2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Townsend, 2015, Cardiovascular disease in Europe–epidemiological update 2015, Eur Heart J, 36, 2696, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv428
Cooney, 2009, Re-evaluating the Rose approach: comparative benefits of the population and high-risk preventive strategies, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 16, 541, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832b38a1
Liu, 2012, Healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study, Circulation, 125, 996, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060681
Ezzati, 2004
World Health Organization, 2011
Mistry, 2012, Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care: a Markov modelling approach, BMJ Open, 2
Nichols, 2012
Heidenreich, 2011, Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 123, 933, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5
McConnachie, 2014, Long-term impact on healthcare resource utilization of statin treatment, and its cost effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a record linkage study, Eur Heart J, 35, 290, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht232
Ward, 2007, A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary events, Health Technol Assess, 11, 1, 10.3310/hta11140
Plans-Rubio, 2010, The cost effectiveness of statin therapies in Spain in 2010, after the introduction of generics and reference prices, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 10, 369, 10.2165/11539150-000000000-00000
Bjorck, 2009, Modelling the decreasing coronary heart disease mortality in Sweden between 1986 and 2002, Eur Heart J, 30, 1046, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn554
Aspelund, 2010, Analysing the large decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Icelandic population aged 25–74 between the years 1981 and 2006, PLoS One, 5, e13957, 10.1371/journal.pone.0013957
Pereira, 2013, Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Portugal between 1995 and 2008, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 6, 634, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000264
Unal, 2013, Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Turkey between 1995 and 2008, BMC Public Health, 13, 1135, 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1135
Roth, 2015, Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality, N Engl J Med, 372, 1333, 10.1056/NEJMoa1406656
Cobiac, 2012, Which interventions offer best value for money in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?, PLoS One, 7, e41842, 10.1371/journal.pone.0041842
Collins, 2014, An economic evaluation of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in England: a policy modeling study, Value Health, 17, 517, 10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1722
Mason, 2014, A cost effectiveness analysis of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in four Eastern Mediterranean countries, PLoS One, 9, e84445, 10.1371/journal.pone.0084445
O'Keeffe, 2013, Modelling the impact of specific food policy options on coronary heart disease and stroke deaths in Ireland, BMJ Open, 3
Moreira, 2015, Comparing different policy scenarios to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods in UK: impact on cardiovascular disease mortality using a modelling approach, PLoS One, 10, e0118353, 10.1371/journal.pone.0118353
Neyt, 2009, Cost-effectiveness of statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and economic analysis for Belgium, Acta Cardiol, 64, 1, 10.2143/AC.64.1.2034354
Peura, 2008, Cost-effectiveness of statins in the prevention of coronary heart disease events in middle-aged Finnish men, Curr Med Res Opin, 24, 1823, 10.1185/03007990802144705
Ito, 2011, Statins for cardiovascular prevention according to different strategies: a cost analysis, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 11, 33, 10.2165/11586760-000000000-00000
Stevanovic, 2014, Economic evaluation of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in mild hypertension: a scenario analysis for the Netherlands, Clin Ther, 36, 368, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.01.008
Wisloff, 2012, Choice of generic antihypertensive drugs for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease—a cost-effectiveness analysis, BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 12, 26, 10.1186/1471-2261-12-26
Banegas, 2011, Achievement of treatment goals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice across Europe: the EURIKA study, Eur Heart J, 32, 2143, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr080
Kotseva, 2010, Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 17, 530, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283383f30
Cherry, 2009, The clinical and economic burden of nonadherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy in hypertensive patients, Value Health, 12, 489, 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00447.x
Corrao, 2011, Cost-effectiveness of enhancing adherence to therapy with statins in the setting of primary cardiovascular prevention. Evidence from an empirical approach based on administrative databases, Atherosclerosis, 217, 479, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.014
Dragomir, 2010, Impact of adherence to antihypertensive agents on clinical outcomes and hospitalization costs, Med Care, 48, 418, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d567bd
Wald, 2003, A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%, BMJ, 326, 1419, 10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1419
Gaziano, 2006, Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world: a cost-effectiveness analysis, Lancet, 368, 679, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69252-0
van Gils, 2011, The polypill in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: cost-effectiveness in the Dutch population, BMJ Open, 1, e000363, 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000363
Frieden, 2010, A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid, Am J Public Health, 100, 590, 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2010
Capewell, 2010, Cardiovascular risk factor trends and potential for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America, Bull World Health Org, 88, 120, 10.2471/BLT.08.057885
Mozaffarian, 2011, United Nations' dietary policies to prevent cardiovascular disease, BMJ, 343, d5747, 10.1136/bmj.d5747
D'Agostino, 2008, General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 117, 743, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579
Conroy, 2003, Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project, Eur Heart J, 24, 987, 10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3
Woodward, 2007, Adding social deprivation and family history to cardiovascular risk assessment: the ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC), Heart, 93, 172, 10.1136/hrt.2006.108167
Hippisley-Cox, 2008, Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2, BMJ, 336, 1475, 10.1136/bmj.39609.449676.25
Assmann, 2002, Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study, Circulation, 105, 310, 10.1161/hc0302.102575
Ridker, 2008, C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men, Circulation, 118, 2243, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814251
Ridker, 2007, Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score, JAMA, 297, 611, 10.1001/jama.297.6.611
Ferrario, 2005, Prediction of coronary events in a low incidence population. Assessing accuracy of the CUORE Cohort Study prediction equation, Int J Epidemiol, 34, 413, 10.1093/ije/dyh405
Goff, 2014, 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 129, S49, 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98
Hajifathalian, 2015, A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 3, 339, 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-9
Cooney, 2009, Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1209, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.020
Cooney, 2010, Cardiovascular risk-estimation systems in primary prevention: do they differ? Do they make a difference? Can we see the future?, Circulation, 122, 300, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.852756
Lloyd-Jones, 2006, Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age, Circulation, 113, 791, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548206
Cooney, 2016, Cardiovascular risk estimation in older persons: SCORE O.P, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 23, 1093, 10.1177/2047487315588390
Cooney, 2009, HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk, Atherosclerosis, 206, 611, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.041
Cooney, 2009, How much does HDL cholesterol add to risk estimation? A report from the SCORE Investigators, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 16, 304, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283213140
Mortensen, 2015, The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study, Eur Heart J, 36, 2446, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv251
Kavousi, 2012, Evaluation of newer risk markers for coronary heart disease risk classification: a cohort study, Ann Intern Med, 156, 438, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00006
