6 Diagnosis and management of fetal malformations

Alberman, 1978, Epidemiology of neural tube defects, 1 Allan, 1984, The prenatal detection of congenital heart disease, 285 Allan, 1980, Echocardiographic and anatomical correlates in the fetus, British Heart Journal, 44, 444, 10.1136/hrt.44.4.444 Allan, 1981, Identification of congenital cardiac malformations by echocardiography in midtrimester fetus, British Heart Journal, 46, 358, 10.1136/hrt.46.4.358 Allan, 1982, M-mode echocardiography in the developing human fetus, British Heart Journal, 47, 573, 10.1136/hrt.47.6.573 Althouse, 1980, Survival and handicap of infants with spina bifida, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 55, 845, 10.1136/adc.55.11.845 Anderson, 1983, Non-immune hydrops fetalis: changing contribution to perinatal mortality, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 90, 636, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb09281.x Baird, 1981, An epidemiological study of congenital malformations of the anterior abdominal wall in more than half a million consecutive live births, American Journal of Human Genetics, 33, 470 Balfour, 1980, Raised α-fetoprotein levels and fetal renal agenesis, Lancet, i, 317, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90816-8 Barrett, 1983, Furosemide (Lasix) challenge test in assessing bilateral fetal hydronephrosis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 147, 846, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90059-5 Barss, 1984, Second trimester oligohydramnios, a predictor of poor fetal outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 64, 608 Beck, 1971, The effect of intrauterine urinary obstruction upon the development of the fetal kidney, Journal of Urology, 105, 784, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61629-X Beischer, 1971, Non-immunologic hydrops fetalis and congenital abnormalities, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 38, 86 Berkowitz, 1982, Fetal urinary tract obstruction: what is the role of surgical intervention in utero?, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 144, 367, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90239-3 Bernstein, 1968, Developmental abnormalities of the fetal parenchyma-renal hypoplasia and dysplasia, Pathology Annual, 2, 213 Birnholtz, 1981, Antenatal treatment of hydrocephalus, New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 1021, 10.1056/NEJM198104233041706 Blumenthal, 1982, Prenatal sonographic findings of meconium peritonitis with pathological correlations, Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 10, 350, 10.1002/jcu.1870100715 Blyth, 1971, Polycystic disease of kidneys and liver presenting in childhood, Journal of Medical Genetics, 8, 257, 10.1136/jmg.8.3.257 Bound, 1977, Incidence of congenital heart disease in Blackpool, 1957–1971, British Heart Journal, 39, 445, 10.1136/hrt.39.4.445 Boychuck, 1978, Duodenal atresia diagnosed by ultrasound, Radiology, 127, 500, 10.1148/127.2.500 Bryan, 1975, Benign fetal ascites associated with maternal polyhydramnios, Clinical Pediatrics, 14, 88, 10.1177/000992287501400112 Burton, 1979, Recurrence risks for congenital hydrocephalus, Clinical Genetics, 16, 47, 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb00848.x Butler, 1962, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia as a cause of perinatal mortality, Lancet, i, 659, 10.1016/S0140-6736(62)92878-7 Campbell, 1987, Ultrasound screening for spina bifida: cranial and cerebellar signs in a high risk population, Obstetrics and Gynecology Campbell, 1977, Early prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects by ultrasound, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 20, 351, 10.1097/00003081-197706000-00015 Campbell, 1977, Ultrasound measurement of fetal head to abdominal circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 84, 322 Campbell, 1972, Anencephaly: early ultrasonic diagnosis and active management, Lancet, ii, 1226, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92273-8 Campbell, 1973, The antenatal measurement of fetal urine production, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 80, 680, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb16049.x Campbell, 1975, Ultrasound in the diagnosis of spina bifida, Lancet, i, 1065, 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91831-0 Cantrell, 1958, A syndrome of congenital defects involving the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium and heart, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 107, 602 Carpenter, 1984, Perinatal management of ventral wall defects, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 64, 646 Chamberlain, 1984, Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume II. The relationship of increased amniotic fluid volume to perinatal outcome, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 150, 250, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90360-0 Chervenak, 1983, Fetal cystic hygroma: cause and natural history, New England Journal of Medicine, 14, 822, 10.1056/NEJM198310063091403 Chervenak, 1984, Outcome of fetal ventriculomegaly, Lancet, ii, 179, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)90477-X Chudleigh, 