3D Virtual worlds and the metaverse
Tóm tắt
Moving from a set of independent virtual worlds to an integrated network of 3D virtual worlds or Metaverse rests on progress in four areas: immersive realism, ubiquity of access and identity, interoperability, and scalability. For each area, the current status and needed developments in order to achieve a functional Metaverse are described. Factors that support the formation of a viable Metaverse, such as institutional and popular interest and ongoing improvements in hardware performance, and factors that constrain the achievement of this goal, including limits in computational methods and unrealized collaboration among virtual world stakeholders and developers, are also considered.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Action = Reaction Labs L. 2010. Ghost dynamic binaural audio. http://www.actionreactionlabs.com/ghost.php. (Last accessed on 3/11). Action = Reaction Labs L. 2010. Ghost dynamic binaural audio. http://www.actionreactionlabs.com/ghost.php. (Last accessed on 3/11).
Antonelli (AV) J. and Maxsted (AV) M. 2011. Kokua/Imprudence viewer website. http://www.kokuaviewer.org. (Last accessed 3/11). Antonelli (AV) J. and Maxsted (AV) M. 2011. Kokua/Imprudence viewer website. http://www.kokuaviewer.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
Au W. 2008. The Making of Second Life. Collins New York NY. Au W. 2008. The Making of Second Life. Collins New York NY.
Aurora-Sim Project. 2011. Aurora-Sim website. http://www.aurora-sim.org. (Last accessed 3/11). Aurora-Sim Project. 2011. Aurora-Sim website. http://www.aurora-sim.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
Bakaus P. 2010a. Aves engine sneak preview. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ol3qQ4CEUTo. (Last accessed on 6/11). Bakaus P. 2010a. Aves engine sneak preview. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ol3qQ4CEUTo. (Last accessed on 6/11).
Bakaus P., 2010, Proceedings of the jQuery Conference. http://www.slideshare.net/pbakaus/building-a-game-engine-with-jquery. (Last accessed 7/11)
Berners-Lee T. Fielding R. and Masinter L. 2005. Uniform resource identifier (URI): Generic syntax. Internet STD 66 RFC 3986. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt. (Last accessed 7/11). Berners-Lee T. Fielding R. and Masinter L. 2005. Uniform resource identifier (URI): Generic syntax. Internet STD 66 RFC 3986. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt. (Last accessed 7/11).
Blascovich J., 2011, Infinite Reality: Avatars, Eternal Life, New Worlds, and the Dawn of the Virtual Revolution.
Boellstorff T. 2008. Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton University Press Princeton NJ. Boellstorff T. 2008. Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human. Princeton University Press Princeton NJ.
Burns W. 2010. Defining the metaverse — revisited. http://cityofnidus.blogspot.com/2010/04/defining-metaverse-revisited.html. (Last accessed 5/11). Burns W. 2010. Defining the metaverse — revisited. http://cityofnidus.blogspot.com/2010/04/defining-metaverse-revisited.html. (Last accessed 5/11).
Chow Y.-W., Proceedings of the 29th Australasian Computer Science Conference -, 48
Chun J., Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Technologies for e-Learning and Digital Entertainment (Edutainment'07)
Cinquetti (AV) K. 2011. Kirstens viewer website. http://www.kirstensviewer.com. (Last accessed 2/11). Cinquetti (AV) K. 2011. Kirstens viewer website. http://www.kirstensviewer.com. (Last accessed 2/11).
Community, 2011, COLLADA: Digital asset and FX exchange schema wiki
de Pascale M., 2008, Bringing haptics to Second Life. In Proceedings of the Ambi-Sys Workshop on Haptic User Interfaces in Ambient Media Systems (HAS'08). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), ICST, Brussels, Belgium, 6, 1
Dean (AV) N. 2011. Nirans viewer project site. http://sourceforge.net/projects/niransviewer. (Last accessed 12/11). Dean (AV) N. 2011. Nirans viewer project site. http://sourceforge.net/projects/niransviewer. (Last accessed 12/11).
Facebook. 2011. Facebook developers website. http://developers.facebook.com. (Last accessed 5/11). Facebook. 2011. Facebook developers website. http://developers.facebook.com. (Last accessed 5/11).
Francone J. and Nigay L. 2011. 3D displays on mobile devices: Head-coupled perspective. http://iihm.imag.fr/en/demo/hcpmobile. (Last accessed 4/11). Francone J. and Nigay L. 2011. 3D displays on mobile devices: Head-coupled perspective. http://iihm.imag.fr/en/demo/hcpmobile. (Last accessed 4/11).