Yeboah, 2012, Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals, JAMA, 308, 788, 10.1001/jama.2012.9624
Boekholdt, 2014, Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 485, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615
Brugts, 2009, The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 338, b2376, 10.1136/bmj.b2376
Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med, 372, 2387, 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet, 376, 1670, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5
Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet, 385, 1397, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61368-4
Mihaylova, 2012, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials, Lancet, 380, 581, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60367-5
Hegele, 2014, The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2, 655, 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70191-8
Mills, 2008, Primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and events with statin treatments: a network meta-analysis involving more than 65,000 patients, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1769, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.039
Pedersen, 2005, High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 294, 2437, 10.1001/jama.294.19.2437
Wright, 2015, A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control, N Engl J Med, 373, 2103, 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939
Stone, 2014, 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 129, S1, 10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a
Langlois, 2014, Clinical impact of direct HDLc and LDLc method bias in hypertriglyceridemia. A simulation study of the EAS-EFLM Collaborative Project Group, Atherosclerosis, 233, 83, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.016
Kolovou, 2011, Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: an expert panel statement, Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 9, 258, 10.2174/157016111795495549
Mihas, 2011, Diagnostic value of postprandial triglyceride testing in healthy subjects: a meta-analysis, Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 9, 271, 10.2174/157016111795495530
Nordestgaard, 2014, Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease, Lancet, 384, 626, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61177-6
Jorgensen, 2013, Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J, 34, 1826, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs431
Langsted, 2011, Nonfasting lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in individuals with and without diabetes: 58 434 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study, Clin Chem, 57, 482, 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157164
Marti-Soler, 2014, Seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis including over 230 000 participants in 15 countries, Heart, 100, 1517, 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305623
Rabar, 2014, Guideline Development Group. Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of updated NICE guidance, BMJ, 349, g4356, 10.1136/bmj.g4356
JBS3, 2014, Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3), Heart, 100, ii1, 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693
Knopfholz, 2014, Validation of the Friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome, Cholesterol, 2014, 261878, 10.1155/2014/261878
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014
Di Angelantonio, 2012, Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction, JAMA, 307, 2499
Boekholdt, 2012, Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 307, 1302, 10.1001/jama.2012.366
Robinson, 2012, Meta-analysis of comparison of effectiveness of lowering apolipoprotein B versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol for cardiovascular risk reduction in randomized trials, Am J Cardiol, 110, 1468, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.07.007
Varbo, 2013, Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 427, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026
Sarwar, 2010, Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies, Lancet, 375, 1634, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60545-4
Do, 2013, Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease, Nat Genet, 45, 1345, 10.1038/ng.2795
Holmes, 2015, Mendelian randomization of blood lipids for coronary heart disease, Eur Heart J, 36, 539, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht571
Di Angelantonio, 2009, Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease, JAMA, 302, 1993, 10.1001/jama.2009.1619
Haase, 2010, Genetically elevated apolipoprotein A-I, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and risk of ischemic heart disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, E500, 10.1210/jc.2010-0450
Voight, 2012, Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomisation study, Lancet, 380, 572, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60312-2
Khera, 2011, Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis, N Engl J Med, 364, 127, 10.1056/NEJMoa1001689
Li, 2013, Paradoxical association of enhanced cholesterol efflux with increased incident cardiovascular risks, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33, 1696, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.301373
Rohatgi, 2014, HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 371, 2383, 10.1056/NEJMoa1409065
Sarwar, 2007, Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies, Circulation, 115, 450, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793
Hokanson, 1996, Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies, J Cardiovasc Risk, 3, 213, 10.1097/00043798-199604000-00014
Bansal, 2007, Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women, JAMA, 298, 309, 10.1001/jama.298.3.309
Nordestgaard, 2007, Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women, JAMA, 298, 299, 10.1001/jama.298.3.299
Charlton-Menys, 2009, Targets of statin therapy: LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS), Clin Chem, 55, 473, 10.1373/clinchem.2008.111401
Ingelsson, 2007, Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women, JAMA, 298, 776, 10.1001/jama.298.7.776
Taskinen, 2010, Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 53, 1846, 10.1007/s00125-010-1806-9
Sniderman, 2011, A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 4, 337, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.959247
Onat, 2003, Apolipoprotein C-III, a strong discriminant of coronary risk in men and a determinant of the metabolic syndrome in both genders, Atherosclerosis, 168, 81, 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00025-X
Sacks, 2000, VLDL, apolipoproteins B, CIII, and E, and risk of recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, Circulation, 102, 1886, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.16.1886
Crosby, 2014, Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease, N Engl J Med, 371, 22, 10.1056/NEJMoa1307095
Jorgensen, 2014, Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3 and risk of ischemic vascular disease, N Engl J Med, 371, 32, 10.1056/NEJMoa1308027
Graham, 2013, Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III reduces plasma triglycerides in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, Circ Res, 112, 1479, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.300367
Nordestgaard, 2010, Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status, Eur Heart J, 31, 2844, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386
Kamstrup, 2014, Elevated lipoprotein(a) and risk of aortic valve stenosis in the general population, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 470, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.038
Kronenberg, 2013, Lipoprotein(a): resurrected by genetics, J Intern Med, 273, 6, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02592.x
Marcovina, 2003, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease: recent advances and future directions, Clin Chem, 49, 1785, 10.1373/clinchem.2003.023689
Willeit, 2014, Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 851, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.061
Kamstrup, 2013, Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and improved cardiovascular risk prediction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 1146, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.023
Robinson, 2015, Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 372, 1489, 10.1056/NEJMoa1501031
Sabatine, 2015, Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 727, 1500, 10.1056/NEJMoa1500858
Seed, 1993, The effect of nicotinic acid and acipimox on lipoprotein(a) concentration and turnover, Atherosclerosis, 101, 61, 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90102-Z
Packard, 2006, Small dense low-density lipoprotein and its role as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, Curr Opin Lipidol, 17, 412, 10.1097/01.mol.0000236367.42755.c1
Mora, 2007, LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), Atherosclerosis, 192, 211, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007
Whitfield, 2014, Genetic insights into cardiometabolic risk factors, Clin Biochem Rev, 35, 15
Nordestgaard, 2013, Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society, Eur Heart J, 34, 3478, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273
