2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk

2011

Gibbons, 2013, The next steps in developing clinical practice guidelines for prevention, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 1399, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.004

Gibbons, 2013, Refocusing the agenda on cardiovascular guidelines: an announcement from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 1396, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.003

Dawber, 1963, An approach to longitudinal studies in a community: the Framingham Study, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 107, 539, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13299.x

Fried, 1991, The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale, Ann Epidemiol, 1, 263, 10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-W

Kannel, 1979, An investigation of coronary heart disease in families. The Framingham offspring study, Am J Epidemiol, 110, 281, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112813

Friedman, 1988, CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects, J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 1105, 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90080-7

1989, The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. The ARIC investigators, Am J Epidemiol, 129, 687, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184

Buckley, 2009, C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Ann Intern Med, 151, 483, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00009

Empana, 2011, Predicting CHD risk in France: a pooled analysis of the D.E.S.I.R., Three City, PRIME, and SU.VI.MAX studies, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 18, 175, 10.1177/1741826710389354

Fowkes, 2008, Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 300, 197, 10.1001/jama.300.2.197

Helfand, 2009, Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Ann Intern Med, 151, 496, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00010

Kaptoge, 2010, C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis, Lancet, 375, 132, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7

Kashani, 2013, Improving assessment of cardiovascular disease risk by using family history: an integrative literature review, J Cardiovasc Nurs, 28, E18, 10.1097/JCN.0b013e318294b206

Moyer, 2013, Screening for peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement, Ann Intern Med, 159, 342, 10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00008

Peters, 2012, Improvements in risk stratification for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease by imaging subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review, Heart, 98, 177, 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300747

Schnell-Inderst, 2010, Prognostic value, clinical effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a marker for major cardiac events in asymptomatic individuals: a health technology assessment report, Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 26, 30, 10.1017/S0266462309990870

Den Ruijter, 2012, Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 308, 796, 10.1001/jama.2012.9630

Karp, 2004, Updated risk factor values and the ability of the multivariable risk score to predict coronary heart disease, Am J Epidemiol, 160, 707, 10.1093/aje/kwh258

Pencina, 2009, Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 119, 3078, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816694

Lloyd-Jones, 2006, Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age, Circulation, 113, 791, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548206

Lloyd-Jones, 2004, Framingham Risk Score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease, Am J Cardiol, 94, 20, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.023

1996, 27th Bethesda Conference. Matching the Intensity of Risk Factor Management with the Hazard for Coronary Disease Events. September 14-15, 1995, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 957

2002, Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report, Circulation, 106, 3143, 10.1161/circ.106.25.3143

Lackland, 2012, Inclusion of stroke in cardiovascular risk prediction instruments: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, 43, 1998, 10.1161/STR.0b013e31825bcdac

Shillinglaw, 2012, Use of global coronary heart disease risk assessment in practice: a cross-sectional survey of a sample of U.S. physicians, BMC Health Serv Res, 12, 20, 10.1186/1472-6963-12-20

Sheridan, 2008, Does the routine use of global coronary heart disease risk scores translate into clinical benefits or harms? A systematic review of the literature, BMC Health Serv Res, 8, 60, 10.1186/1472-6963-8-60

Sheridan, 2010, The effect of giving global coronary risk information to adults: a systematic review, Arch Intern Med, 170, 230, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.516

Redberg, 2009, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1364, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.005

2009, Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement, Ann Intern Med, 150, 396, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-6-200903170-00008

Perk, 2012, Eur Heart J, 33, 1635, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092

Anderson, 2013, 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult, Can J Cardiol, 29, 151, 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.032

Genest, 2009, 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult–2009 recommendations, Can J Cardiol, 25, 567, 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70715-9

2012

Go, 2013, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 127, e6

Greenland, 2003, Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events, JAMA, 290, 891, 10.1001/jama.290.7.891

Magnus, 2001, The real contribution of the major risk factors to the coronary epidemics: time to end the “only-50%” myth, Arch Intern Med, 161, 2657, 10.1001/archinte.161.22.2657

Ioannidis, 2011, Comparison of effect sizes associated with biomarkers reported in highly cited individual articles and in subsequent meta-analyses, JAMA, 305, 2200, 10.1001/jama.2011.713

Hlatky, 2009, Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 119, 2408, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192278

Di Angelantonio, 2009, Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease, JAMA, 302, 1993, 10.1001/jama.2009.1619

Kodama, 2009, Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 301, 2024, 10.1001/jama.2009.681

Sniderman, 2011, A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 4, 337, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.959247

Greenland, 2010, 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 56, e50, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.001

Stone, 2014, 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 2889, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002

Cavanaugh-Hussey, 2008, Who exceeds ATP-III risk thresholds? Systematic examination of the effect of varying age and risk factor levels in the ATP-III risk assessment tool, Prev Med, 47, 619, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.07.012

Marma, 2009, Systematic examination of the updated Framingham Heart Study general cardiovascular risk profile, Circulation, 120, 384, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.835470

Berry, 2008, Association of traditional risk factors with cardiovascular death across 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and >20 years follow-up in men and women, Am J Cardiol, 101, 89, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.079

Håheim, 2007, Predictiveness of body mass index for fatal coronary heart disease in men according to length of follow-up: a 21-year prospective cohort study, Scand J Public Health, 35, 4, 10.1080/14034940510032293

Jousilahti, 2003, Headache and the risk of stroke: a prospective observational cohort study among 35,056 Finnish men and women, Arch Intern Med, 163, 1058, 10.1001/archinte.163.9.1058

Liao, 1999, How generalizable are coronary risk prediction models? Comparison of Framingham and two national cohorts, Am Heart J, 137, 837, 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70407-2

Menotti, 2003, Coronary risk factors predicting early and late coronary deaths, Heart, 89, 19, 10.1136/heart.89.1.19

Wannamethee, 2005, Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Arch Intern Med, 165, 2644, 10.1001/archinte.165.22.2644

2011, Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report, Pediatrics, 128, S213

Jensen, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 2985, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004

Smith, 2011, AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 2432, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.824

Eckel, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 63, 2960, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003

Wilson, 1998, Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories, Circulation, 97, 1837, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1837

D'Agostino, 2008, General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 117, 743, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579

Assmann, 2002, Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study, Circulation, 105, 310, 10.1161/hc0302.102575

Hippisley-Cox, 2007, Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study, BMJ, 335, 136, 10.1136/bmj.39261.471806.55

Ridker, 2008, C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men, Circulation, 118, 2243, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814251

Ridker, 2007, Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score, JAMA, 297, 611, 10.1001/jama.297.6.611

Conroy, 2003, Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project, Eur Heart J, 24, 987, 10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3

Patel, 2009, J Am Coll Cardiol, 53, 530, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.005

Levey, 2009, A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate, Ann Intern Med, 150, 604, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006

Pencina, 2008, Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond, Stat Med, 27, 157, 10.1002/sim.2929