5 Nutrition

Alexander, 1990, Nutrition and translocation, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 14, 1705, 10.1177/014860719001400505 Alexander, 1993, Immunonutrition, Journal of Critical Care Nutrition, 1, 21 Alexander, 1990, Nutritional immunomodulation in burn patients, Critical Care Medicine, 18, 149, 10.1097/00003246-199002003-00011 Alexander, 1980, Beneficial effects of aggressive protein feeding in severely burned children, Annals of Surgery, 192, 505, 10.1097/00000658-198010000-00009 Allgower, 1995, Burning the largest immune organ, Burns, 21, S7, 10.1016/0305-4179(95)90028-4 Ashburn, 1995, Burn pain: the management of procedure-related pain, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 16, S365, 10.1097/00004630-199505001-00006 Aulick, 1979, The relative significance of thermal and metabolic demands on burn hypermetabolism, Journal of Trauma, 19, 559, 10.1097/00005373-197908000-00003 Bone, 1995, Sepsis, sepsis syndrome and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 155, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520260077036 Bower, 1995, Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter prospective randomised controlled trial, Critical Care Medicine, 23, 436, 10.1097/00003246-199503000-00006 Burke, 1990, from desperation to skin regeneration: progress in burn treatment, Journal of Trauma, 30, 36, 10.1097/00005373-199012001-00010 Chandra, 1988, Effects of overnutrition on immune responses and risk of disease Chandra, 1988, Immunity and infection Childs, 1993, Metabolic rate at rest and during sleep in a thermoneutral environment, Archives of Diseases of Childhood, 68, 658, 10.1136/adc.68.5.658 Childs, 1994, Studies in children provide a model to re-examine the metabolic response to burn injury in patients treated by contemporary burn protocols, Burns, 20, 291, 10.1016/0305-4179(94)90055-8 Childs, 1997, An analysis of thermal metabolism in burned patients, 549 Childs, 1997, The acute response to injury in children, 211 Childs, 1994, Acute changes in oxygen consumption and body temperature after burn injury, Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 71, 31, 10.1136/adc.71.1.31 Childs, 1990, Dietary intake and changes in body weight in burned children, Burns, 16, 418, 10.1016/0305-4179(90)90069-9 Collins, 1978, Intravenous aminoacids and intravenous hyperalimentation as protein-sparing therapy after major surgery, Lancet, i, 788, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92995-1 Coward, 1988, The doubly labelled-water (2H218O) method: principles and practice, 47, 209 Curreri, 1974, Dietary requirement of patients with major burns, Journal of the American Dietry Association, 65, 415 Cuthbertson, 1932, Observations on the disturbance of metabolism produced by injury to the limbs, Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 1, 233 Deitch, 1987, effect of starvation, malnutrition and trauma on the gastrointestinal tract flora and bacterial translocation, Archives of Surgery, 122, 1019, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400210057008 Department of Health, 1991, Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the UK—report of the panel on dietary reference values of the committee on medical aspects of food policy, 41 Dillner, 1992, Nutrition of patients ignored, British Medical Journal, 304, 204 Elia, 1990, Assessment of energy expenditure and body composition, Medicine International, 82, 3407 Eyer, 1993, Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic responses to blunt trauma, Journal of Trauma, 34, 639, 10.1097/00005373-199305000-00005 Faist, 1990, Posttraumatic immune suppression as initiator of organ failure, 307 Ferrando, 1997, Effects of bed rest with or without stress, 413 Frame, 1990, IgG subclass response to gamma globulin administration in burned children, Burns, 16, 437, 10.1016/0305-4179(90)90073-6 Gadd, 1990, Postburn suppression of murine lymphocyte and neutrophil functions is not reversed by prostaglandin blockade, Journal of Surgical Research, 48, 84, 10.1016/0022-4804(90)90151-Q Garrel, 1995, Improved clinical status and length of care with low-fat nutrition support in burn patients, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 19, 482, 10.1177/0148607195019006482 Graves, 1884, Lectures on the Practice of Medicine Goran, 1990, Total energy expenditure in burned children using the doubly labeled water technique, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22, 576 Goran, 1991, Estimating energy requirements in burned children: a new approach derived from measurements of resting energy expenditure, American Journal of Clinical Nurtrition, 54, 35, 10.1093/ajcn/54.1.35 Gottschlich, 1990, Differential effects of three enteral dietary regimens on selected outcome variables in burn patients, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 14, 225, 10.1177/0148607190014003225 Gottschlich, 1993, Incidence and effects of glutamine depletion in burn patients, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 17, S23 Grotte, 1982, Parenteral nutrition, Vol. 2, 228 Ham, 1995, Evidence based policy making, British Medical Journal, 310, 71, 10.1136/bmj.310.6972.71 Hansborough, 1990, Current status of skin replacement for coverage of extensive burns, Trauma, 30, S155, 10.1097/00005373-199012001-00030 Harrison, 1964, The relationship between metabolism and water loss from vaporization in severely burned patients, Surgery, 56, 203 Hasselgren, 1992, Recent advances on the regulation of protein metabolism in catabolic states. With special reference to the role of cytokines and glucocorticoids for protein breakdown during sepsis, Rivista Italiana di Nutrizione Parenterale ed Enterale, 10, 7284 Heggers, 1996, Treatment of infection in burns, 98 Henane, 1981, Partitional calorimetry measurements of energy expenditure in severely burned patients, Burns, 7, 180, 10.1016/0305-4179(81)90062-0 Hildreth, 1990, Current treatment reduces calories required to maintain weight in pediatric patients with burns, Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation, 11, 405, 10.1097/00004630-199009000-00006 Hill, 1988, Dimensions of the human body