Futema, 2015, Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and replication in samples from 6 countries, Clin Chem, 61, 231, 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231365
Soran, 2015, Cholesterol, not just cardiovascular risk, is important in deciding who should receive statin treatment, Eur Heart J, 36, 2975
Holme, 2008, Lipoprotein predictors of cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with coronary heart disease. Insights from the Incremental Decrease In End-points Through Aggressive Lipid-lowering Trial (IDEAL), Ann Med, 40, 456, 10.1080/07853890801964955
Reiner, 2011, ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), Eur Heart J, 32, 1769, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158
1998, Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, BMJ, 317, 703, 10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703
LaRosa, 2005, Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease, N Engl J Med, 352, 1425, 10.1056/NEJMoa050461
LaRosa, 1999, Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, JAMA, 282, 2340, 10.1001/jama.282.24.2340
Thompson, 2006, Associations between apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI, the apolipoprotein B/AI ratio and coronary heart disease: a literature-based meta-analysis of prospective studies, J Intern Med, 259, 481, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01644.x
Robinson, 2009, Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 53, 316, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.024
Dalen, 2014, Diets to prevent coronary heart disease 1957–2013: what have we learned?, Am J Med, 127, 364, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.014
Eckel, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 129, 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1
Mente, 2009, A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease, Arch Intern Med, 169, 659, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38
Chowdhury, 2014, Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 160, 398, 10.7326/M13-1788
Mozaffarian, 2010, Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, PLoS Med, 7, e1000252, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252
Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med, 368, 1279, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
de Lorgeril, 1999, Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study, Circulation, 99, 779, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.779
Mozaffarian, 2009, Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence, Eur J Clin Nutr, 63, S5, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602973
Brown, 1999, Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 30, 10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30
Hollaender, 2015, Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 102, 556, 10.3945/ajcn.115.109165
Gylling, 2014, Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis, 232, 346, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043
Musa-Veloso, 2011, A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 85, 9, 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.02.001
Lu, 2008, Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol, 101, 1689, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.056
Gordon, 2010, Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware, Arch Intern Med, 170, 1722, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.382
Li, 2014, A meta-analysis of red yeast rice: an effective and relatively safe alternative approach for dyslipidemia, PLoS One, 9, e98611, 10.1371/journal.pone.0098611
Dattilo, 1992, Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 56, 320, 10.1093/ajcn/56.2.320
Nordmann, 2006, Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med, 166, 285, 10.1001/archinte.166.3.285
Keys, 1984, Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 351, 10.1093/ajcn/40.2.351
Shaw, 2006, Exercise for overweight or obesity, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD003817
Dewell, 2006, Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 772, 10.1210/jc.2004-2350
Rimm, 1999, Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors, BMJ, 319, 1523, 10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523
Droste, 2013, A daily glass of red wine associated with lifestyle changes independently improves blood lipids in patients with carotid arteriosclerosis: results from a randomized controlled trial, Nutr J, 12, 147, 10.1186/1475-2891-12-147
Yu-Poth, 1999, Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 632, 10.1093/ajcn/69.4.632
Santos, 2012, Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors, Obes Rev, 13, 1048, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x
Rivellese, 2003, Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects, Atherosclerosis, 167, 149, 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00424-0
Harris, 1997, n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 65, 1645S, 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1645S
Stanhope, 2009, Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans, J Clin Invest, 119, 1322, 10.1172/JCI37385
Kelishadi, 2014, Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition, 30, 503, 10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.014
Gayet-Boyer, 2014, Is there a linear relationship between the dose of ruminant trans-fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy subjects: results from a systematic review and meta-regression of randomised clinical trials, Br J Nutr, 112, 1914, 10.1017/S0007114514002578
Kelley, 2009, Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: another look at a meta-analysis using prediction intervals, Prev Med, 49, 473, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.09.018
Kastorini, 2011, The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individuals, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 1299, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.073
Maeda, 2003, The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis, Prev Med, 37, 283, 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00110-5
Poli, 2008, Non-pharmacological control of plasma cholesterol levels, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 18, S1, 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.004
Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 1146, 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146
Micha, 2014, Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys, BMJ, 348, g2272, 10.1136/bmj.g2272
Griffin, 2013, Dietary cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein profiles: randomized-controlled trials, Curr Nutr Rep, 2, 274, 10.1007/s13668-013-0064-0
Ordovas, 2009, Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk: tools for primary prevention, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 1509S, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113E
Huffman, 2012, Exercise effects on lipids in persons with varying dietary patterns-does diet matter if they exercise? Responses in Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise I, Am Heart J, 164, 117, 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.04.014
Vessby, 2001, Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: the KANWU Study, Diabetologia, 44, 312, 10.1007/s001250051620
Rivellese, 2008, Effects of monounsaturated vs. saturated fat on postprandial lipemia and adipose tissue lipases in type 2 diabetes, Clin Nutr, 27, 133, 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.07.005
Jacobson, 2012, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: a review, J Clin Lipidol, 6, 5, 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.10.018
Liu, 2001, Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 560, 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.560
De Natale, 2009, Effects of a plant-based high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet versus high-monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet on postprandial lipids in type 2 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 32, 2168, 10.2337/dc09-0266
Stanhope, 2015, A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults, Am J Clin Nutr, 101, 1144, 10.3945/ajcn.114.100461
Kraus, 2002, Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins, N Engl J Med, 347, 1483, 10.1056/NEJMoa020194
Brien, 2011, Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies, BMJ, 342, d636, 10.1136/bmj.d636
Goff, 2013, Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 23, 1, 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.06.002
Bazzano, 2011, Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 21, 94, 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.012
Puzziferri, 2014, Long-term follow-up after bariatric surgery: a systematic review, JAMA, 312, 934, 10.1001/jama.2014.10706
Mozaffarian, 2013, Plasma phospholipid long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study, Ann Intern Med, 158, 515, 10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00003
Sirtori, 2009, Nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis prevention: focus on dietary proteins, Atherosclerosis, 203, 8, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.019