Frey D., Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE). 29--33
Gamasutra Staff. 2011. Behind the scenes of Trion Worlds' Rift. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/35009/Exclusive_Behind_The_Scenes_Of_Trion_Worlds_Rift.php. (Last accessed 6/11). Gamasutra Staff. 2011. Behind the scenes of Trion Worlds' Rift. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/35009/Exclusive_Behind_The_Scenes_Of_Trion_Worlds_Rift.php. (Last accessed 6/11).
Gearz (AV) S. 2011. Singularity viewer website. http://www.singularityviewer.org. (Last accessed 3/11). Gearz (AV) S. 2011. Singularity viewer website. http://www.singularityviewer.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
Geddes L. 2010. Immortal avatars: Back up your brain never die. New Scientist 206 2763 28--31. Geddes L. 2010. Immortal avatars: Back up your brain never die. New Scientist 206 2763 28--31.
Ghosh A. 2007. Realistic materials and illumination environments. Ph.D. dissertation University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada. AAINR31775. Ghosh A. 2007. Realistic materials and illumination environments. Ph.D. dissertation University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada. AAINR31775.
Gilbert R. L. and Forney A. 2013. The distributed self: Virtual worlds and the future of human identity. In The Immersive Internet: Reflections on the entagling of the virtual with society politics and the economy D. Powers and R. Teigland Eds. Palgrave-Macmillan 23--37. Gilbert R. L. and Forney A. 2013. The distributed self: Virtual worlds and the future of human identity. In The Immersive Internet: Reflections on the entagling of the virtual with society politics and the economy D. Powers and R. Teigland Eds. Palgrave-Macmillan 23--37.
Gilbert R. L. Foss J. and Murphy N. 2011a. Multiple personality order: Physical and personality characteristics of the self primary avatar and alt. In Reinventing Ourselves: Contemporary Concepts of Identity in Virtual Worlds A. Peachey and M. Childs Eds. Springer Publishing London 213--234. Gilbert R. L. Foss J. and Murphy N. 2011a. Multiple personality order: Physical and personality characteristics of the self primary avatar and alt. In Reinventing Ourselves: Contemporary Concepts of Identity in Virtual Worlds A. Peachey and M. Childs Eds. Springer Publishing London 213--234.
Gladstone D. 2011. Trion rift opens on HP servers. The next bench blog http://h20435.www2.hp.com/t5/The-Next-Bench-Blog/Trion-Rift-Opens-on-HP-Servers/ba-p/61333. (Last accessed on 6/11). Gladstone D. 2011. Trion rift opens on HP servers. The next bench blog http://h20435.www2.hp.com/t5/The-Next-Bench-Blog/Trion-Rift-Opens-on-HP-Servers/ba-p/61333. (Last accessed on 6/11).
Harders M., Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Ambient Interaction (UAHCI'07)
IEEE VW Standard Working Group. 2011a. IEEE virtual world standard working group wiki. http://www.metaversestandards.org. (Last accessed 5/11). IEEE VW Standard Working Group. 2011a. IEEE virtual world standard working group wiki. http://www.metaversestandards.org. (Last accessed 5/11).
IEEE VW Standard Working Group. 2011b. Terminology and definitions. http://www.metaversestandards.org/index.php?title=Terminology_and_Definitions#MetaWorld. (Last accessed 5/11). IEEE VW Standard Working Group. 2011b. Terminology and definitions. http://www.metaversestandards.org/index.php?title=Terminology_and_Definitions#MetaWorld. (Last accessed 5/11).
Image Metrics. 2011. Image metrics website. http://www.image-metrics.com. (Last accessed 4/11). Image Metrics. 2011. Image metrics website. http://www.image-metrics.com. (Last accessed 4/11).
Joly J. 2010. Can a polygon make you cry? http://www.jonathanjoly.com/front.htm. (Last accessed 5/11). 17 2011. Joly J. 2010. Can a polygon make you cry? http://www.jonathanjoly.com/front.htm. (Last accessed 5/11). 17 2011.
Kall Binaural Audio. 2010. A brief history of binaural audio. http://www.kallbinauralaudio.com/binauralhistory.html. (Last accessed 3/11). Kall Binaural Audio. 2010. A brief history of binaural audio. http://www.kallbinauralaudio.com/binauralhistory.html. (Last accessed 3/11).
