 631, 10.1042/bj2860631 Carter, 1992, Regulation of prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells, News in Physiological Sciences, 7, 64 Carter, 1988, Regulation of P2Y purinoceptor-mediated prostacyclin release from human endothelial cells by cytoplasmic calcium concentration, British Journal of Pharmacology, 95, 1181, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11754.x Carter, 1990, Homologous desensitization of ATP-mediated elevations in cytoplasmic calcium and prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells does not involve protein kinase C, Biochemical Journal, 272, 217, 10.1042/bj2720217 Cerveny, 1984, Synthesis of coagulation factor V by cultured aortic endothelium, Blood, 63, 1467, 10.1182/blood.V63.6.1467.1467 Chesterman, 1986, Substrate for endothelial prostacyclin production in the presence of platelets exposed to collagen is derived from platelets rather than the endothelium, Blood, 67, 1744, 10.1182/blood.V67.6.1744.1744 Clay, 1991, Biosynthesis of platelet activating factor and 1-O-acyl analogues by endothelial cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1094, 43, 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90024-R Clesham, 1992, Activation of bovine endothelial thromboxane receptors triggers release of prostacyclin but not EDRF, Cardiovascular Research, 26, 513, 10.1093/cvr/26.5.513 Coade, 1989, Metabolism of adenine nucleotides in blood, Circulation Research, 65, 531, 10.1161/01.RES.65.3.531 Colburn, 1988, Identification of an endothelial cell product as an inhibitor of tissue factor activity, In Vitro, 24, 1133 Colucci, 1985, Generation in plasma of a fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in response to endotoxin stimulation, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 75, 818, 10.1172/JCI111777 Cooke, 1991, Flow activates an endothelial potassium channel to release an endogenous nitrovasodilator, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 88, 1663, 10.1172/JCI115481 Cooke, 1991, Arginine restores cholinergic relaxation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta, Circulation, 83, 1057, 10.1161/01.CIR.83.3.1057 Cox, 1989, Atherosclerosis impairs flow-mediated dilation of coronary arteries, Circulation, 80, 458, 10.1161/01.CIR.80.3.458 Crossman, 1990, The control of tissue factor mRNA in human endothelial cells in response to endotoxin or phorbol ester, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 9782, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38739-3 Danthuluri, 1988, Acetylcholine-induced calcium transients in primary cultures of rabbit aortic endothelial cells, American Journal of Physiology, 255, H1549 Dejana, 1985, Interaction between fibrinogen and cultured endothelial cells: induction of migration and specific binding, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 75, 11, 10.1172/JCI111661 Delvos, 1985, Binding of fibrinogen to cultured bovine endothelial cells, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 53, 26, 10.1055/s-0038-1661230 Edgington, 1991, The structural biology of expression and function of tissue factor, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 66, 67, 10.1055/s-0038-1646375 Ehrlich, 1991, Thrombin neutralizes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 that is complexed with vitronectin in the endothelial cell matrix, Journal of Cell Biology, 115, 1773, 10.1083/jcb.115.6.1773 Ehrlich, 1991, Functional interaction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and heparin, Biochemistry, 30, 1021, 10.1021/bi00218a020 Esmon, 1987, Thrombomodulin, 13, 454 Etingin, 1990, Viral activation of the coagulation cascade: molecular interactions at the surface of infected endothelial cells, Cell, 61, 657, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90477-V Fuchs, 1983, Regulation of factor IXa in vitro in human and mouse plasma and in vivo in the mouse. The role of endothelium and the plasma proteinase inhibitors, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 72, 2041, 10.1172/JCI111169 Fujii, 1991, Mechanisms contributing to increased synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in endothelial cells by constituents of platelets and their implications for thrombosis, Circulation, 83, 645, 10.1161/01.CIR.83.2.645 Furchgott, 1980, The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine, Nature, 288, 373, 10.1038/288373a0 Gelehrter, 1986, Thrombin induction of plasminogen activator-inhibitor in cultured human endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 77, 165, 10.1172/JCI112271 Glimelius, 1978, Binding of heparin on the surface of endothelial cells, Thrombosis Research, 12, 773, 10.1016/0049-3848(78)90271-2 Gordon, 1986, The hydrolysis of extracellular adenine nucleotides in cultured endothelial cells: feed-forward inhibition of adenosine production at the cell surface, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 15496, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66740-7 Gordon, 1986, Extracellular ATP: effects, sources and fate, Biochemical Journal, 233, 309, 10.1042/bj2330309 Haigh, 1993, Protein kinase C activation is involved in agonist-stimulated secretion