6 Intravenous and inhalational anaesthetic agents

Adachi, 1992, Seizure-like movements during induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 68, 214, 10.1093/bja/68.2.214 Aun, 1992, Induction dose-response of propofol in unpre-medicated children, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 68, 64, 10.1093/bja/68.1.64 Bahar, 1982, Recovery from intravenous anaesthesia. Comparison of disoprofol with thiopentone and methohexitone, Anaesthesia, 37, 1171, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01782.x Beskow, 1995, Faster recovery after anesthesia in infants after intravenous induction with methohexital instead of thiopental, Anesthesiology, 83, 976, 10.1097/00000542-199511000-00010 Borgeat, 1991, Propofol and spontaneous movements: an EEG study, Anesthesiology, 74, 24, 10.1097/00000542-199101000-00005 Browne, 1992, Propofol and alfentanil in children: infusion technique and dose requirement for total i.v. anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 69, 570, 10.1093/bja/69.6.570 Cameron, 1984, The minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in children, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 63, 418, 10.1213/00000539-198404000-00007 Cameron, 1992, The minimum effective dose of lignocaine to prevent injection pain due to propofol in children, Anaesthesia, 47, 604, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02335.x Christian, 1991, Safe use of propofol in a child with acute intermittent porphyria (letter), Anaesthesia, 46, 423, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09578.x Cohen, 1995, Reducing emergence delirium following desflurane anesthesia in children (abstract), Anesthesiology, 83, A1167 Cook, 1987, Pharmacology of pediatric anesthesia, 12 Cook, 1993, Pediatric anesthesia pharmacology, 119 Cook, 1981, The inspired median effective dose, brain concentration at anesthesia, and cardiovascular index for halothane in young rats, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 60, 182, 10.1213/00000539-198104000-00002 Davis, 1994, Recovery characteristics of desflurane versus halothane for maintenance of anesthesia in pediatric ambulatory patients, Anesthesiology, 80, 298, 10.1097/00000542-199402000-00009 Doi, 1987, Respiratory effects of sevoflurane, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 66, 241, 10.1213/00000539-198703000-00007 Dorr, 1984, Etomidate: a selective adrenocortical 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, Klinische Wochenschrift, 62, 1011, 10.1007/BF01711722 Ebert, 1993, Sympathetic hyperactivity during desflurane anesthesia in healthy volunteers. A comparison with isoflurane, Anesthesiology, 79, 444, 10.1097/00000542-199309000-00006 Ebert, 1992, Sympathetic responses to induction of anesthesia in humans with propofol or etomidate, Anesthesiology, 76, 725, 10.1097/00000542-199205000-00010 Epstein, 1995, Sevoflurane versus halothane for general anesthesia in pediatric patients: a comparative study of vital signs, induction, and emergence, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 7, 237, 10.1016/0952-8180(95)00007-5 Eriksson, 1995, Prilocaine reduces injection pain caused by propofol, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 39, 210, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04045.x Fisher, 1992, MAC of desflurane in 60% nitrous oxide in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 76, 354, 10.1097/00000542-199203000-00005 Fisher, 1985, Comparison of enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with malignancies, Anesthesiology, 63, 647, 10.1097/00000542-198512000-00015 Fragen, 1979, Comparison of a new formulation of etomidate with thiopental-side effects and awakening times, Anesthesiology, 50, 242, 10.1097/00000542-197903000-00017 Friesen, 1983, Cardiovascular effects of inhalation induction with isoflurane in infants, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 62, 411, 10.1213/00000539-198304000-00006 Frink, 1996, Compound A concentrations during sevoflurane anesthesia in children, Anesthesiology, 84, 566, 10.1097/00000542-199603000-00012 Gallagher, 1985, Uptake of volatile anaesthetics in children, Anaesthesia, 40, 1073, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10604.x Gallagher, 1986, Isoflurane does not reduce aortic peak flow velocity in children, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58, 1116, 10.1093/bja/58.10.1116 Galloway, 1982, Pain reduction with etomidate injection (letter), Anaesthesia, 37, 352, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01131.x Ghoneim, 1977, Pharmacokinetics of intravenous anaesthetics: implications for clinical use, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2, 344, 10.2165/00003088-197702050-00003 Grant, 1983, Ketamine disposition in children and adults, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 55, 1107, 10.1093/bja/55.11.1107 Greenspun, 1995, Comparison of sevoflurane and halothane anesthesia in children undergoing outpatient ear, nose, and throat surgery, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 7, 398, 10.1016/0952-8180(95)00071-O Gregory, 1969, The relationship between age and halothane requirement in man, Anesthesiology, 30, 488, 10.1097/00000542-196905000-00003 Gregory, 1983, Fetal anesthetic requirements (MAC) for halothane, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 62, 9, 10.1213/00000539-198301000-00002 Hanaki, 1987, Decomposition of sevoflurane by