and its compartments, 89 Van Der Hulst, 1993, Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity, Lancet, 341, 1363, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90939-E Hultman, 1995, The 1995 Moyer award. The effect of burn injury on allograft rejection, alloantigen processing, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte sensitization, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 16, 573, 10.1097/00004630-199511000-00003 Jacobs, 1988, Combined effects of glutamine and epidermal growth factor on the rat intestine, Surgery, 104, 358 Jahoor, 1988, Dynamics of the protein metabolic response to burn injury, Metabolism, 37, 330, 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90132-1 Kinney, 1976, Surgical diagnosis, patterns of energy exchange, weight and tissue change, 121 Kinsella, 1991, Pain relief in burns: James Laing Memorial Essay 1990, Burns, 17, 391, 10.1016/S0305-4179(05)80072-5 Lacey, 1996, The effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition in premature infants, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 20, 74, 10.1177/014860719602000174 Long, 1979, Energy expenditure of major burns, Journal of Trauma, 19, 904 McClave, 1992, Differentiating subtypes (hypoalbuminemic vs marasmius) of protein-calories malnutrition: incidence and clinical significance in a university teaching hospital, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 16, 337, 10.1177/0148607192016004337 McDonald, 1991, Immediate enteral feeding in burn patients is safe and effective, Annals of Surgery, 213, 177, 10.1097/00000658-199102000-00013 McGuinness, 1991, Development of an indirect calorimeter for use in infants and young children, Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement, 12, 343, 10.1088/0143-0815/12/4/004 Martin, 1991 Mittendorfer, 1995, The 1995 Clinical Research A. Younger pediatric patients with burns are at risk for continuing post discharge weight loss, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 16, 589, 10.1097/00004630-199511000-00005 Mochizuki, 1984, Mechanism of prevention of post burn hypermetabolism and catabolism by early enteral feeding, Annals of Surgery, 200, 297, 10.1097/00000658-198409000-00007 Moore, 1992, Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces post operative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis, Annals of Surgery, 216, 172, 10.1097/00000658-199208000-00008 Munster, 1996, The immunological response and strategies for intervention Murgatroyd, 1993, Techniques for the measurement of human energy expenditure: a practical guide, International Journal of Obesity, 17, 549 Nathens, 1992, Nosocomial infection in the surgical intensive care unit, Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 6, 657, 10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30468-2 Nirgiotis, 1991, The effects of arginine-free enteral diet on wound healing and immune function in the postsurgical rat, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 26, 936, 10.1016/0022-3468(91)90840-P Pasulka, 1987, Nutritional considerations for the burned patient, Surgery Clinics of North America, 67, 109, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)44136-8 1989 Pierro, 1988, Characteristics of protein sparing effect of total parenteral nutrition in the surgical infant, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 23, 538, 10.1016/S0022-3468(88)80364-6 Pietsch, 1977, Delayed hypersensitivity response: the effect of surgery, Journal of Surgical Research, 22, 228, 10.1016/0022-4804(77)90138-X Prader, 1963, Catch-up growth following illness or starvation, Journal of Pediatrics, 62, 646, 10.1016/S0022-3476(63)80035-9 Rennie, 1993, Lean tissue wasting in critically ill patients—is it preventable, British Journal of Intensive Care, 3, 139 Roig, 1995, Enteral glutamine supplementation decreases nosocomial infection and alters T-cell subset in the very low birth weight (VLBW) (< 1250 g) neonate, Pedeatric Research, 37, 285 Schoeller, 1988, Measurement of energy expenditure in free-living humans by using doubly labelled water, Journal of Nutrition, 118, 1278, 10.1093/jn/118.11.1278 Souba, 1985, Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 9, 608, 10.1177/0148607185009005608 Spaeth, 1993, Glutamine peptide does not improve gut barrier function and mucosal integrity in total parenteral nutrition, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 17, 317, 10.1177/0148607193017004317 Stoner, 1991, The burned patients response to the environment: The 1991 Everett Idris Evans Memorial Lecture, Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 12, 402, 10.1097/00004630-199109000-00003 Teodorczyk-Injeyan, 1991, Immunosuppression follows systemic T-lymphocyte activation in the burn patient, Clinical Experimental Immunology, 85, 515, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05759.x Teodorczyk-Injeyan, 1991, Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and secretion is related to altered interleukin-2 production in thermally injured patients, Burns, 17, 290, 10.1016/0305-4179(91)90042-F Waymack, 1990, Effect of prostaglandin E in multiple experimental models. VII. Effect on resistance to sepsis, Burns, 16, 9, 10.1016/0305-4179(90)90198-6 Wharton, 1990, Childhood nutrition, Medicine International, 82, 3375 Wilmore, 1977 Wilmore, 1983, Alterations in protein carbohydrate and fat metabolism in injured and septic patients, American College of Nutrition, 2, 3, 10.1080/07315724.1983.10719904 Wilmore, 1978, Metabolic changes in burned patients, Surgical Clinics of North America, 58, 1173, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)41685-3 Wilmore, 1975, Effect of ambient temperature on heat production and heat loss in burn patients, Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, 593, 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.4.593 Wilmore, 1974, Catecholamines: mediator of the hypermetabolic response to burn injury, Annals of Surgery, 180, 653, 10.1097/00000658-197410000-00031 Ziegler, 1993, Potential role of glutamine supplementation in nutrition support, Clinical Nutrition, 12, S82, 10.1016/S0261-5614(09)90014-0