2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias

European Heart Journal - Tập 37 Số 39 - Trang 2999-3058 - 2016
Alberico L. Catapano1, Ian Graham1, Guy De Backer1, Olov Wiklund1, M. John Chapman1, Heinz Drexel1, Arno W. Hoes1, Catriona Jennings1, Ulf Landmesser1, Terje R. Pedersen1, Željko Reiner1, Gabriele Riccardi1, Marja‐Riitta Taskinen1, Lâle Tokgözoğlu1, W. M. Monique Verschuren1, Charalambos Vlachopoulos1, David A. Wood1, José Luis Zamorano1
1The disclosure forms of the authors and reviewers are available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv428

10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832b38a1

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060681

Ezzati M Lopez AD Rodgers A Murray CJL . Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.

World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.

10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092

Mistry H Morris S Dyer M Kotseva K Wood D Buxton M . Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care: a Markov modelling approach. BMJ Open 2012 Oct 11;2. pii: e001029.

Nichols M Townsend N Luengo-Fernandez R Leal J Gray A Scarborough P Rayner M . European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2012. Brussels: European Heart Network, 2012.

10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5

10.1093/eurheartj/eht232

10.3310/hta11030

10.2165/11539150-000000000-00000

10.1093/eurheartj/ehn554

10.1371/journal.pone.0013957

10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000264

10.1186/1471-2458-13-1135

10.1056/NEJMoa1406656

10.1371/journal.pone.0041842

10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1722

10.1371/journal.pone.0084445

O'Keeffe C Kabir Z O'Flaherty M Walton J Capewell S Perry IJ . Modelling the impact of specific food policy options on coronary heart disease and stroke deaths in Ireland. BMJ Open 2013;3. pii: e002837.

10.1371/journal.pone.0118353

10.2143/AC.64.1.2034354

10.1185/03007990802144705

10.2165/11586760-000000000-00000

10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.01.008

10.1186/1471-2261-12-26

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr080

10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283383f30

10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00447.x

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.014

10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d567bd

10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1419

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69252-0

10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000363

10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652

10.4065/mcp.2010.0575

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Public Health Guidance 25. June 2010. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph25 .

10.2471/BLT.08.057885

10.1136/bmj.d5747

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579

10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3

10.1136/hrt.2006.108167

10.1136/bmj.39609.449676.25

10.1161/hc0302.102575

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814251

10.1001/jama.297.6.611

10.1093/ije/dyh405

10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98

10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-9

10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.020

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852756

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548206

10.1177/2047487315588390

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.041

10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283213140

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv251

10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00006

10.1001/jama.2012.9624

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007

10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615

10.1136/bmj.b2376

10.1056/NEJMoa1410489

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5

10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61368-4

10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60367-5

10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70191-8

10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.039

10.1001/jama.294.19.2437

10.1056/NEJMoa1511939

10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.016

10.2174/157016111795495549

10.2174/157016111795495530

10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61177-6

10.1093/eurheartj/ehs431

10.1373/clinchem.2010.157164

10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305623

10.1136/bmj.g4356

10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693

Knopfholz, 2014, Validation of the Friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome, Cholesterol, 2014, 261878, 10.1155/2014/261878

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014.

10.1001/jama.2012.6571

10.1001/jama.2012.366

10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.07.007

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60545-4

10.1038/ng.2795

10.1093/eurheartj/eht571

10.1001/jama.2009.1619

10.1210/jc.2010-0450

10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60312-2

10.1056/NEJMoa1001689

10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.301373

10.1056/NEJMoa1409065

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793

10.1097/00043798-199604000-00014

10.1001/jama.298.3.309

10.1001/jama.298.3.299

10.1373/clinchem.2008.111401

10.1001/jama.298.7.776

10.1007/s00125-010-1806-9

10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.959247

10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00025-X

10.1161/01.CIR.102.16.1886

10.1056/NEJMoa1307095

10.1056/NEJMoa1308027

10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.300367

10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386

10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.038

10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02592.x

10.1373/clinchem.2003.023689

10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.061

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.023

10.1056/NEJMoa1501031

Sabatine, 2015, Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 727, 1500, 10.1056/NEJMoa1500858

10.1016/0021-9150(93)90102-Z

10.1097/01.mol.0000236367.42755.c1

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007

Whitfield, 2014, Genetic insights into cardiometabolic risk factors, Clin Biochem Rev, 35, 15