1984, The prenatal diagnosis of transient cysts of the fetal choroid plexus, Prenatal Diagnosis, 4, 135, 10.1002/pd.1970040207 Clewell, 1981, Placement of ventriculoamniotic shunt for hydrocephalus in a fetus, New England Journal of Medicine, 305, 955, 10.1056/NEJM198110153051614 Clewell, 1982, A surgical approach to the treatment of fetal hydrocephalus, New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 1320, 10.1056/NEJM198206033062202 Crade, 1980, In utero demonstration of an ovarian cystic mass by ultrasound, Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 8, 251, 10.1002/jcu.1870080315 De Vore, 1982, Fetal echocardiography-II. The diagnosis and significance of a pericardial effusion in the fetus using real-time-directed M-mode ultrasound, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 144, 693 Dewbury, 1980, Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of a choledochal cyst, British Journal of Radiology, 53, 1202, 10.1259/0007-1285-53-633-906 Duhamel, 1963, Embryology of exomphalos and allied malformations, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 38, 142, 10.1136/adc.38.198.142 Dumesic, 1982, Transplacental cardioversion of fetal supraventricular tachycardia with procainamide, New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 1128, 10.1056/NEJM198210283071806 Dunne, 1979, The ultrasonic demonstration of fetal abnormalities in utero, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 23, 195 Editorial, 1962, Sex-linked hydrocephalus with severe mental defect, British Medical Journal, 1, 168 Etches, 1979, Non-immune hydrops fetalis: report of 22 cases including three siblings, Pediatrics, 64, 326, 10.1542/peds.64.3.326 Farrant, 1980, The antenatal diagnosis of oesophageal atresia by ultrasound, British Journal of Radiology, 53, 1202, 10.1259/0007-1285-53-636-1202 Feldt, 1971, Incidence of congenital heart disease in children born to residents of Olmstead County, Minnesota 1950–1969, 46, 794 Fermont, 1985, A close collaboration between obstetricians and paediatric cardiologists allows antenatal detection of severe cardiac malformations by 2D echocardiography, 10 Fetterman, 1974, Cystic changes in fetal kidneys following urethral ligation: studies by microdissection, Kidney International, 5, 111, 10.1038/ki.1974.15 Filly, 1982, Ultrasonography of the normal and pathologic fetal skeleton, Radiology Clinics of North America, 20, 311 Filly, 1981, Short limbed dwarfism: ultrasonic diagnosis by mensuration of the fetal femoral length, Radiology, 138, 653, 10.1148/radiology.138.3.7465842 Fiske, 1983, Ultrasound evaluation of the normal and abnormal neural axis, 97 Fleischer, 1981, Hydrops fetalis: sonographic evaluation and clinical implications, Radiology, 141, 163, 10.1148/radiology.141.1.7291521 Foltz, 1963, Five year comparative study of hydrocephalus in children with and without operations (113 cases), Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, 1064, 10.3171/jns.1963.20.12.1064 Fonkasrud, 1969, Congenital atresia and stenosis of the duodenum, Pediatrics, 43, 79, 10.1542/peds.43.1.79 Frank, 1980, Spina bifida, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 24, 422 Frank, 1981, Antenatal observation of a choledochal cyst by sonography, American Journal of Roentgenology, 137, 166, 10.2214/ajr.137.1.166 Frigoletto, 1980, Ultrasound diagnosis of cystic hygroma, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 136, 962, 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91061-3 Frigoletto, 1982, Antenatal treatment of hydrocephalus by ventriculoamniotic shunting, Journal of the American Medical Association, 248, 2496, 10.1001/jama.1982.03330190060034 Giacoia, 1980, Hydrops fetalis (fetal oedema). A survey, Clinical Pediatrics, 19, 334, 10.1177/000992288001900504 Gilbert, 1987, Fetal exompholos; associated malformations and chromosomal defects, Obstetrics and Gynecology Glick, 1984, Management of ventriculomegaly in the fetus, Journal of Paediatrics, 105, 97, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80371-6 Golbus, 1982, In utero treatment of urinary tract obstruction, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 142, 383, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)32377-8 Grosfeld, 1981, Congenital abdominal wall defects: current management and survival, Surgical Clinics of North America, 61, 1037, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)42529-6 Habib, 1981, Genetics and genetic counselling in neonatal hydrocephalus, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 36, 529, 10.1097/00006254-198110010-00001 Hackett, 1987, The value of Doppler ultrasound assessment of the fetal and uteroplacental circulations when severe oligohydramnios complicates the second trimester of pregnancy, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02292.x Hansen, 1984, The decreasing incidence of pneumothorax and improving survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 19, 385, 10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80258-4 Harman, 1984, Maternal furosemide may not promote urine production in the compromised fetus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 150, 322, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90374-0 Harrigan, 