Lea, 2006, Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: results of a European post-launch monitoring programme, Food Chem Toxicol, 44, 1213, 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017
AbuMweis, 2010, β-glucan from barley and its lipid-lowering capacity: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, Eur J Clin Nutr, 64, 1472, 10.1038/ejcn.2010.178
Wolever, 2010, Physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 92, 723, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29174
Más, 1999, Effects of policosanol in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and additional coronary risk factors, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 65, 439, 10.1016/S0009-9236(99)70139-6
Reiner, 2005, Effects of rice policosanol on serum lipoproteins, homocysteine, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein in hypercholesterolaemic patients, Clin Drug Investig, 25, 701, 10.2165/00044011-200525110-00003
Lan, 2015, Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol, 161, 69, 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049
Weng, 2010, A systematic review and meta-analysis on the therapeutic equivalence of statins, J Clin Pharm Ther, 35, 139, 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01085.x
Chasman, 2012, Genetic determinants of statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial, Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 5, 257, 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.961144
Reiner, 2014, Resistance and intolerance to statins, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 24, 1057, 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.009
Gould, 1995, Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit. A new look at old data, Circulation, 91, 2274, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.8.2274
Gould, 1998, Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit: impact of statin trials, Circulation, 97, 946, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.10.946
Baigent, 2005, Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins, Lancet, 366, 1267, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1
Genser, 2006, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, statins and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis, Clin Res Cardiol, 95, 393, 10.1007/s00392-006-0403-x
Mills, 2011, Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials, QJM, 104, 109, 10.1093/qjmed/hcq165
Ray, 2010, Statins and all-cause mortality in high-risk primary prevention: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 65,229 participants, Arch Intern Med, 170, 1024, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.182
Taylor, 2013, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD004816
Davignon, 2004, Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins, Circulation, 109, III-39
Zhou, 2010, Pleiotropic effects of statins. Basic research and clinical perspectives, Circulation J, 74, 818, 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0110
Pedersen, 2010, Pleiotropic effects of statins: evidence against benefits beyond LDL-cholesterol lowering, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 10, 10, 10.2165/1158822-S0-000000000-00000
McGuinness, 2014, Statins for the treatment of dementia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD007514
Eslami, 2013, Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD008623
Kearney, 2012, Lack of effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on cancer: meta-analysis of individual data from 175,000 people in 27 randomised trials of statin therapy, PLoS One, 7, e29849, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029849
Nielsen, 2012, Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality, N Engl J Med, 367, 1792, 10.1056/NEJMoa1201735
Li, 2011, Statins for primary prevention of venous thromboembolism, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD008203
Raval, 2011, Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, CD008565
Gauthier, 2015, Statins and their effect on cognition: let's clear up the confusion, Can Pharm J (Ott), 148, 150, 10.1177/1715163515578692
Stroes, 2015, Ginsberg HN;, European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management, Eur Heart J, 36, 1012, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv043
Finegold, 2015, What proportion of symptomatic side-effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? A response to letters, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 22, 1328, 10.1177/2047487314550805
Naci, 2013, Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 6, 390, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
Bruckert, 2005, Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients—the PRIMO study, Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 19, 403, 10.1007/s10557-005-5686-z
Davidson, 2006, Statin safety: an appraisal from the adverse event reporting system, Am J Cardiol, 97, 32C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.008
Parker, 2013, Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function, Circulation, 127, 96, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.136101
Moriarty, 2014, Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, in statin-intolerant patients: design and rationale of ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE, a randomized phase 3 trial, J Clin Lipidol, 8, 554, 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.09.007
Stroes, 2014, Anti-PCSK9 antibody effectively lowers cholesterol in patients with statin intolerance: the GAUSS-2 randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial of evolocumab, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 2541, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.019
Keating, 2013, Intermittent nondaily dosing strategies in patients with previous statin-induced myopathy, Ann Pharmacother, 47, 398, 10.1345/aph.1R509
Marcum, 2012, FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 10, 264, 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002
Chalasani, 2004, Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity, Gastroenterology, 126, 1287, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.015
Vuppalanchi, 2005, Patients with elevated baseline liver enzymes do not have higher frequency of hepatotoxicity from lovastatin than those with normal baseline liver enzymes, Am J Med Sci, 329, 62, 10.1097/00000441-200502000-00002
Dongiovanni, 2015, Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals, J Hepatol, 63, 705, 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.006
Sattar, 2010, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials, Lancet, 375, 735, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6
Preiss, 2011, Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 305, 2556, 10.1001/jama.2011.860
Waters, 2013, Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy: effect of baseline risk factors for diabetes, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 148, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.042
Palmer, 2014, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD005019
Sidaway, 2004, Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase reduce receptor-mediated endocytosis in opossum kidney cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 2258, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000138236.82706.EE
Davidson, 2004, Rosuvastatin safety: lessons from the FDA review and post-approval surveillance, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 3, 547, 10.1517/14740338.3.6.547
Egan, 2011, Weighing the benefits of high-dose simvastatin against the risk of myopathy, N Engl J Med, 365, 285, 10.1056/NEJMp1106689
Wiklund, 2013, Monitoring of lipids, enzymes, and creatine kinase in patients on lipid-lowering drug therapy, Curr Cardiol Rep, 15, 397, 10.1007/s11886-013-0397-8
Holoshitz, 2008, Relative safety of gemfibrozil and fenofibrate in the absence of concomitant cerivastatin use, Am J Cardiol, 101, 95, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.057
Franssen, 2009, Combination statin-fibrate therapy: safety aspects, Diabetes Obes Metab, 11, 89, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00917.x
Guyton, 2007, Safety considerations with niacin therapy, Am J Cardiol, 99, 22C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.018
Cziraky, 2006, Statin safety: an assessment using an administrative claims database, Am J Cardiol, 97, 61C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.011
Ooi, 2014, Colesevelam for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review, Diabet Med, 31, 2, 10.1111/dme.12295
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, 1984, I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease, JAMA, 251, 351, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340270029025
1983, Pre-entry characteristics of participants in the Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, J Chronic Dis, 36, 467, 10.1016/0021-9681(83)90138-8
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, 1992, Results of 6 years of post-trial follow-up. The Lipid Research Clinics Investigators, Arch Intern Med, 152, 1399, 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400190041009
He, 2014, Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 104, 401, 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.033
Rossebø, 2008, Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med, 359, 1343, 10.1056/NEJMoa0804602