10.1093/eurheartj/eht273

10.1373/clinchem.2014.231365

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv340

10.1080/07853890801964955

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.082

10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703

10.1056/NEJMoa050461

10.1001/jama.282.24.2340

10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01644.x

10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.024

10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.014

Eckel RH Jakicic JM Ard JD de Jesus JM Houston Miller N Hubbard VS Lee IM Lichtenstein AH Loria CM Millen BE Nonas CA Sacks FM Smith SC Jr Svetkey LP Wadden TA Yanovski SZ Kendall KA Morgan LC Trisolini MG Velasco G Wnek J Anderson JL Halperin JL Albert NM Bozkurt B Brindis RG Curtis LH DeMets D Hochman JS Kovacs RJ Ohman EM Pressler SJ Sellke FW Shen WK Smith SC Jr Tomaselli GF . 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S76–S99.

10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38

10.7326/M13-1788.

10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252

10.1056/NEJMoa1200303

10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.779

Mozaffarian, 2009, Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence, Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, S5, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602973

Brown, 1999, Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 30, 10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30

10.3945/ajcn.115.109165

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043

10.1016/j.plefa.2011.02.001

10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.056

10.1001/archinternmed.2010.382

10.1371/journal.pone.0098611

Dattilo, 1992, Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 56, 320, 10.1093/ajcn/56.2.320

10.1001/archinte.166.3.285

Keys, 1984, Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 351, 10.1093/ajcn/40.2.351

Shaw, 2006, Exercise for overweight or obesity, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD003817

10.1210/jc.2004-2350

10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523

10.1186/1475-2891-12-147

Yu-Poth, 1999, Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 632, 10.1093/ajcn/69.4.632

10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x

10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00424-0

Harris, 1997, n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 65, 1645S, 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1645S

10.1172/JCI37385

10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.014

10.1017/S0007114514002578

10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.09.018

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.073

10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00110-5

Poli, 2008, Non-pharmacological control of plasma cholesterol levels, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 18, S1, 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.004

Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 1146, 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146

10.1136/bmj.g2272

10.1007/s13668-013-0064-0

10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113E

10.1016/j.ahj.2012.04.014

10.1007/s001250051620

10.1016/j.clnu.2007.07.005

10.1016/j.jacl.2011.10.018

Liu, 2001, Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 560, 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.560

10.2337/dc09-0266

10.3945/ajcn.114.100461

10.1056/NEJMoa020194

10.1136/bmj.d636

10.1016/j.numecd.2012.06.002

10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.012

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644

10.1001/jama.2014.10706

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627

10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00003

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.019

10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017

10.1038/ejcn.2010.178

10.3945/ajcn.2010.29174

10.1016/S0009-9236(99)70139-6

10.2165/00044011-200525110-00003

10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049

10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01085.x

10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.961144

10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.009

10.1161/01.CIR.91.8.2274

10.1161/01.CIR.97.10.946

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1

10.1007/s00392-006-0403-x

10.1093/qjmed/hcq165

10.1001/archinternmed.2010.182

Taylor, 2013, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD004816

10.1161/01.CIR.0000131517.20177.5a

10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0110

10.2165/1158822-S0-000000000-00000

McGuinness, 2014, Statins for the treatment of dementia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD007514

Eslami, 2013, Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD008623

10.1371/journal.pone.0029849

10.1056/NEJMoa1201735

Li, 2011, Statins for primary prevention of venous thromboembolism, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD008203

Raval, 2011, Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, CD008565

10.1177/1715163515578692

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv043

Law, 2006, Statin safety: a systematic review, Am J Cardiol, 97, 52C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010

10.1177/2047487314550805

10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071

10.1007/s10557-005-5686-z

10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.008

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.136101

10.1016/j.jacl.2014.09.007

10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.019

10.1345/aph.1R509

10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002

10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.015

10.1097/00000441-200502000-00002

10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.006

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6

10.1001/jama.2011.860

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.042

Palmer, 2014, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD005019

10.1007/s11883-005-0046-9

10.1097/01.ASN.0000138236.82706.EE

10.1517/14740338.3.6.547

10.1056/NEJMp1106689

10.1007/s11886-013-0397-8

10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.057

10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00917.x

Guyton JR Bays HE . Safety considerations with niacin therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(6A):22C–31C.

Cziraky MJ Willey VJ McKenney JM Kamat SA Fisher MD Guyton JR Jacobson TA Davidson MH . Statin safety: an assessment using an administrative claims database. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(8A):61C–68C.