of t-PA, but not PAI-1, from cultured endothelial cells, British Journal of Pharmacology, 108 Hajjar, 1991, The endothelial cell tissue plasminogen activator receptor. Specific interaction with plasminogen, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 21962, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54731-1 Hajjar, 1986, Binding of plasminogen to cultured human endothelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 11656, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67293-X Hallam, 1988, Thrombin-stimulated elevation of endothelial cell cytoplasmic free calcium concentration causes prostacyclin production, Biochemical Journal, 251, 243, 10.1042/bj2510243 Hallam, 1988, Evidence that agonists stimulate bivalent cation influx into human endothelial cells, Biochemical Journal, 255, 179, 10.1042/bj2550179 Hamilton, 1987, Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ associated with von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells exposed to histamine, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 79, 600, 10.1172/JCI112853 Heimark, 1983, Binding of coagulation factors IX and X to the endothelial cell surface, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 111, 723, 10.1016/0006-291X(83)90365-0 Horie, 1992, Retinoic acid stimulates expression of thrombomodulin, a cell surface anticoagulant, on human endothelial cells. Differences between upregulation of thrombomodulin by retinoic acid and cyclic AMP, Biochemical Journal, 281, 149, 10.1042/bj2810149 Jacob, 1988, Repetitive spikes in cytoplasmic calcium evoked by histamine in human endothelial cells, Nature, 335, 40, 10.1038/335040a0 Jacobson, 1992, Thrombin and histamine rapidly stimulate the phosphorylation of the myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: evidence for distinct patterns of protein kinase activation, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 152, 166, 10.1002/jcp.1041520121 Jaffe, 1973, Synthesis of antihemophilic factor antigen by cultural endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52, 2757, 10.1172/JCI107471 Jones, 1993, Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 9049, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52976-8 Kelm, 1988, Quantitative and kinetic characterization of nitric oxide and EDRF release from cultured endothelial cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 154, 236, 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90675-4 Kilbourn, 1990, Endothelial cell production of nitrogen oxides in response to interferon γ in combination with tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 or endotoxin, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82, 772, 10.1093/jnci/82.9.772 Kooistra, 1988, Histamine and thrombin induce acute release and an increase in constitutive synthesis of tPA in human endothelial cells in culture, Fibrinolysis, 2, 41, 10.1016/0268-9499(88)90436-5 Kooistra, 1991, Stimulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator synthesis by retinoids in cultured human endothelial cells and rat tissues in vivo, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 65, 565, 10.1055/s-0038-1648191 Lansman, 1987, Single stretch-activated ion channels in vascular endothelial cells as mechanotransducers, Nature, 325, 811, 10.1038/325811a0 Levin, 1987, Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 with the growth substratum and membrane of human endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 105, 2543, 10.1083/jcb.105.6.2543 Levin, 1988, Stimulation and desensitization of tissue plasminogen activator release from human endothelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 9360, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)76549-1 Levin, 1991, Thrombin and histamine induced signal transduction in human endothelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 174, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52418-2 Levin, 1984, Thrombin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator release from cultured human endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 74, 1988, 10.1172/JCI111620 Levine, 1982, Thrombin-mediated release of factor VIII antigen from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture, Blood, 60, 531, 10.1182/blood.V60.2.531.531 Loesberg, 1983, The effect of calcium on the secretion of Factor VIII-related antigen by cultured human endothelial cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 763, 160, 10.1016/0167-4889(83)90039-3 Long, 1985, The release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor is calcium-dependent, Blood Vessels, 22, 205 Loskutoff, 1991, The biochemistry, cell and molecular biology of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, 97 Lyberg, 1983, Cellular cooperation in endothelial thromboplastin synthesis, British Journal of Haematology, 53, 85, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb01989.x McCarroll, 1985, Endothelial synthesis of von Willebrand antigen II, von Willebrand factor and von Willebrand factor/von Willebrand antigen II complex, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 75, 1089, 10.1172/JCI111802 McIntyre, 