sodalime, Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences, 36, 61 Hannallah, 1994, Propofol anaesthesia in paediatric ambulatory patients: a comparison with thiopentone and halothane, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 41, 12, 10.1007/BF03009654 Harrison, 1985, Porphyrogenicity of etomidate and ketamine as continuous infusions. Screening in the DDC-primed rat model, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 57, 420, 10.1093/bja/57.4.420 Hiller, 1992, Injection pain, cardiovascular changes and recovery following induction of anaesthesia with propofol in combination with alfentanil or lignocaine in children, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 36, 564, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03519.x Holm Knudsen, 1989, Rectal induction of anaesthesia in children. A comparison between ketamine-midazolam and halothane for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 33, 518 Holzman, 1995, Sevoflurane depress myocardial performance less than halothane during induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients, Anesthesiology, 83, A1169 Hoyal, 1980, Enflurane in outpatient paediatric dental anaesthesia. A comparison with halothane, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 219, 10.1093/bja/52.2.219 Hudson, 1983, Pharmacokinetics of methohexital and thiopental in surgical patients, Anesthesiology, 59, 215 Johannesson, 1987, Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange in children anaesthetized with halothane, enflurane and isoflurane, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 31, 375, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02587.x Johannesson, 1987, Halothane, enflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia for adenoidectomy in children, using two different premedications, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 31, 233, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02558.x Johannesson, 1995, Sevoflurane for ENT-surgery in children. A comparison with halothane, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 39, 546, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04116.x Jones, 1990, Biotransformation and hepato-renal function in volunteers after exposure to desflurane (1–653), British Journal of Anaesthesia, 64, 482, 10.1093/bja/64.4.482 Jonmarker, 1987, Thiopental requirements for induction of anesthesia in children, Anesthesiology, 67, 104, 10.1097/00000542-198707000-00020 Karl, 1983, Epinephrine-halothane interactions in children, Anesthesiology, 58, 142, 10.1097/00000542-198302000-00007 Kataria, 1994, The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches, Anesthesiology, 80, 104, 10.1097/00000542-199401000-00018 Kawana, 1995, Comparison of haemodynamic changes induced by sevoflurane and halothane in paediatric patients, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 42, 603, 10.1007/BF03011877 Kay, 1976, A clinical assessment of the use of etomidate in children, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 48, 207, 10.1093/bja/48.3.207 Kharasch, 1995, Biotransformation of sevoflurane, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 81, S27, 10.1097/00000539-199512001-00005 Kingston, 1990, Binding of thiopental in neonatal serum, Anesthesiology, 72, 428, 10.1097/00000542-199003000-00005 Komatsu, 1994, Electrical seizures during sevoflurane anesthesia in two pediatric patients with epilepsy, Anesthesiology, 81, 1535, 10.1097/00000542-199412000-00030 Korttila, 1980, Venous complications after intravenous injection of diazepam, flunitrazepam, thiopentone and etomidate, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 24, 227, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1980.tb01540.x Lebovic, 1992, Comparison of propofol versus ketamine for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 74, 490, 10.1213/00000539-199204000-00003 LeDez, 1987, The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in preterm neonates, Anesthesiology, 67, 301, 10.1097/00000542-198709000-00004 Lerman, 1992, Pharmacology of inhalational anaesthetics in infants and children, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2, 191, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1992.tb00200.x Lerman, 1983, Anesthetic requirements for halothane in young children 0–1 month and 1–6 months of age, Anesthesiology, 59, 421, 10.1097/00000542-198311000-00010 Lerman, 1984, Age and solubility of volatile anesthetics in blood, Anesthesiology, 61, 139, 10.1097/00000542-198408000-00005 Lerman, 1986, Effect of age on the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human tissues, Anesthesiology, 65, 307, 10.1097/00000542-198609000-00011 Lerman, 1990, The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and hemodynamic effects of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in newborn swine, Anesthesiology, 73, 717, 10.1097/00000542-199010000-00018 Lerman, 1994, The pharmacology of sevoflurane in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 80, 814, 10.1097/00000542-199404000-00014 Levine, 1996, Plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations after sevoflurane anesthesia in children, Anesthesiology, 84, 348, 10.1097/00000542-199602000-00012 Lockhart, 1974, The relationship of ketamine requirement to age in pediatric patients, Anesthesiology, 40, 507, 10.1097/00000542-197405000-00020 Malviya, 1990, The blood/gas solubilities of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and