Kawato S., Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'00)
Keller J., Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCSW'02)
Kim J.-S., Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Smart Graphics (SG'10), 6133
Korolov M. 2011. Kitely brings Facebook instant regions to OpenSim. Hypergrid Business. Korolov M. 2011. Kitely brings Facebook instant regions to OpenSim. Hypergrid Business.
Krueger M. W., 1993, An Easy Entry Artificial Reality. Academic Press Professional, Cambridge, MA, Chapter, 7, 147
Kurzweil R. 2001. The law of accelerating returns. http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns. (Last accessed 4/11). Kurzweil R. 2001. The law of accelerating returns. http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns. (Last accessed 4/11).
Lanier J., 1992, Virtual reality: The promise of the future, Interact. Learn. Int., 8, 275
Lanier J. 2010. You are not a Gadget: A Manifesto. Alfred A. Knopf New York NY. Lanier J. 2010. You are not a Gadget: A Manifesto. Alfred A. Knopf New York NY.
Lewinski J. S. 2011. Light at the end of the racetrack: How Pixar explored the physics of light for Cars 2. Sci. Am. 20. Lewinski J. S. 2011. Light at the end of the racetrack: How Pixar explored the physics of light for Cars 2. Sci. Am. 20.
Linden Lab. 2011a. Extended Second Life knowledge base: Graphics preferences layout. http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Graphics_Preferences_Layout. (Last accessed 4/11). Linden Lab. 2011a. Extended Second Life knowledge base: Graphics preferences layout. http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Graphics_Preferences_Layout. (Last accessed 4/11).
Linden Lab. 2011b. New SL viewer with improved search and real-time shadows. http://community. secondlife.com/t5/Featured-News/New-SL-Viewer-with-Improved-Search-and-Real-Time-Shadows/ba-p/927463. (Last accessed 7/11). Linden Lab. 2011b. New SL viewer with improved search and real-time shadows. http://community. secondlife.com/t5/Featured-News/New-SL-Viewer-with-Improved-Search-and-Real-Time-Shadows/ba-p/927463. (Last accessed 7/11).
Liu H., Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). The WSC Foundation
Ludlow P. and Wallace M. 2007. The Second Life Herald: The virtual tabloid that witnessed the dawn of the Metaverse. MIT Press New York NY. Ludlow P. and Wallace M. 2007. The Second Life Herald: The virtual tabloid that witnessed the dawn of the Metaverse. MIT Press New York NY.
Lynn R. 2004. Ins and outs of teledildonics. Wired. http://www.wired.com/. (Last accessed 3/11). Lynn R. 2004. Ins and outs of teledildonics. Wired. http://www.wired.com/. (Last accessed 3/11).
Lyon (AV) J. 2011. Phoenix viewer website. http://www.phoenixviewer.com. (Last accessed 3/11). Lyon (AV) J. 2011. Phoenix viewer website. http://www.phoenixviewer.com. (Last accessed 3/11).
Moore G. E., 1965, Cramming more components into integrated circuits, Electronics, 38, 8
Mori M., 1970, Bukimi no tani (the uncanny valley), Energy, 7, 33
Morningstar C. and Farmer F. R. 1991. The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat. MIT Press Cambridge MA. 273--302. Morningstar C. and Farmer F. R. 1991. The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat. MIT Press Cambridge MA. 273--302.
Morris D., 2005, Machinima: Making Animated Movies in 3D Virtual Environments. Muska & Lipman/Premier-Trade
Nakamoto S., 2009, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system
National Academy of Engineering. 2008. Grand Challenges for Engineering. National Academy of Engineering Washington DC. National Academy of Engineering. 2008. Grand Challenges for Engineering. National Academy of Engineering Washington DC.
Newman R., Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'00)
OAuth Community. 2011. OAuth home page. http://oauth.net. (Last accessed 5/11). OAuth Community. 2011. OAuth home page. http://oauth.net. (Last accessed 5/11).
Open Cobalt Project. 2011. Open Cobalt website. http://www.opencobalt.org. (Last accessed 3/11). Open Cobalt Project. 2011. Open Cobalt website. http://www.opencobalt.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
Open Wonderland Foundation. 2011. Open Wonderland website. http://www.openwonderland.org. (Last accessed 3/11). Open Wonderland Foundation. 2011. Open Wonderland website. http://www.openwonderland.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
OpenID Foundation. 2011. OpenID Foundation homepage. http://openid.net. OpenID Foundation. 2011. OpenID Foundation homepage. http://openid.net.
OpenSimulator Project. 2011. OpenSimulator website. http://www.opensimulator.org. (Last accessed 3/11). OpenSimulator Project. 2011. OpenSimulator website. http://www.opensimulator.org. (Last accessed 3/11).