1981, Successful treatment of congestive heart failure secondary to tachycardia, New England Journal of Medicine, 304, 1527, 10.1056/NEJM198106183042506 Harrison, 1978, Congenital diaphramatic hernia: the hidden mortality, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 13, 227, 10.1016/S0022-3468(78)80391-1 Harrison, 1981, Correction of congenital diaphramatic hernia in utero. III. Development of a successful surgical technique using abdominoplasty to avoid compromise of umbilical blood flow, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 16, 934, 10.1016/S0022-3468(81)80849-4 Harrison, 1982, Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 54, 32 Harrison, 1982, Correction of congenital hydronephrosis in utero. II Decompression reverses the effects of obstruction on the fetal lung and urinary tract, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 17, 965, 10.1016/S0022-3468(82)80476-4 Hasan, 1986, The prenatal diagnosis of ventral abdominal wall defects, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 842, 10.1016/S0002-9378(86)80035-7 Haughe, 1983, Early prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele constitutes indication for amniocentis, Lancet, ii, 507, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90528-7 Henneberg, 1980, Renal hypoplasia and dysplasia in infants with posterior urethral valves, Journal of Urology, 123, 912, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)56190-X Hodgen, 1981, Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal skeletal malformations with emphasis on in utero surgery for neural tube defects and limb bud regeneration, Journal of the American Medical Association, 246, 1079, 10.1001/jama.1981.03320100017009 Hoffman, 1978, Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19 502 births with long-term follow-up, American Journal of Cardiology, 42, 641, 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90635-5 Holder, 1981, Developments in the care of patients with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, Surgical Clinics of North America, 61, 1051, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)42530-2 Holder, 1964, Esophogeal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: a survey of its members by the surgical sector of the American Academy of pediatrics, Pediatrics, 34, 542, 10.1542/peds.34.4.542 Holzgreve, 1985, Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of a fetal ovarian cyst, Prenatal Diagnosis, 5, 155, 10.1002/pd.1970050210 Hutchinson, 1982, Non-immunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of 61 cases, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59, 347 Jeanty, 1981, Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal limb growth: part 1, Radiology, 140, 165, 10.1148/radiology.140.1.7244221 Jeanty, 1982, Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal limb growth: part II, Radiology, 143, 751, 10.1148/radiology.143.3.7079505 Jouppila, 1982, Ulrasonic detection of bilateral ovarian cysts in the fetus, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 13, 374, 10.1016/0028-2243(82)90004-1 Keeling, 1983, The pathology of non-rhesus hydrops, Diagnostic Histopathology, 6, 89 Keith, 1978, Prevalence, incidence and epidemiology, 9 Kerenyi, 1980, Transplacental cardioversion of intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia with digitalis, Lancet, ii, 393, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90441-9 Kim, 1982, Sonographic diagnosis of cerebroventricular hemorrhage in utero, Radiology, 142, 479, 10.1148/radiology.142.2.7054841 Kirkinen, 1978, Polyhydramnios. A clinical study, Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae, 67, 117 Klein, 1981, Congenital defects of the abdominal wall, Surgical Gynecology and Obstetrics, 152, 805 Klein, 1979, Fetal tachycardia prior to the development of hydrops-attempted pharmacologic cardioversion: case report, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 134, 347, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)33045-9 Kleinman, 1982, Fetal echocardiography for evaluation of in utero congestive heart failure, New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 568, 10.1056/NEJM198203113061003 Kleinman, 1983, Fetal echocardiography. A tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: analysis of 71 patients, American Journal of Cardiology, 51, 237, 10.1016/S0002-9149(83)80042-3 Koontz, 1983, Elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein, second trimester oligohydramnios and pregnancy outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 62, 301, 10.1097/00006250-198309000-00007 Laurence, 1964, The natural history of spina bifida cystica: detailed analysis of 407 cases, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 39, 41, 10.1136/adc.39.203.41 Laurence, 1984, Prevention of neural tube defects, 261 Laurence, 1962, The natural history of hydrocephalus: detailed analysis of 182 unoperated cases, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 37, 345, 10.1136/adc.37.194.345 Lees, 1978, Case reports. Sonographic appearance of duodenal atresia in utero, American Journal of Roentgenology, 131, 701, 10.2214/ajr.131.4.701 Lingman, 1980, Intrauterine digoxin treatment of fetal paroxysmal tachycardia: case report, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 87, 340, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04552.x Lorber, 1967, The prognosis of occipital encephalocoeles, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 75, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1967.tb02385.x Lorber, 1970, Medical and surgical aspects in the treatment of congenital hydrocephalus, Neuropaediatrics, 2, 239, 10.1055/s-0028-1091785 Lorber, 1971, Results of treatment of myelomeningocele. An analysis of 524 unselected cases, with special reference to possible selection for treatment, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 13, 279, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb03264.x Lorber, 1972, Spina bifida cystica. Results of treatment of 270 consecutive cases with criteria for selection for the future, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 47, 854, 10.1136/adc.47.256.854 Loveday, 1975, The intrauterine demonstration of duodenal atresia by ultrasound, British Journal of Radiology, 48, 1031, 10.1259/0007-1285-48-576-1031 Lustig-Gillman, 1983, Intraventricular hemorrhage: sonographic diagnosis and clinical implications—case report, Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 11, 277, 10.1002/jcu.1870110507 Mabogunje, 1984, Omphalocoele and gastroschisis: trends in survival across two decades, American Journal of Surgery, 148, 670 Macafee, 1950, Hydramnios, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire, 57, 171, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1950.tb05226.x Machin, 1981, Differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis, American Journal of Medical Genetics, 9, 341, 10.1002/ajmg.1320090410 Mahoney, 1977, Prenatal diagnosis of chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis van Creveld syndrome) with fetoscopy and ultrasound, New England Journal of Medicine, 297, 258, 10.1056/NEJM197708042970507 Manning, 1984, Ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis, 203 Mantagos, 1981, Prenatal diagnosis of diastrophic dwarfism, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 139, 111, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90423-3 Marshall, 1982, Improved prognosis in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experience of 62 cases over 2 year period, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 75, 607, 10.1177/014107688207500807 McCullough, 1982, Current prognosis in overt neonatal hydrocephalus, Journal of Neurosurgery, 57, 378, 10.3171/jns.1982.57.3.0378 McGahan, 1983, Meconium peritonitis with accompanying pseudocyst: prenatal sonographic diagnosis, Radiology, 148, 125, 10.1148/radiology.148.1.6344135 McNamara, 1982, Long term follow up of patients with malformations for which definitive surgical repair has been available for 25 years or more, American Journal of Cardiology, 50, 560, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90325-3 Mealey, 1973, The prognosis of hydrocephalus overt at birth, Journal of Neurosurgery, 39, 348, 10.3171/jns.1973.39.3.0348 Michejda, 1985, Antenatal treatment of neural tube defects, 131 Michejda, 1981, In utero diagnosis and treatment of non-human primate fetal skeletal anomalies. I Hydrocephalus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 246, 1093, 10.1001/jama.1981.03320100029024 Milhorat, 1970, Structural, ultrastructural and permeability changes in the ependyma and surrounding brain favouring equilibrium in progressive hydrocephalus, Archives of Neurology, 22, 397, 10.1001/archneur.1970.00480230015002 Mishalany, 1979, Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: eleven years' experience, Archives of Surgery, 114, 1118, 10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370340024003 Mueller-Heubach, 1983, Sonographically documented disappearance of fetal ascites, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 61, 253 Muller, 1985, Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. II. Meconium ileus in affected fetuses, Prenatal Diagnosis, 5, 109, 10.1002/pd.1970050204 Nelson, 1982, Value of serial ultrasonography in the in utero detection of duodenal atresia, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59, 657 Nicolaides, 1985, Fetoscopy in the evaluation of unexplained fetal hydrops, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 92, 671, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb01446.x Nicolaides, 1986, Rapid karyotyping in non-lethal malformations, Lancet, i, 283, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90824-X Nicolaides, 1986, Ultrasound screening for spina bifida: cranial and cerebellar signs, Lancet, i, 72, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91610-7 Nicolaides, 1986, Ultrasound-guided sampling of umbilical cord and placental blood to assess fetal wellbeing, Lancet, i, 1065, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91333-4 Nicolaides, 1986, Why confine chorionic villus (placental) biopsy to the first trimester?, Lancet, i, 543, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90894-9 Nicolaides, 1987, Chronic drainage of fetal pulmonary cyst, Lancet, i, 618, 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90248-0 Nora, 1968, Multifactorial inheritance hypothesis for