1985, Human endothelial cells synthesize both platelet-activating factor and prostacyclin in response to histamine, bradykinin and adenosine triphosphate, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 76, 275, 10.1172/JCI111957 McIntyre, 1986, Leukotrienes C4 and D4 stimulate human endothelial cells to synthesize platelet-activating factor and bind neutrophils, 83, 2204 Mannucci, 1975, Mechanism of plasminogen activation and factor VIII increase after vasoactive drugs, British Journal of Haematology, 30, 81, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb00521.x Marcum, 1984, Acceleration of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation in rat hindquarters via heparin-like molecules bound to the endothelium, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 74, 341, 10.1172/JCI111429 Marcus, 1980, Synthesis of prostacyclin from platelet-derived endoperoxides by cultured human endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 66, 979, 10.1172/JCI109967 Marcus, 1991, Inhibition of platelet function by an aspirin-insensitive endothelial cell ADPase, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 88, 1690, 10.1172/JCI115485 Marsh, 1990, The effect of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans on levels of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis, 1, 133 Maruyama, 1984, Coagulation factor Va binds to human endothelial cells and accelerates protein C activation, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 74, 224, 10.1172/JCI111405 May, 1990, The role of nitric oxide as an endogenous regulator of platelet and neutrophil function in the pulmonary circulation, British Journal of Pharmacology, 102, 759, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12246.x Mayadas, 1989, Von Willebrand factor biosynthesis and partitioning between constitutive and regulated pathways of secretion after thrombin stimulation, Blood, 57, 2745 Maynard, 1977, Tissue factor coagulant activity of cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, Blood, 50, 387, 10.1182/blood.V50.3.387.387 Mimuro, 1987, The extracellular matrix of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells contains functionally active type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, Blood, 70, 721, 10.1182/blood.V70.3.721.721 Moncada, 1982, Biological importance of prostacyclin, British Journal of Pharmacology, 76, 3, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09186.x Moncada, 1991, Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology, Pharmacological Reviews, 43, 109 Mueller, 1991, Synthesis of 1-acyl-2[3H]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a structural analog of platelet activating factor, by venous endothelial cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 176, 1557, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90465-J Mülsch, 1989, Nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cytosol: evidence for a calcium-dependent and a calcium-independent mechanism, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 340, 767, 10.1007/BF00169688 Nachman, 1977, Synthesis of factor VIII antigen by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 60, 914, 10.1172/JCI108846 Nawroth, 1986, Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 163, 740, 10.1084/jem.163.3.740 Novotny, 1989, Purification and characterization of the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor from human plasma, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 18832, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51542-8 Nusinow, 1984, Increased von Willebrand factor in the plasma of patients with vasculitis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 27, 1405, 10.1002/art.1780271211 Ogawa, 1990, Hypoxia modulates the barrier and coagulant functions of cultured bovine endothelium, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 85, 1090, 10.1172/JCI114540 Olesen, 1988, Hemodynamic shear stress activates a K+ current in vascular endothelial cells, Nature, 331, 168, 10.1038/331168a0 Paleolog, 1990, Differential regulation by cytokines of constitutive and stimulated secretion of vWf from endothelial cells, Blood, 75, 688, 10.1182/blood.V75.3.688.688 Paleolog, 1991, Effects of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 on von Willebrand factor secretion from human vascular endothelial cells, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 60, 279, 10.1080/09553009114552011 Palmer, 1988, Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from l-arginine, Nature, 333, 664, 10.1038/333664a0 Pearson, 1991, Endothelial cell P2 purinoceptors, 195 Pearson, 1979, Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in culture selectively release adenine nucleotides, Nature, 281, 384, 10.1038/281384a0 Pearson, 1985, Nucleotide metabolism by endothelium, Annual Review of Physiology, 47, 617, 10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.003153 Pedersen, 1990, Recombinant human extrinsic pathway inhibitor. Production, isolation and characterization of its inhibitory activity on tissue factor-initiated coagulation reactions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 