serum constituent concentrations in neonates and adults, Anesthesiology, 72, 793, 10.1097/00000542-199005000-00003 Mannion, 1994, Desflurane in paediatric practice, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 4, 301, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1994.tb00392.x Meretoja, 1996, Sevoflurane or halothane as sole anesthetic agent for broncho- and oesophagogastroduodenal-(OGD)scopies in infants and children (abstract), Anesthesia and Analgesia, 82, S311 Mori, 1996, Sevoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia: effects on respiration and circulation during induction and recovery, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 6, 95, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1996.tb00368.x Morio, 1992, Reaction of sevoflurane and its degradation products with soda lime. Toxicity of the byproducts, Anesthesiology, 77, 1155, 10.1097/00000542-199212000-00017 Morray, 1984, Hemodynamic effects of ketamine in children with congenital heart disease, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 63, 895, 10.1213/00000539-198410000-00004 Moss, 1979, Effect of etomidate on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 51, 347, 10.1093/bja/51.4.347 Murat, 1987, The respiratory effects of isoflurane, enflurane and halothane in spontaneously breathing children, Anaesthesia, 42, 711, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb05315.x Murat, 1988, Respiratory effects of nitrous oxide during halothane or enflurane anaesthesia in children, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 32, 186, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02712.x Murat, 1995, Pharmacokinetics of propofol in children under 3 years of age (abstract), Anesthesiology, 83, A1131 Murray, 1989, Haemodynamic effects of atropine during halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia in infants and small children, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 36, 295, 10.1007/BF03010768 Murray, 1991, The additive contribution of nitrous oxide to isoflurane MAC in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 75, 186, 10.1097/00000542-199108000-00003 Murray, 1992, Comparative hemodynamic depression of halothane versus isoflurane in neonates and infants: an echocardiographic study, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 74, 329, 10.1213/00000539-199203000-00003 Murray, 1990, Additive contribution of nitrous oxide to halothane MAC in infants and children, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 71, 120, 10.1213/00000539-199008000-00002 Naito, 1991, Comparison between sevoflurane and halothane for paediatric ambulatory anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 67, 387, 10.1093/bja/67.4.387 Nimmo, 1983, Pharmacology of etomidate, Contemporary Anesthesia Practice, 7, 83 Ohlson, 1994, Thermogenesis in brown adipocytes is inhibited by volatile anesthetic agents. A factor contributing to hypothermia in infants?, Anesthesiology, 81, 176, 10.1097/00000542-199407000-00024 Oikkonen, 1989, Serum fluoride in children anaesthetized with enflurane, European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 6, 401 Pacentine, 1995, Effects of fentanyl on sympathetic activation associated with the administration of desflurane, Anesthesiolgy, 82, 823, 10.1097/00000542-199504000-00003 Parke, 1992, Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after propofol infusion in children: five case reports, British Medical Journal, 305, 613, 10.1136/bmj.305.6854.613 Piat, 1994, Induction and recovery characteristics and hemodynamic responses to sevoflurane and halothane in children, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 79, 840, 10.1213/00000539-199411000-00004 Pounder, 1991, Tracheal extubation in children: halothane versus isoflurane, anesthetized versus awake, Anesthesiology, 74, 653, 10.1097/00000542-199104000-00005 Purcell Jones, 1987, Comparison of the induction characteristics of thiopentone and propofol in children, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 1431, 10.1093/bja/59.11.1431 Rabinowicz, 1986, The differentiated maturation of cerebral cortex, 385 Rao, 1986, Increased sensitivity of the isometric contraction of the neonatal isolated rat atria to halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane, Anesthesiology, 64, 13, 10.1097/00000542-198601000-00003 Ravussin, 1988, Effect of propofol on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients undergoing craniotomy, Anaesthesia, 43, 37, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb09066.x Reddy, 1988, Neonatal serum cortisol suppression by etomidate compared with thiopentone, for elective caesarean section, European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 5, 171 Rolf, 1991, Persistent cardiac arrhythmias in pediatric patients: effects of age, expired carbon dioxide values, depth of anesthesia, and airway management, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 73, 720, 10.1213/00000539-199112000-00008 Rosen, 1976, Electroencephalographic study of children during ketamine anesthesia, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 20, 32, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1976.tb05006.x Rosen, 1975, Electroencephalographic activity in children under enflurane anesthesia, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 19, 361, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1975.tb05197.x Runcie, 1993, Comparison of