3 Aetiological agents: their molecular biology and phagocyte-host interaction

Abshire, 1993, Growth rate paradox of Salmonella typhimurium within host macrophages, Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 3744, 10.1128/jb.175.12.3744-3748.1993 Ackermann, 1996, Quantification of TNF-α and IFN-γ producing Yersinia urease β-subunit specific CD8+ and CD4+ cells using an elispot assay—a study in reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39, 163 Allen, 1990, Cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis display compensatory sequence changes between biovariants, Molecular Microbiology, 4, 1543, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02065.x Bas, 1995, Amplification of plasmid and chromosome Chlamydia DNA in synovial fluid of patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated seronegative oligoarthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, 1005, 10.1002/art.1780380718 Beatty, 1994, Persistent chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis, Microbiological Reviews, 58, 686, 10.1128/MMBR.58.4.686-699.1994 Beutler, 1994, Intracellular location of inapparently infecting chlamydia in synovial tissue from patients with Reiter's syndrome, Immunologic Research, 13, 163, 10.1007/BF02918277 Branigan, 1996, Comparison of synovial tissue and synovial fluid as the source of nucleic acids for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39, 1740, 10.1002/art.1780391018 Braun, 1997, Nested polymerase chain reaction strategy simultaneously targeting DNA sequences of multiple bacterial species in inflammatory joint disease. I. Sreening of synovial fluid samples of patients with spondylarthropathies and other arthritides, Journal of Rheumatology, 24, 1092 Braun, 1997, Journal of Rheumatology, 24, 1101 Brown, 1997, Suseptibility to ankylosing spondylitis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 1823, 10.1002/art.1780401015 Burmester, 1995, Immunology of reactive arthritis, Annual Review of Immunology, 13, 229, 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001305 Campbell, 1996, Sexually-acquired reactive arthritis synovial T cells respond to Chlamydia trachomatis 57 kd heat shock protein but not the major outer membrane protein, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39, S184 Dunlop, 1968, Seronegative polyarthritis. The Bedsonia (Chlamydia) group of agents and Reiter's disease. A progress report, Annals of Rheumatologic Disease, 27, 234, 10.1136/ard.27.3.234 Ebringer, 1992, Ankylosing spondylitis is caused by Klebsiella. Evidence from immunogenetic, microbiologic and serologic studies, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 18, 105, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00712-2 Ford, 1987, One syndrome—many infectious agents, Journal of Rheumatology, 14, 650 Gaston, 1996, Identification of 2 Chlamydia trachomatis antigens recognized by synovial fluid T cells from patients with Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 130 Gérard, 1998, Synovial Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome are viable but show aberrant gene expression, Journal of Rheumatology, 25, 734 Gérard, 1996, An in vitro model to define transcriptional control in Chlamydia trachomatis during infection of human monocytes, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 39, 183 Gordon, 1973, Chlamydial isolates from Reiter's syndrome, British Journal of Venereal Disease, 49, 376 Granfors, 1997, Host-microbe interaction in HLA-B27 associated diseases, Annals of Medicine, 29, 153, 10.3109/07853899709113703 Granfors, 1989, Yersinia antigens in synovial fluid cells from patients with reactive arthritis, New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 216, 10.1056/NEJM198901263200404 Granfors, 1989, Analysis of IgA anti-lipopolysaccharidee antibodies in Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 159, 1142, 10.1093/infdis/159.6.1142 Granfors, 1990, Salmonella lipopolysaccharidee in synovial cells from patients with reactive arthritis, Lancet, 335, 685, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90804-E Hammer, 1990, Yersinia enterocolitica in the synovial membrane in patients with Yersinia-induced arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 33, 1795, 10.1002/art.1780331206 Hammer, 1990, Spontanous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta 2 m: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders, Cell, 63, 1009, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90512-D Huppertz, 1996, Experimental Yersinia infection of human synovial cells: persistence of live bacteria and generation of bacterial antigen deposits including ghosts, nucleic acid-free bacterial pods, Infection and Immunity, 64, 1484, 10.1128/IAI.64.4.1484-1487.1996 Ikeda, 1997, HLA-B27 promotes generation of MCP-1 when invaded by salmonella, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 331 Ingalls, 1995, The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated, Infection and Immunity, 63, 3125, 10.1128/IAI.63.8.3125-3130.1995 Inman, 1989, HLA class I-related impairment in IL-2 production and lymphocyte response to microbial antigens in reactive arthritis, Journal of Immunology, 142, 4256 Jendro, 1997, Macrophages infected with Chlamydia trachomatis induce apoptosis in preactivated T-cells, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 144 Kapasi, 1992, HLA-B27 expression modulates gram-negative bacterial invasion into transfected L cells, Journal of Immunology, 148, 3554 Kapasi, 1994, ME1 epitope of HLA-B27 confers class I-mediated modulation of gram-negative bacterial invasion, Journal of Immunology, 153, 833 Karimi, 1989, Accumulation of chlamydial lipopolysaccharidee antigen in the plasma membrane of infected cells, Infection and Immunity, 