2010, Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease, Am Heart J, 160, 785, 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.08.012
Won, 2014, Inactivating mutations in NPC1L1 and protection from coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 371, 2072, 10.1056/NEJMoa1405386
Tsujita, 2015, Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, 495, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065
Abifadel, 2003, Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia, Nat Genet, 34, 154, 10.1038/ng1161
Norata, 2014, Targeting PCSK9 for hypercholesterolemia, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 54, 273, 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140025
Navarese, 2016, Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies for acute coronary syndrome: a narrative review, Ann Intern Med, 164, 600, 10.7326/M15-2994
Zhang, 2016, Comparative efficacy and safety of everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffold versus everolimus-eluting metallic stents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 164, 752, 10.7326/M16-0006
Boden, 2011, Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy, N Engl J Med, 365, 2255, 10.1056/NEJMoa1107579
GroupLandray, 2014, Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients, N Engl J Med, 371, 203, 10.1056/NEJMoa1300955
Jones, 2013, Role of colesevelam in combination lipid-lowering therapy, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 13, 315, 10.1007/s40256-013-0037-0
Abumweis, 2008, Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Food Nutr Res, 52
Tyroler, 1984, Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. An overview of Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) epidemiologic studies as background for the LRC Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, Am J Cardiol, 54, 14C, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90851-8
Canner, 1986, Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin, J Am Coll Cardiol, 8, 1245, 10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80293-5
Kotseva, 2009, a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 16, 121, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283294b1d
Berglund, 2012, Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, 2969, 10.1210/jc.2011-3213
Chapman, 2011, Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management, Eur Heart J, 32, 1345, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112
Keech, 2005, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 366, 1849, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67667-2
Ginsberg, 2010, Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 362, 1563, 10.1056/NEJMoa1001282
Chapman, 2010, Niacin and fibrates in atherogenic dyslipidemia: pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular risk, Pharmacol Ther, 126, 314, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.008
Catapano, 2014, Combination therapy in dyslipidemia: where are we now?, Atherosclerosis, 237, 319, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.026
Frick, 1987, Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 317, 1237, 10.1056/NEJM198711123172001
Rubins, 1999, Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group, N Engl J Med, 341, 410, 10.1056/NEJM199908053410604
Lipids and lipoproteins in symptomatic coronary heart disease, 1992, Distribution, intercorrelations, and significance for risk classification in 6,700 men and 1,500 women. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group, Israel, Circulation, 86, 839, 10.1161/01.CIR.86.3.839
Keene, 2014, Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients, BMJ, 349, g4379, 10.1136/bmj.g4379
Ip, 2015, Effects of add-on lipid-modifying therapy on top of background statin treatment on major cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Int J Cardiol, 191, 138, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.228
Jun, 2010, Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 375, 1875, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60656-3
Lee, 2011, Efficacy of fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction in persons with atherogenic dyslipidemia: a meta-analysis, Atherosclerosis, 217, 492, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.020
Bruckert, 2011, Fibrates effect on cardiovascular risk is greater in patients with high triglyceride levels or atherogenic dyslipidemia profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 57, 267, 10.1097/FJC.0b013e318202709f
Davidson, 2007, Safety considerations with fibrate therapy, Am J Cardiol, 99, 3C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.016
Jun, 2012, Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 2061, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.049
Taskinen, 2009, Relationships of HDL cholesterol, ApoA-I, and ApoA-II with homocysteine and creatinine in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with fenofibrate, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 29, 950, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.178228
Herrmann, 2012, Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: insights from the FIELD study, Clin Chem Lab Med, 50, 2213, 10.1515/cclm-2012-0078
Bruckert, 2010, Meta-analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 210, 353, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.023
Brown, 2008, Nicotinic acid, alone and in combinations, for reduction of cardiovascular risk, Am J Cardiol, 101, 58B, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.039
Balk, 2006, Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review, Atherosclerosis, 189, 19, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012
Ballantyne, 2012, Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study), Am J Cardiol, 110, 984, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.031
Bays, 2011, Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial), Am J Cardiol, 108, 682, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.04.015
Kastelein, 2014, Omega-3 free fatty acids for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia: the EpanoVa fOr Lowering Very high triglyceridEs (EVOLVE) trial, J Clin Lipidol, 8, 94, 10.1016/j.jacl.2013.10.003
Wei, 2011, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 13, 474, 10.1007/s11883-011-0210-3
Kotwal, 2012, Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 5, 808, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966168
Yokoyama, 2007, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis, Lancet, 369, 1090, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3
Hooper, 2006, Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review, BMJ, 332, 752, 10.1136/bmj.38755.366331.2F
Marchioli, 2002, Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione, Circulation, 105, 1897, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2
Brasky, 2013, Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial, J Natl Cancer Inst, 105, 1132, 10.1093/jnci/djt174
Nicholls, 2007, Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis, JAMA, 297, 499, 10.1001/jama.297.5.499
Barter, 2010, Effect of statins on HDL-C: a complex process unrelated to changes in LDL-C: analysis of the VOYAGER Database, J Lipid Res, 51, 1546, 10.1194/jlr.P002816
Barter, 2007, HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 357, 1301, 10.1056/NEJMoa064278
Fruchart, 2008, The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patient, Diab Vasc Dis Res, 5, 319, 10.3132/dvdr.2008.046
Barter, 2007, Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events, N Engl J Med, 357, 2109, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706628
Willer, 2013, Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels, Nat Genet, 45, 1274, 10.1038/ng.2797
Veerkamp, 2002, Diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidemia based on lipid phenotype expression in 32 families: results of a 5-year follow-up study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 22, 274, 10.1161/hq0202.104059
Benn, 2012, Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Danish general population: prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, 3956, 10.1210/jc.2012-1563
de Ferranti, 2016, Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), Circulation, 133, 1067, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791
Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia, 1991, Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group, BMJ, 303, 893, 10.1136/bmj.303.6807.893
World Health Organization, 1999
Defesche, 2004, Advanced method for the identification of patients with inherited hypercholesterolemia, Semin Vasc Med, 4, 59, 10.1055/s-2004-822987
Cuchel, 2014, Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society, Eur Heart J, 35, 2146, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu274
Wiegman, 2015, Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment, Eur Heart J, 36, 2425, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157
Johansen, 2011, An increased burden of common and rare lipid-associated risk alleles contributes to the phenotypic spectrum of hypertriglyceridemia, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31, 1916, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.226365