recovery from anaesthesia induced in children with either propofol or thiopentone, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 70, 192, 10.1093/bja/70.2.192 Salanitre, 1969, The pulmonary exchange of nitrous oxide and halothane in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 30, 388, 10.1097/00000542-196904000-00006 Sarner, 1995, Clinical characteristics of sevoflurane in children. A comparison with halothane, Anesthesiology, 82, 38, 10.1097/00000542-199501000-00006 Schieber, 1986, Hemodynamic effects of isoflurane in the newborn piglet: comparison with halothane, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 65, 633, 10.1213/00000539-198606000-00012 Sharples, 1994, Recovery times following induction of anaesthesia with propofol, methohexitone, enflurane or thiopentone in children, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 4, 101, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1994.tb00136.x Simmons, 1989, Outpatient paediatric dental anaesthesia. A comparison of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane, Anaesthesia, 44, 735, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09258.x Simons, 1988, Disposition in male volunteers of a subanaesthetic intravenous dose of an oil in water emulsion of 14-C-propofol, Xenobiotica, 18, 429, 10.3109/00498258809041679 Simpson, 1989, Pain on injection of methohexitone. The use of lignocaine to modify pain on injection of methohexitone during anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy, Anaesthesia, 44, 688, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb13597.x Sorbo, 1984, The pharmacokinetics of thiopental in pediatric surgical patients, Anesthesiology, 61, 666, 10.1097/00000542-198412000-00007 Taivainen, 1994, Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and halothane on the quality of anaesthesia and serum glutathione transferase alpha and fluoride in paediatric patients, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 73, 590, 10.1093/bja/73.5.590 Tanner, 1985, Effect of left-to-right, mixed left-to-right, and right-to-left shunts on inhalational anesthetic induction in children: a computer model, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 64, 101, 10.1213/00000539-198502000-00002 Tashiro, 1991, Respiratory outcome in extremely premature infants following ketamine anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 38, 287, 10.1007/BF03007616 Taylor, 1991, Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane and hemodynamic responses in neonates, infants, and children, Anesthesiology, 75, 975, 10.1097/00000542-199112000-00008 Taylor, 1992, Induction, maintenance and recovery characteristics of desflurane in infants and children, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 39, 6, 10.1007/BF03008665 Traber, 1970, Blockade of the hypertensive response to ketamine, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 49, 420, 10.1213/00000539-197005000-00022 Tucker, 1979, Drug metabolism, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 51, 603, 10.1093/bja/51.7.603 van Hamme, 1978, Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic, Anesthesiology, 49, 274, 10.1097/00000542-197810000-00010 Wark, 1990, Halothane metabolism in children, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 64, 474, 10.1093/bja/64.4.474 Watcha, 1991, Effect of propofol on the incidence of postoperative vomiting after strabismus surgery in pediatric outpatients, Anesthesiology, 75, 204, 10.1097/00000542-199108000-00006 Wear, 1982, The effect of halothane on the baroresponse of adult and baby rabbits, Anesthesiology, 56, 188, 10.1097/00000542-198203000-00006 Weir, 1993, Propofol infusion and the incidence of emesis in pediatric outpatient strabismus surgery, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 76, 760, 10.1213/00000539-199304000-00013 Welborn, 1994, Anesthesia and apnea. Perioperative considerations in the former preterm infant, Pediatric Clinics of North America, 41, 181, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)38698-9 Welborn, 1990, Postoperative apnea in former preterm: infants prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 72, 838, 10.1097/00000542-199005000-00012 Welborn, 1994, Induction and recovery characteristics of desflurane and halothane anaesthesia in paediatric outpatients, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 4, 359, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1994.tb00409.x Welborn, 1995, Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevofluane, desflurane and halothane in pediatric patients (Abstract), Anesthesia and Analgesia, 80, S550 Westrin, 1991, The induction dose of propofol in infants 1–6 months of age and in children 10–16 years of age, Anesthesiology, 74, 455, 10.1097/00000542-199103000-00011 Westrin, 1992, Methohexital dissolved in lipid emulsion for intravenous induction of anesthesia in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 76, 917, 10.1097/00000542-199206000-00007 Westrin, 1989, Thiopental requirements for induction of anesthesia in neonates and in infants one to six months of age, Anesthesiology, 71, 344, 10.1097/00000542-198909000-00004 Wyte, 1972, Ketamine-induced intracranial hypertension, Anesthesiology, 36, 174, 10.1097/00000542-197202000-00021 Zwass, 1992, Induction and maintenance characteristics of anesthesia with desflurane and nitrous oxide in infants and children, Anesthesiology, 76, 373, 10.1097/00000542-199203000-00009