16786, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44829-0 Pober, 1990, Cytokines and endothelial cell biology, Physiological Reviews, 70, 427, 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.427 Pohl, 1986, Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo, Hypertension, 8, 37, 10.1161/01.HYP.8.1.37 Porta, 1991, Von Willebrand factor and endothelial abnormalities in diabetic microangiopathy, Diabetes Care, 14, 167, 10.2337/diacare.14.2.167 Pottinger, 1989, Von Willebrand factor is an acute phase reactant in man, Thrombosis Research, 53, 387, 10.1016/0049-3848(89)90317-4 Priessner, 1990, Structural requirements for the extracellular interactions of vitronectin with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the matrix of endothelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 18490, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44778-8 Pruis, 1990, Endothelin-1 and -3 induce the release of tissue type plasminogen activator and von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells, European Journal of Pharmacology, 187, 105, 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90345-7 Radomski, 1987, Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor, nitric oxide and prostacyclin in platelets, British Journal of Pharmacology, 92, 181, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11310.x Radomski, 1987, The role of nitric oxide and cGMP in platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 148, 1482, 10.1016/S0006-291X(87)80299-1 Radomski, 1990, Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of an inducible, but not the constitutive, nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells, 87, 10043 Rajah, 1977, The effect of dipyridamole on platelet functions: correlation with blood levels in man, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 4, 129, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00683.x Rees, 1989, Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure, 86, 3375 Reinders, 1987, Perturbation of cultured human vascular endothelial cells by phorbol ester or thrombin alters the cellular von Willebrand factor distribution, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 133, 79, 10.1002/jcp.1041330110 Ribes, 1987, Fibrin induces release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 79, 117, 10.1172/JCI112771 Rimon, 1987, Identification of a factor IX/IXa binding protein on the endothelial cell surface, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 6023, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45532-9 Rodgers, 1983, Characterization of the effects of cultured vascular cells on the activation of blood coagulation, Blood, 61, 1155, 10.1182/blood.V61.6.1155.1155 Rossi, 1985, Prostacyclin synthesis induced in vascular cells by interleukin-1, Science, 229, 174, 10.1126/science.2409598 Rubanyi, 1986, Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, American Journal of Physiology, 250, 41145 Russell, 1990, Binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator with human endothelial cell monolayers: characterization of the high affinity interaction with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 2569, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39839-4 Ryan, 1992, Tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial tissue factor is associated with subendothelial matrix vesicles but is not expressed on the apical surface, Blood, 80, 966, 10.1182/blood.V80.4.966.966 Saksela, 1987, The opposing effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor beta on the regulation of plasminogen activator activity in capillary endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 105, 957, 10.1083/jcb.105.2.957 Sandset, 1991, Extrinsic pathway inhibitor—the key to feedback control of blood coagulation initiated by tissue thromboplastin, Haemostasis, 21, 219 Santell, 1988, Cyclic AMP potentiates phorbol ester stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator release and inhibits secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from human endothelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 16802, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37462-3 Santell, 1992, Disruption of microtubules inhibits the stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator expression and promotes plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 expression in human endothelial cells, Experimental Cell Research, 201, 358, 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90284-F Schleef, 1988, Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor activation of vascular endothelium: effects on plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue-type plasminogen activator, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 5797, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60636-2 Schleef, 1991, Immunoelectron microscopic localization of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor on the surface of activated endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 113, 1413, 10.1083/jcb.113.6.1413 Schrauwen, 1993, The acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator from cultured human endothelial