Gaudet, 2013, Efficacy and long-term safety of alipogene tiparvovec (AAV1-LPLS447X) gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency: an open-label trial, Gene Ther, 20, 361, 10.1038/gt.2012.43
Huff, 2013, Apolipoprotein C-III: going back to the future for a lipid drug target, Circ Res, 112, 1405, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301464
Lindkvist, 2012, A prospective cohort study on risk of acute pancreatitis related to serum triglycerides, cholesterol and fasting glucose, Pancreatology, 12, 317, 10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.002
Ewald, 2009, Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis: presentation and management, Curr Opin Lipidol, 20, 497, 10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283319a1d
Reiner, 2014, Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency—an under-recognized cause of dyslipidaemia and liver dysfunction, Atherosclerosis, 235, 21, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.003
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011, Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report, Pediatrics, 128, S213
Reiner, 2014, Impact of early evidence of atherosclerotic changes on early treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, Circ Res, 114, 233, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.302952
Jonsdottir, 2002, Do lipids, blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking confer equal risk of myocardial infarction in women as in men? The Reykjavik Study, J Cardiovasc Risk, 9, 67, 10.1177/174182670200900201
Falk, 2013, Update on acute coronary syndromes: the pathologists' view, Eur Heart J, 34, 719, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs411
d'Emden, 2014, Favourable effects of fenofibrate on lipids and cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes: results from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, Diabetologia, 57, 2296, 10.1007/s00125-014-3344-3
Spitzer, 2002, Myocardial infarction and third generation oral contraceptives: aggregation of recent studies, Human Reprod, 17, 2307, 10.1093/humrep/17.9.2307
Shufelt, 2009, Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 53, 221, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.042
Manson, 2003, Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 349, 523, 10.1056/NEJMoa030808
Rosengren, 2012, Better treatment and improved prognosis in elderly patients with AMI: but do registers tell the whole truth?, Eur Heart J, 33, 562, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr364
Gale, 2012, Resolving inequalities in care? Reduced mortality in the elderly after acute coronary syndromes. The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project 2003–2010, Eur Heart J, 33, 630, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr381
Lewington, 2007, Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths, Lancet, 370, 1829, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4
Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice, 1998, Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other societies on coronary prevention, Eur Heart J, 19, 1434, 10.1053/euhj.1998.1243
Berry, 2012, Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease, N Engl J Med, 366, 321, 10.1056/NEJMoa1012848
Giang, 2013, Stroke and coronary heart disease: predictive power of standard risk factors into old age—long-term cumulative risk study among men in Gothenburg, Sweden, Eur Heart J, 34, 1068, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs458
Wilhelmsen, 2011, Factors associated with reaching 90 years of age: a study of men born in 1913 in Gothenburg, Sweden, J Intern Med, 269, 441, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02331.x
Reiner, 2014, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with statins in the elderly, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 16, 420, 10.1007/s11883-014-0420-6
Savarese, 2013, Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 2090, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.069
Downs, 1998, Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study, JAMA, 279, 1615, 10.1001/jama.279.20.1615
Glynn, 2010, Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 152, 488, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00005
Shepherd, 2002, Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 360, 1623, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11600-X
Deedwania, 2007, Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE), Circulation, 115, 700, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654756
Miettinen, 1997, Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Circulation, 96, 4211, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.12.4211
2002, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 360, 7, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3
Hunt, 2001, Benefits of pravastatin on cardiovascular events and mortality in older patients with coronary heart disease are equal to or exceed those seen in younger patients: results from the LIPID trial, Ann Intern Med, 134, 931, 10.7326/0003-4819-134-10-200105150-00007
Lewis, 1998, Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, Ann Intern Med, 129, 681, 10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00002
Wenger, 2007, Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease, Ann Intern Med, 147, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00002
Gränsbo, 2010, Cardiovascular and cancer mortality in very elderly post-myocardial infarction patients receiving statin treatment, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 1362, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.013
Zimmet, 2014, Diabetes: a 21st century challenge, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2, 56, 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70112-8
Seshasai, 2011, Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death, N Engl J Med, 364, 829, 10.1056/NEJMoa1008862
Gregg, 2014, Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010, N Engl J Med, 370, 1514, 10.1056/NEJMoa1310799
Sarwar, 2010, Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies, Lancet, 375, 2215, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9
Sattar, 2013, Revisiting the links between glycaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, Diabetologia, 56, 686, 10.1007/s00125-012-2817-5
Liu, 2007, Ten-year risk of cardiovascular incidence related to diabetes, prediabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, Am Heart J, 153, 552, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.003
Despres, 2012, Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update, Circulation, 126, 1301, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264
Donahoe, 2007, Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes, JAMA, 298, 765, 10.1001/jama.298.7.765
Tchernof, 2013, Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update, Physiol Rev, 93, 359, 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, 2014, The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in Europe: a collaborative analysis of ten large cohort studies, BMC Endocr Disord, 14, 9, 10.1186/1472-6823-14-9
Mottillo, 2010, The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 56, 1113, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034
Adiels, 2008, Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 28, 1225, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.160192
Taskinen, 2015, New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes, Atherosclerosis, 239, 483, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.039
Scott, 2009, Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, Diabetes Care, 32, 493, 10.2337/dc08-1543
Ballantyne, 2001, Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S, Circulation, 104, 3046, 10.1161/hc5001.100624
Saha, 2010, Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus—a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, Int J Cardiol, 141, 157, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.211
Ilanne-Parikka, 2008, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Diabetes Care, 31, 805, 10.2337/dc07-1117
Laing, 2003, Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes, Diabetologia, 46, 760, 10.1007/s00125-003-1116-6
Chillaron, 2014, Type 1 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk, Metabolism, 63, 181, 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.10.002
Collins, 2003, Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 361, 2005, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13636-7
Schwartz, 2001, Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 285, 1711, 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711
de Lemos, 2004, Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial, JAMA, 292, 1307, 10.1001/jama.292.11.1307
Ray, 2005, Early and late benefits of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 1405, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.077
Rizos, 2012, Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 308, 1024, 10.1001/2012.jama.11374
Schwartz, 2012, Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, N Engl J Med, 367, 2089, 10.1056/NEJMoa1206797
Di Sciascio, 2009, Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-RECAPTURE (Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty) Randomized Trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 558, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.028