10.1111/dme.12295

10.1001/jama.1984.03340270029025

10.1016/0021-9681(83)90138-8

10.1001/archinte.1992.00400190041009

10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.033

10.1056/NEJMoa0804602

Sharp Collaborative Group. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2010;160:785–794 e10.

10.1056/NEJMoa1405386

10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065

10.1038/ng1161

10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140025

10.7326/M15-2994

10.7326/M16-0006

10.1056/NEJMoa1107579

10.1056/NEJMoa1300955

10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.07.035

10.1007/s40256-013-0037-0

Abumweis SS Barake R Jones PJ . Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res 2008;52. ISSN 1654-661X. Available at http://www.foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1811 .

Tyroler, 1984, Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. An overview of Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) epidemiologic studies as background for the LRC Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, Am J Cardiol, 54, 14C, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90851-8

10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80293-5

10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283294b1d

10.1210/jc.2011-3213

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67667-2

10.1056/NEJMoa1001282

10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.008

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.026

10.1056/NEJM198711123172001

10.1056/NEJM199908053410604

10.1161/01.CIR.86.3.839

Keene D Price C Shun-Shin MJ Francis DP . Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients. BMJ 2014;349:g4379.

10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.228

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60656-3

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.020

10.1097/FJC.0b013e318202709f

Davidson MH Armani A McKenney JM Jacobson TA . Safety considerations with fibrate therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(6A):3C–18C.

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.049

10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.178228

Herrmann, 2012, Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: insights from the FIELD study, Clin Chem Lab Med, 50, 2213, 10.1515/cclm-2012-0078

Kamanna VS Kashyap ML . Mechanism of action of niacin. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(8A):20B–26B.

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.023

Brown BG Zhao XQ . Nicotinic acid, alone and in combinations, for reduction of cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(8A):58B–62B.

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012

10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.031

10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.04.015

10.1016/j.jacl.2013.10.003

10.1007/s11883-011-0210-3

10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966168

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3

10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F

10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2

10.1093/jnci/djt174

10.1001/jama.297.5.499

10.1194/jlr.P002816

10.1056/NEJMoa064278

10.3132/dvdr.2008.046

10.1056/NEJMoa0706628

10.1038/ng.2797

10.1161/hq0202.104059

10.1210/jc.2012-1563

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791

10.1136/bmj.303.6807.893

World Health Organization. Human Genetics Programme. Familial hypercholesterolemia: report of a second WHO consultation. WHO/HGN/FH/Cons/992. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.

10.1055/s-2004-822987

10.1093/eurheartj/ehu274

10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157

10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.226365

10.1038/gt.2012.43

10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301464

10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.002

10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283319a1d

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.003

10.1542/peds.2009-2107C

10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.302952

10.1097/00043798-200204000-00001

10.1093/eurheartj/ehs411

10.1001/jama.291.18.2243

10.1007/s00125-014-3344-3

10.1093/humrep/17.9.2307

10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.042

10.1056/NEJMoa030808

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr364

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr381

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4

10.1053/euhj.1998.1243

10.1056/NEJMoa1012848

10.1093/eurheartj/ehs458

10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02331.x

10.1007/s11883-014-0420-6

10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.069

10.1001/jama.279.20.1615

10.7326/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00005

10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11600-X

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654756

10.1161/01.CIR.96.12.4211

10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3

10.7326/0003-4819-134-10-200105150-00007

10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00002

10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00002

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.013

10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70112-8

10.1056/NEJMoa1008862

10.1056/NEJMoa1310799

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9

10.1007/s00125-012-2817-5

10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.003

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264

Donahoe SM Stewart GC McCabe CH Mohanavelu S Murphy SA Cannon CP Antman EM . Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2007; 298:765–775.

10.1152/physrev.00033.2011

10.1186/1472-6823-14-9

10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034

10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.160192

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.039

10.2337/dc08-1543

10.1161/hc5001.100624

10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.211

10.2337/dc07-1117

10.1007/s00125-003-1116-6

10.1016/j.metabol.2013.10.002

10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13636-7

10.1001/jama.285.13.1711

10.1001/jama.292.11.1307

10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.077

10.1001/2012.jama.11374

10.1056/NEJMoa1206797

10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.028

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.002451

10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.005

10.1016/j.jcin.2009.11.021

10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.011

10.1016/S1071-9164(97)90022-1

10.1056/NEJM199811053391902

10.1056/NEJM199610033351401

10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.034

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.625574

10.1056/NEJMoa0706201

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61240-4

10.1016/j.jchf.2013.12.007

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8

10.1056/NEJMoa043876

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.900027

10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.414

10.1161/JAHA.114.001111

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891598

10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.08.066

10.3899/jrheum.090011

10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205675

10.1136/ard.2009.113696

10.1136/ard.2010.142455

10.1159/000441425

10.1007/s11255-013-0407-1

10.2174/1570161111311050013

10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60595-4

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5

10.1016/j.acvd.2015.06.001

Palmer, 2014, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD007784

10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.007

10.1056/NEJMoa043545

10.1056/NEJMoa0810177

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3

10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.034

Tonelli, 2014, Lipid management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline, Ann Intern Med, 160, 182, 10.7326/M13-2453