57, 1780, 10.1128/IAI.57.6.1780-1785.1989 Keat, 1983, Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis in perspective, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 1606, 10.1056/NEJM198312293092604 Koehler, 1997, Ultrastructural and molecular analyses of the persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar K in human peripheral blood monocytes, Microbial Pathogenesis, 22, 133, 10.1006/mpat.1996.0103 Konttinnen, 1988, Occurrence of different ensuing triggering infections preceding reactive arthritis. A follow up study, British Medical Journal, 296, 1644, 10.1136/bmj.296.6637.1644 Lahesmaa, 1993, Molecular mimicry: any role in the pathogenesis of spondylarthropathies?, Immunological Research, 12, 193, 10.1007/BF02918304 Laitio, 1997, HLA-B27 modulates intracellular survival of Salmonella enteritidis in human monocytic cells, European Journal of Immunology, 27, 1331, 10.1002/eji.1830270606 Malinverni, 1996, The role of cytokines in chlamydia infections, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 9, 150, 10.1097/00001432-199606000-00004 Merilathi-Palo, 1994, Electron microscopy and immunolabeling of Yersinia antigens in human synovial fluid cells, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 12, 255 Mertz, 1998, Characterization of the synovial T cell response to various recombinant Yersinia antigens in yersinia enterocolica-triggered reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 41, 315, 10.1002/1529-0131(199802)41:2<315::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-# Miossec, 1997, Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 2105, 10.1002/art.1780401203 Morrison, 1989, Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. The 57 KD chlamydial hypersensitivity antigen is a stress response protein, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 170, 1271, 10.1084/jem.170.4.1271 Nanagara, 1995, Alteration of Chlamydia trachomatis biological behavior in synovial membranes: suppression of surface antigen production in reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, 1410, 10.1002/art.1780381008 Nettelnbreker, 1998, Studies of persistent infection by Chlamydia trachomatis serovar K in TPA-differentiated U937 cells and the role IFN-gamma, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 47, 141, 10.1099/00222615-47-2-141 Norton, 1966, Light and electron microscopic observations on the synovitis of Reiter's disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 9, 747, 10.1002/art.1780090602 Probst, 1994, Role of bacteria-specific T cells in the immunopathogenesis of reactive arthritis, Trends in Microbiology, 2, 329, 10.1016/0966-842X(94)90450-2 Rothermel, 1989, Chlamydia trachomatis-induced production of interleukin-1 by human monocytes, Infection and Immunity, 57, 2705, 10.1128/IAI.57.9.2705-2711.1989 Saarinen, 1996, Survival and degragation of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 45, 463, 10.1099/00222615-45-6-463 Schachter, 1967, Isolation of Bedsoniae from human arthritis and abortion tissues, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 63, 1082, 10.1016/0002-9394(67)94086-X Schlaak, 1992, Predominance of ThI-type T-cells in synovial fluid of patients with Yersinia-induced reactive arthritis, European Journal of Immunology, 22, 2766, 10.1002/eji.1830221103 Schumacher, 1988, Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in Reiter's syndrome: immunocytochemical identification of chlamydial antigen in patients with early disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, 937, 10.1002/art.1780310801 Sieper, 1995, Pathogenesis of spondylarthropathies, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, 1547, 10.1002/art.1780381105 Sieper, 1996, Aetiological agents and immune mechanisms in enterogenic reactive arthritis, Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology, 10, 105, 10.1016/S0950-3579(96)80008-2 Taurog, 1994, The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rat, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 180, 2359, 10.1084/jem.180.6.2359 Tingle, 1987, One infectious agent—many syndromes, Journal of Rheumatology, 14, 653 Toivanen, 1995, Aethiopathogenesis of reactive arthritis, Rheumatology in Europe, 24, 5 Toivanen, 1987, Association of persisting IgA response with Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis: a study on 104 patients, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 46, 898, 10.1136/ard.46.12.898 Toivanen, 1985, Pathogenesis of Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis: immunological, microbiological and clinical aspects, Immunological Reviews, 86, 47, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1985.tb01137.x Viitanen, 1991, Application of the polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence techniques to the detection of bacteria in Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, 89, 10.1002/art.1780340114 Virtala, 1997, HLA-B27 modulates the survival of Salmonella enteritidis in transfected L cells, possibly by impaired nitric oxid production, Infection and Immunity, 65, 4236, 10.1128/IAI.65.10.4236-4242.1997 Wilkinson, 1997, Detection of bacteria in rheumatoid and reactive arthritis synovial fluid using a kingdom specific polymerase chain reaction: evidence in support of a role for bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 270 Wuorela, 1997, Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 alters expression of serologic HLA-B27 epitopes on human monocytes, Infection and Immunity, 65, 2060, 10.1128/IAI.65.6.2060-2066.1997 Yin, 1997, Crucial role of interleukin-10/interleukin-12 balance in the regulation of the type 2 T helper cytokine response in reactive arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40, 1788, 10.1002/art.1780401010