Patti, 2011, Clinical benefit of statin pretreatment in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a collaborative patient-level meta-analysis of 13 randomized studies, Circulation, 123, 1622, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.002451
Briguori, 2009, Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) II trial: impact of a single high loading dose of atorvastatin on periprocedural myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 2157, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.005
Kim, 2010, Efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin loading before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the STATIN STEMI trial, JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 3, 332, 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.11.021
Gandhi, 2014, Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography, Am J Med, 127, 987, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.011
Kjekshus, 1997, The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease, J Card Fail, 3, 249, 10.1016/S1071-9164(97)90022-1
Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group, 1998, Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels, N Engl J Med, 339, 1349, 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902
Sacks, 1996, The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators, N Engl J Med, 335, 1001, 10.1056/NEJM199610033351401
Scirica, 2006, Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 2326, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.034
Khush, 2007, Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on hospitalizations for heart failure: subgroup analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study, Circulation, 115, 576, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.625574
Kjekshus, 2007, Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure, N Engl J Med, 357, 2248, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706201
GISSI-HF InvestigatorsTavazzi L, 2008, Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 1231, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61240-4
Rogers, 2014, Effect of rosuvastatin on repeat heart failure hospitalizations: the CORONA Trial (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure), JACC Heart Fail, 2, 289, 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.12.007
GISSI-HF InvestigatorsTavazzi L, 2008, Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 1223, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8
Cowell, 2005, A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med, 352, 2389, 10.1056/NEJMoa043876
Chan, 2010, Effect of lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the aortic stenosis progression observation: measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial, Circulation, 121, 306, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.900027
Arsenault, 2014, Impact of high-dose atorvastatin therapy and clinical risk factors on incident aortic valve stenosis in patients with cardiovascular disease (from TNT, IDEAL, and SPARCL), Am J Cardiol, 113, 1378, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.414
Milin, 2014, Insights into aortic sclerosis and its relationship with coronary artery disease, J Am Heart Assoc, 3, e001111, 10.1161/JAHA.114.001111
Antonini-Canterin, 2010, Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase inhibitors on the long-term progression of rheumatic mitral valve disease, Circulation, 121, 2130, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891598
Antonini-Canterin, 2003, Effect of statins on the progression of bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration, Am J Cardiol, 92, 1479, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.08.066
Goldberg, 2009, Risk factors for development of coronary artery disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus, J Rheumatol, 36, 2454, 10.3899/jrheum.090011
Ogdie, 2015, Risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study, Ann Rheum Dis, 74, 326, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205675
Peters, 2010, EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 325, 10.1136/ard.2009.113696
De Vera, 2011, Statin discontinuation and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study, Ann Rheum Dis, 70, 1020, 10.1136/ard.2010.142455
Barry, 2015, Guidelines for classification of acute kidney diseases and disorders, Nephron, 131, 221, 10.1159/000441425
Olechnowicz-Tietz, 2013, The risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease, Int Urol Nephrol, 45, 1605, 10.1007/s11255-013-0407-1
Franczyk-Skóra, 2013, Acute coronary syndromes in patients with chronic kidney disease, Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 11, 758, 10.2174/1570161111311050013
Gansevoort, 2013, Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention, Lancet, 382, 339, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60595-4
Matsushita, 2010, Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis, Lancet, 375, 2073, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5
Loncar, 2015, Impact of renal failure on all-cause mortality and other outcomes in patients treated by percutaneous coronary intervention, Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 108, 554, 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.06.001
Palmer, 2014, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD007784
Barylski, 2013, Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy–a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants, Pharmacol Res, 72, 35, 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.007
Wanner, 2005, Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis, N Engl J Med, 353, 238, 10.1056/NEJMoa043545
Fellström, 2009, Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis, N Engl J Med, 360, 1395, 10.1056/NEJMoa0810177
Baigent, 2011, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 377, 2181, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3
Erickson, 2013, Cost-effectiveness of statins for primary cardiovascular prevention in chronic kidney disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 1250, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.034
Tonelli, 2014, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members. Lipid management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline, Ann Intern Med, 160, 182, 10.7326/M13-2453
Kobashigawa, 1995, Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation, N Engl J Med, 333, 621, 10.1056/NEJM199509073331003
Wenke, 1997, Simvastatin reduces graft vessel disease and mortality after heart transplantation: a four-year randomized trial, Circulation, 96, 1398, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.5.1398
Page, 2005, Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part IV: drug-drug interactions, Circulation, 111, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000151805.86933.35
Navaneethan, 2009, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, CD005019
Shaw, 2009, The efficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe in cardiac transplant recipients taking cyclosporin, Transplantation, 87, 771, 10.1097/TP.0b013e318198d7d0
McDermott, 2003, Knowledge and attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease risk and prevention in patients with coronary or peripheral arterial disease, Arch Intern Med, 163, 2157, 10.1001/archinte.163.18.2157
Aung, 2007, Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000123
Kumbhani, 2014, Statin therapy and long-term adverse limb outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the REACH registry, Eur Heart J, 35, 2864, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu080
Westin, 2014, Association between statin medications and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 682, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.073
Amarenco, 2004, Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis, Stroke, 35, 2902, 10.1161/01.STR.0000147965.52712.fa
Huang, 2013, Effect of statin therapy on the progression of common carotid artery intima-media thickness: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Atheroscler Thromb, 20, 108, 10.5551/jat.14001
Tedeschi-Reiner, 2005, Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 96, 1107, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.070
Keech, 2007, Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 370, 1687, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61607-9
Chew, 2010, Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 363, 233, 10.1056/NEJMoa1001288
Golledge, 2006, Abdominal aortic aneurysm: pathogenesis and implications for management, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 2605, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000245819.32762.cb
Paraskevas, 2006, Can statins reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery?, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 32, 286, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.009
Durazzo, 2004, Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial, J Vasc Surg, 39, 967, 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.01.004
Schouten, 2009, Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery, N Engl J Med, 361, 980, 10.1056/NEJMoa0808207