Piotrowski J. and Terzis G. 2011. Virtual currency: Bits and bob. http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency. (Last accessed 6/11). Piotrowski J. and Terzis G. 2011. Virtual currency: Bits and bob. http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/virtual-currency. (Last accessed 6/11).
Pocket Metaverse. 2009. Pocket Metaverse website. http://www.pocketmetaverse.com. (Last accessed 5/11). Pocket Metaverse. 2009. Pocket Metaverse website. http://www.pocketmetaverse.com. (Last accessed 5/11).
Rankine R. Ayromlou M. Alizadeh H. and Rivers W. 2011. Kinect Second Life interface. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvVWjah_fXU. (Last accessed 5/11). Rankine R. Ayromlou M. Alizadeh H. and Rivers W. 2011. Kinect Second Life interface. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvVWjah_fXU. (Last accessed 5/11).
Raymond E. S. 2001. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. O'Reilly & Associates Inc. Sebastopol CA. Raymond E. S. 2001. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. O'Reilly & Associates Inc. Sebastopol CA.
realXtend Association. 2011. realXtend website. http://realxtend.wordpress.com. (Last accessed 12/11). realXtend Association. 2011. realXtend website. http://realxtend.wordpress.com. (Last accessed 12/11).
RedDwarf Server Project. 2011. RedDwarf server website. http://www.reddwarfserver.org. (Last accessed 6/11). RedDwarf Server Project. 2011. RedDwarf server website. http://www.reddwarfserver.org. (Last accessed 6/11).
Roh C. H., 2005, Image blending for virtual environment construction based on tip model. In Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Signal Processing, Robotics and Automation. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), Stevens Point, WI., 26, 1
Rost R. J. Licea-Kane B. Ginsburg D. Kessenich J. M. Lichtenbelt B. Malan H. and Weiblen M. 2009. OpenGL Shading Language 3rd Ed. Addison-Wesley Professional Boston MA. Rost R. J. Licea-Kane B. Ginsburg D. Kessenich J. M. Lichtenbelt B. Malan H. and Weiblen M. 2009. OpenGL Shading Language 3rd Ed. Addison-Wesley Professional Boston MA.
Shah M. 2007. Image-space approach to real-time realistic rendering. Ph.D. dissertation University of Central Florida Orlando FL. AAI3302925. Shah M. 2007. Image-space approach to real-time realistic rendering. Ph.D. dissertation University of Central Florida Orlando FL. AAI3302925.
Short J. Williams E. and Christie B. 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. Wiley London U.K. Short J. Williams E. and Christie B. 1976. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. Wiley London U.K.
Smart J. Cascio J. and Pattendorf J. 2007. Metaverse roadmap overview. http://www.metaverseroadmap.org. (Last accessed 2/11). Smart J. Cascio J. and Pattendorf J. 2007. Metaverse roadmap overview. http://www.metaverseroadmap.org. (Last accessed 2/11).
Smurrayinchester (AV) and Voidvector (AV). 2008. Mori uncanny valley.svg. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. (Last accessed 6/11). Smurrayinchester (AV) and Voidvector (AV). 2008. Mori uncanny valley.svg. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. (Last accessed 6/11).
Subramanian S., Proceedings of the Conference on Guidelines on Tactile and Haptic Interactions.
Triesch J., Informatik'98: Informatik zwischen Bild und Sprache
Turkle S. 1995. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. Simon & Schuster Trade New York NY. Turkle S. 1995. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. Simon & Schuster Trade New York NY.
Turkle S., 2007, Evocative Objects: Things We Think With
Twitter. 2011. Twitter API documentation website. http://dev.twitter.com/doc. (Last accessed 5/11). Twitter. 2011. Twitter API documentation website. http://dev.twitter.com/doc. (Last accessed 5/11).
Weiser M., 1991, The computer for the 21st century. Sci, Am., 265, 94
Wilkes I. 2008. Second life: How it works (and how it doesn't). QCon 2008. http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Second-Life-Ian-Wilkes. (Last accessed 6/11). Wilkes I. 2008. Second life: How it works (and how it doesn't). QCon 2008. http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Second-Life-Ian-Wilkes. (Last accessed 6/11).
Yahoo! Inc. 2011. Flickr Services website. http://www.flickr.com/services/api. (Last accessed 5/11). Yahoo! Inc. 2011. Flickr Services website. http://www.flickr.com/services/api. (Last accessed 5/11).