the etiology of congenital heart diseases. The genetic-environmental interaction, Circulation, 38, 604, 10.1161/01.CIR.38.3.604 Nora, 1978, The evolution of specific genetic and environmental counselling in congenital heart disease, Circulation, 57, 205, 10.1161/01.CIR.57.2.205 O'Brian, 1980, Ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal cystic hygroma, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138, 464, 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90150-7 O'Brien, 1980, Early prenatal diagnosis of diastrophic dwarfism by ultrasound, British Medical Journal, 280, 534, 10.1136/bmj.280.6227.1300 O'Brien, 1981, Assessment of gestational age in the second trimester by real-time ultrasound measurement of the femur length, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 139, 150, 10.1016/0002-9378(81)90514-7 Osathanondh, 1980, Ultrasonically guided transabdominal encephalocentesis, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 25, 125 Osathanondh, 1964, Pathogenesis of polycystic kidneys, Archives of Pathology, 77, 459 Pearce, 1984, Cystic hygromata in trisomy 18 and 21, Prenatal Diagnosis, 4, 371, 10.1002/pd.1970040508 Phillips, 1981, Intrauterine fetal cystic hygromas: sonographic detection, American Journal of Roentgenology, 136, 799, 10.2214/ajr.136.4.799 Platt, 1978, Transitory fetal ascites: an ultrasound diagnosis, 132, 906 Potter, 1943, Universal oedema of the fetus unassociated with erythroblastosis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 46, 130, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)40458-8 Pretorius, 1985, Clinical course of fetal hydrocephalus: 40 cases, American Journal of Roentgenology, 144, 827, 10.2214/ajr.144.4.827 Puri, 1984, Lethal non-pulmonary anomalies associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia; implications for early intrauterine surgery, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 19, 29, 10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80010-X Queenan, 1970, Polyhydramnios: chronic versus acute, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 108, 349, 10.1016/0002-9378(70)90413-8 Queenan, 1980, Ultrasonic measurement of the fetal limb bones, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138, 287, 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90252-5 Randolph, 1977, Selective surgical management based upon clinical status in infants with esophageal atresia, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 76, 335, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)41347-0 Raphaely, 1973, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prediction of survival, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 8, 815, 10.1016/0022-3468(73)90426-0 Reid, 1984, Lung growth in health and disease, British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 78, 105, 10.1016/0007-0971(84)90111-6 Reynolds, 1984, The ‘critical’ neonate with diaphragmatic hernia: a 21-year perspective, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 19, 364, 10.1016/S0022-3468(84)80254-7 Richards, 1955, Congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system in a series of 60 503 infants, Pediatrics, 15, 12, 10.1542/peds.15.1.12 Roberts, 1978, Intrauterine diagnosis of omphalococle, Radiology, 127, 762, 10.1148/127.3.762 Rodeck, 1983, Ultrasound guided invasive procedures in obstetrics, Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10, 515, 10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00588-4 Ruff, 1980, Pediatric diaphragmatic hernias: an 11 year experience, American Journal of Surgery, 139, 641, 10.1016/0002-9610(80)90353-0 Rumack, 1981, Antenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta, Clinical Diagnosis with Ultrasound, 8, 210 Sahn, 1980, Quantitative real-time cross-sectional echocardiography in the developing normal human fetus and newborn, Circulation, 62, 588, 10.1161/01.CIR.62.3.588 Scott, 1957, Hydramnios as an early sign of oesophageal atresia, Lancet, ii, 569, 10.1016/S0140-6736(57)90060-0 Seller, 1978, Raised maternal serum α-fetoprotein, oligohydramnios and the fetus, Lancet, i, 660, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91163-7 Shaub, 1976, Fetal cystic lymphangioma (cystic hygroma): prepartum ultrasonic findings, Radiology, 121, 449, 10.1148/121.2.449 Shaw, 1975, The myth of gastroschisis, Pediatric Surgery, 10, 235, 10.1016/0022-3468(75)90285-7 Shenkar, 1979, Fetal cardiac arrhythmias, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 34, 561 Smith, 1982 Smith, 1986, Prenatal measurement of the fetal cerebellum and cysterna cerebellomedullaris by ultrasound, Prenatal Diagnosis, 6, 133, 10.1002/pd.1970060209 Smithells, 1983, Diet and congenital malformation, 155 Stein, 1981, The epidemiology of congenital hydrocephalus. A study in Brooklyn NY 1968 to 1976, Child's Brains, 8, 253 Stewart, 1983, Dysrrhythmia and structural abnormalities of the fetal heart, British Heart Journal, 50, 550, 10.1136/hrt.50.6.550 Takahashi, 1981, Detection of the cardiac anomalies before birth by cross sectional echocardiography, Journal of Cardiography, 11, 661 Tanagho, 1972, Surgically induced partial urinary obstruction in the fetal lamb. II. 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