Takagi, 2012, Effects of statin therapy on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational comparative studies, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 44, 287, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.021
Hackam, 2011, Statins and renovascular disease in the elderly: a population-based cohort study, Eur Heart J, 32, 598, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq452
Subherwal, 2015, Peripheral artery disease is a coronary heart disease risk equivalent among both men and women: results from a nationwide study, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 22, 317, 10.1177/2047487313519344
Amarenco, 2009, Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention, Lancet Neurol, 8, 453, 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70058-4
McKinney, 2012, Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials, Stroke, 43, 2149, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655894
Ridker, 2008, Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein, N Engl J Med, 359, 2195, 10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
Byington, 2001, Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project, Circulation, 103, 387, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.3.387
Bulbulia, 2011, Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 378, 2013, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61125-2
Amarenco, 2006, High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack, N Engl J Med, 355, 549, 10.1056/NEJMoa061894
Merwick Á, 2013, Reduction in early stroke risk in carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attack associated with statin treatment, Stroke, 44, 2814, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001576
Riddler, 2003, Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men, JAMA, 289, 2978, 10.1001/jama.289.22.2978
Hemkens, 2014, HIV infection and cardiovascular disease, Eur Heart J, 35, 1373, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht528
Islam, 2012, Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis, HIV Med, 13, 453, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x
Bavinger, 2013, Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV: a systematic review, PLoS One, 8, e59551, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059551
Triant, 2007, Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 2506, 10.1210/jc.2006-2190
Wohl, 2008, Ezetimibe alone reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 1105, 10.1086/592116
Calza, 2003, Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART, AIDS, 17, 851, 10.1097/00002030-200304110-00010
Correll, 2014, Cardiometabolic risk in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: baseline results from the RAISE-ETP study, JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 1350, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1314
Andrade, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with major mental illness: a possible role for statins, Bipolar Disord, 15, 813, 10.1111/bdi.12130
Tiihonen, 2009, 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study), Lancet, 374, 620, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60742-X
Laursen, 2011, Life expectancy among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, Schizophr Res, 131, 101, 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.008
Godin, 2014, Metabolic syndrome in a French cohort of patients with bipolar disorder: results from the FACE-BD cohort, J Clin Psychiatry, 75, 1078, 10.4088/JCP.14m09038
Lawrence, 2010, The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness, Can J Psychiatry, 55, 752, 10.1177/070674371005501202
Goldstein, 2009, Cardiovascular disease and hypertension among adults with bipolar I disorder in the United States, Bipolar Disord, 11, 657, 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00735.x
De Hert, 2009, Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Eur Psychiatry, 24, 412, 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.005
Ojala, 2008, Statins are effective in treating dyslipidemia among psychiatric patients using second-generation antipsychotic agents, J Psychopharmacol, 22, 33, 10.1177/0269881107077815
Mitchell, 2010, Do deficits in cardiac care influence high mortality rates in schizophrenia? A systematic review and pooled analysis, J Psychopharmacol, 24, 69, 10.1177/1359786810382056
Michie, 2013, The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions, Ann Behav Med, 46, 81, 10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
Craig, 2013, Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance, Int J Nurs Stud, 50, 587, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010
Benner, 2002, Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients, JAMA, 288, 455, 10.1001/jama.288.4.455
Chodick, 2008, Long-term persistence with statin treatment in a not-for-profit health maintenance organization: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Israel, Clin Ther, 30, 2167, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.11.012
Jackevicius, 2002, Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes, JAMA, 288, 462, 10.1001/jama.288.4.462
McGinnis, 2009, Statin adherence and mortality in patients enrolled in a secondary prevention program, Am J Manag Care, 15, 689
Bosworth, 2011, Medication adherence: a call for action, Am Heart J, 162, 412, 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.007
Hinchcliffe, 2011, Patient Adherence to Treatment with Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiff: Public Health Wales NHS Trust
Blackburn, 2005, Adherence to statins, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following a first cardiovascular event: a retrospective cohort study, Can J Cardiol, 21, 485
Wei, 2002, Adherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction: a six year follow up study, Heart, 88, 229, 10.1136/heart.88.3.229
Corrao, 2010, Results of a retrospective database analysis of adherence to statin therapy and risk of nonfatal ischemic heart disease in daily clinical practice in Italy, Clin Ther, 32, 300, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.02.004
Aubert, 2010, Is there a relationship between early statin compliance and a reduction in healthcare utilization?, Am J Manag Care, 16, 459
Sokol, 2005, Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost, Med Care, 43, 521, 10.1097/01.mlr.0000163641.86870.af
Naderi, 2012, Adherence to drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis on 376,162 patients, Am J Med, 125, 882, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.12.013
Wise, 2014, Open letter raises concerns about NICE guidance on statins, BMJ, 348, g3937, 10.1136/bmj.g3937
Abramson, 2013, Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin?, BMJ, 347, f6123, 10.1136/bmj.f6123
Huffman, 2014, Huffman and colleagues' response to Abramson and colleagues' article on statins in low risk people, BMJ, 348, g1520, 10.1136/bmj.g1520
Ajzen, 1991, The Theory of Planned Behaviour, Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50, 179, 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Becker, 1974, The Health Belief Model and personal health behaviour, Health Educ Monogr, 2, 324, 10.1177/109019817400200407
Rich, 2015, Theory of planned behavior and adherence in chronic illness: a meta-analysis, J Behav Med, 38, 673, 10.1007/s10865-015-9644-3
Kamran, 2014, Determinants of patient's adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients, Ann Med Health Sci Res, 4, 922, 10.4103/2141-9248.144914
Jackson, 2014, Applying COM-B to medication adherence, Eur Health Psychol, 16, 7
Michie, 2011, The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions, Implement Sci, 6, 42, 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
Mann, 2010, Predictors of nonadherence to statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Pharmacother, 44, 1410, 10.1345/aph.1P150
Latry, 2011, Adherence with statins in a real-life setting is better when associated cardiovascular risk factors increase: a cohort study, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 11, 46, 10.1186/1471-2261-11-46
Lewey, 2013, Gender and racial disparities in adherence to statin therapy: a meta-analysis, Am Heart J, 165, 665, 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.02.011
Harrison, 2013, Primary nonadherence to statin therapy: patients' perceptions, Am J Manag Care, 19, e133
DeWalt, 2011, Developing and testing the health literacy universal precautions toolkit, Nurs Outlook, 59, 85, 10.1016/j.outlook.2010.12.002
Rubak, 2005, Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Gen Pract, 55, 305
Bandura, 1997
Schedlbauer, 2010, Interventions to improve adherence to lipid lowering medication, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD004371
Nieuwlaat, 2014, Interventions for enhancing medication adherence, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD000011
Martin, 2015, Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 65, 1361, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.043
Thom, 2013, Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 310, 918, 10.1001/jama.2013.277064
Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 2071, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.021
Ryan, 2014, Interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers: an overview of systematic reviews, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD007768