cells, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Seiffert, 1990, Serum-derived vitronectin influences the pericellular distribution of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, Journal of Cell Biology, 111, 1283, 10.1083/jcb.111.3.1283 Simpson, 1991, Distribution of plasminogen activator inhibitor in tissues, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 44, 139, 10.1136/jcp.44.2.139 Slivka, 1991, Platelets stimulate endothelial cells to synthesize type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Evaluation of the role of transforming growth factor beta, Blood, 77, 1013, 10.1182/blood.V77.5.1013.1013 Slivka, 1991, Regulation of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor synthesis by protein kinase C and cyclic AMP in bovine aortic endothelial cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1094, 317, 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90092-C Sporn, 1986, Inducible secretion of large, biologically potent von Willebrand factor multimers, Cell, 46, 185, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90735-X Stern, 1986, Participation of endothelial cells in the protein C-protein S anticoagulant pathway, Journal of Cell Biology, 102, 1971, 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1971 Takahashi, 1992, Circulating thrombomodulin as a novel endothelial cell marker: comparison of its behaviour with von Willebrand factor and tissue-type plasminogen activator, American Journal of Hematology, 41, 32, 10.1002/ajh.2830410107 Toomey, 1992, The endothelial cell binding determinant of human factor IX resides in the γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain, Biochemistry, 31, 1806, 10.1021/bi00121a031 Toothill, 1988, Desensitization of agonist-stimulated prostacyclin release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, European Journal of Pharmacology, 157, 189, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90382-2 Tranquille, 1989, Protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide does not affect the acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 61, 442, 10.1055/s-0038-1646611 Tranquille, 1992, The involvement of phospholipases and eicosanoid metabolism in the acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator from perfused rat hindlegs, European Journal of Pharmacology, 213, 285, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90693-X Vallance, 1989, Effect of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man, Lancet, ii, 997, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91013-1 Van Buul-Wortelboer, 1989, Polar secretion of von Willebrand factor by endothelial cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1011, 129, 10.1016/0167-4889(89)90199-7 Van Hinsbergh, 1988, Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activators by endothelial cells, Haemostasis, 18, 307 Van Hinsbergh, 1985, Activated protein C decreases plasminogen activator-inhibitor activity in endothelial cell conditioned medium, Blood, 65, 444, 10.1182/blood.V65.2.444.444 Van der Poll, 1991, Fibrinolytic response to tumour necrosis factor in healthy subjects, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 174, 729, 10.1084/jem.174.3.729 Verweij, 1987, Expression of variant von Willebrand factor cDNA in heterologous cells: requirement of the propeptide in vWf multimer formation, EMBO Journal, 6, 2885, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02591.x Vu, 1991, Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation, Cell, 64, 1057, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90261-V Vu, 1991, Domains specifying thrombin-receptor interaction, Nature, 353, 674, 10.1038/353674a0 Wagner, 1990, Cell biology of von Willebrand factor, Annual Review of Cell Biology, 6, 217, 10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.001245 Wagner, 1982, Immunolocalisation of von Willebrand factor in Weibel-Palade bodies of human endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 95, 355, 10.1083/jcb.95.1.355 Wagner, 1990, Induction of specific storage organelles by von Willebrand factor propolypeptide, Cell, 64, 403, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90648-I Walker, 1985, Protein S and the regulation of activated protein C, 10, 131 Warn-Cramer, 1989, Studies of the factor Xa-dependent inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor from cell supernates of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 61, 101, 10.1055/s-0038-1646535 Warr, 1990, Disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits induced by administration of endotoxin or tissue factor: effect of anti-tissue factor antibodies and measurement of plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor, Blood, 75, 1481, 10.1182/blood.V75.7.1481.1481 Zeiher, 1991, Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone in humans. Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different early stages of atherosclerosis, Circulation, 83, 391, 10.1161/01.CIR.83.2.391 Zimmerman, 1990, Endothelial cell-associated platelet-activating factor: a novel mechanism for signalling intercellular adhesion, Journal of Cell Biology, 110, 529, 10.1083/jcb.110.2.529