10.1056/NEJM199509073331003

10.1161/01.CIR.96.5.1398

10.1161/01.CIR.0000151805.86933.35

Navaneethan, 2009, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, CD005019

10.1097/TP.0b013e318198d7d0

10.1093/eurheartj/ehr211

10.1001/archinte.163.18.2157

Aung, 2007, Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000123

10.1093/eurheartj/ehu080

10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.073

10.1161/01.STR.0000147965.52712.fa

10.5551/jat.14001

10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.070

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61607-9

10.1056/NEJMoa1001288

10.1161/01.ATV.0000245819.32762.cb

10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.009

10.1016/j.jvs.2004.01.004

10.1056/NEJMoa0808207

10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.021

10.1093/eurheartj/ehq452

10.1177/2047487313519344

10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70058-4

10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655894

10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0

10.1056/NEJMoa0807646

10.1161/01.CIR.103.3.387

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61125-2

10.1056/NEJMoa061894

10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001576

10.1001/jama.289.22.2978

10.1093/eurheartj/eht528

Islam, 2012, Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis, HIV Med, 13, 453, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x

10.1371/journal.pone.0059551

10.1210/jc.2006-2190

10.1086/592116

10.1097/00002030-200304110-00010

10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1314

10.1111/bdi.12130

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60742-X

10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.008

Godin O Etain B Henry C Bougerol T Courtet P Mayliss L Passerieux C Azorin JM Kahn JP Gard S Costagliola D Leboyer M . Metabolic syndrome in a French cohort of patients with bipolar disorder: results from the FACE-BD cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:1078–1085; quiz 1085.

10.1177/070674371005501202

10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00735.x

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.005

10.1177/0269881107077815

10.1177/1359786810382056

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60868-5

10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6

10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010

10.1001/jama.288.4.455

10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.11.012

10.1001/jama.288.4.462

McGinnis, 2009, Statin adherence and mortality in patients enrolled in a secondary prevention program, Am J Manag Care, 15, 689

10.1007/BF02849887

10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.007

Hinchcliffe A . Patient Adherence to Treatment with Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiff: Public Health Wales NHS Trust, 2011.

Blackburn, 2005, Adherence to statins, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following a first cardiovascular event: a retrospective cohort study, Can J Cardiol, 21, 485

10.1136/heart.88.3.229

10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.02.004

Aubert, 2010, Is there a relationship between early statin compliance and a reduction in healthcare utilization, Am J Manag Care, 16, 459

10.1097/01.mlr.0000163641.86870.af

10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.12.013

Wise J . Open letter raises concerns about NICE guidance on statins. BMJ 2014;348:g3937.

Abramson JD Rosenberg HG Jewell N Wright JM . Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin? BMJ 2013;347:f6123.

Huffman M Taylor F Ebrahim S . Huffman and colleagues' response to Abramson and colleagues' article on statins in low risk people. BMJ 2014;348:g1520.

10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Becker, 1974, The Health Belief Model and personal health behaviour, Health Educ Monogr, 2, 324, 10.1177/109019817400200407

10.1007/s10865-015-9644-3

10.4103/2141-9248.144914

Jackson, 2014, Applying COM-B to medication adherence, Eur Health Psychol, 16, 7

10.1186/1748-5908-6-42

10.1345/aph.1P150

10.1186/1471-2261-11-46

10.1016/j.ahj.2013.02.011

Harrison, 2013, Primary nonadherence to statin therapy: patients' perceptions, Am J Manag Care, 19, e133

10.1016/j.outlook.2010.12.002

Rubak, 2005, Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Gen Pract, 55, 305

Bandura A . Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman, 1997.

Schedlbauer, 2010, Interventions to improve adherence to lipid lowering medication, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD004371

Nieuwlaat, 2014, Interventions for enhancing medication adherence, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD000011

10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.043

10.1001/jama.2013.277064

10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.021

Ryan, 2014, Interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers: an overview of systematic reviews, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD007768

10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106