2 Measurement of gut hormone gene expression: mRNA and peptides

Finn C. Nielsen, Jens F. Rehfeld

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adam, 1985, Synthetic adjuvants, Modern Concepts of Immunology, 1, 1 Bardram, 1990, Progastrin in serum from Zollinger-Ellison patients: an indicator of malignancy?, Gastroenterology, 98, 1420, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91071-D Bardram, 1988, Processing-independent radioimmunoanalysis: a general analytical principle applied to progastrin and its products, Analytical Biochemistry, 175, 537, 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90580-5 Becker-André, 1989, Absolute mRNA quantification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A novel approach by a PCR aided/transcript titration assay (PATTY), Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 9437, 10.1093/nar/17.22.9437 Bell, 1980, Sequence of the human insulin gene, Nature, 284, 26, 10.1038/284026a0 Berk, 1977, Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids, Cell, 12, 721, 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0 Bernstein, 1989, Poly(A), poly(A) binding protein and the regulation of mRNA stability, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 14, 373, 10.1016/0968-0004(89)90011-X Bouaboula, 1992, Standardization of mRNA titration using a polymerase chain reaction method involving co-amplification with a multispecific internal control, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 21830, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)36687-6 Bourbonnais, 1993, Isolation and characterization of S. cerevisiae mutants detective in somatostatin expression: cloning and functional role of a yeast gene encoding an aspartyl protease in precursor processing at monobasic cleavage sites, EMBO Journal, 12, 285, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05655.x Brawerman, 1987, Determinants of mRNA stability, Cell, 48, 5, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90346-1 Brawerman, 1989, mRNA decay: Finding the right target, Cell, 57, 9, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90166-9 Brinster, 1981, Somatic expression of herpes thymidine kinase in mice following injection of a fusion gene into eggs, Cell, 27, 223, 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90376-7 Britten, 1988, Hybridization strategy, 3 Bu, 1991, Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates phosphorylation of the 25 kDa mRNA cap binding protein (elF-4E) in human lung fibroblasts, FEBS Letters, 283, 219, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80592-Q Chang, 1980, Structural organization of human genomic DNA encoding the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide, 77, 4890 Chelly, 1988, Transcription of the dystrophin gene in human muscle and non-muscle tissues, Nature, 333, 858, 10.1038/333858a0 Chelly, 1989, Illegitimate transcription: transcription of any gene in any cell type, 86, 2617 Chelly, 1991, Illegitimate transcription. Application to the analysis of truncated transcripts of the dystrophin gene in nonmuscle cultured cells from Duchenne and Becker patients, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 88, 1161, 10.1172/JCI115417 Chirgwin, 1979, Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease, Biochemistry, 18, 5294, 10.1021/bi00591a005 Cochet, 1982, Characterization of the structural gene and putative 5′-regulatory sequences for human proopiomelanocortin, Nature, 297, 335, 10.1038/297335a0 Comb, 1982, Primary structure of the human Met- and Leu-enkephalin precursor and its mRNA, Nature, 295, 663, 10.1038/295663a0 Devi, 1991, Consensus sequence for processing of peptide precursors at monobasic site, FEBS Letters, 2, 189, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80290-J Dockray, 1987, Post-translational processing of the porcine gastrin precursor by phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal fragment, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 8643, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47462-5 Duncan, 1987, Regulated phosphorylation and low abundance of Hela cell initiation factor elF-4F suggest a role in translational control. Heat shock effects on elF-4F, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 380, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75938-9 Durnam, 1983, A practical approach for quantitating specific mRNAs by solution hybridization, Analytical Biochemistry, 131, 385, 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90188-4 Eipper, 1987, Structure of the precursor to an enzyme mediating COOH-terminal amidation in peptide biosynthesis, Molecular Endocrinology, 1, 777, 10.1210/mend-1-11-777 Eipper, 1992, The biosynthesis of neuropeptides: peptide α-amidation, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 57, 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000421 Feinberg, 1983, A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity, Analytical Biochemistry, 132, 6, 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9 Felsenfeld, 1992, Chromatin as an essential part of the transcriptional mechanism, Nature, 355, 219, 10.1038/355219a0 Green, 1991, Biochemical mechanisms of constitutive and regulated pre-mRNA splicing, Annual Review of Cell Biology, 7, 559, 10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003015 Hadcock, 1989, Physiological regulation at the level of mRNA: analysis of steady-state levels of specific mRNAs by DNA-excess solution hybridization, American Journal of Physiology, 256, C457, 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.3.C457 Hamm, 1990, Monomethylated cap structures facilitate RNA export from the nucleus, Cell, 63, 109, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90292-M Haun, 1990, A transcriptional enhancer essential for the expression of the rat cholecystokinin gene contains a sequence identical to the -296 element of the human c-fos gene, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 15455, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55418-1 Heinrich, 1984, Glucagon gene sequence: four of six exons encode separate functional domains of rat preproglucagon, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259, 14082, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89859-3 Hiremath, 1985, Immunological detection of the messenger RNA cap-binding protein, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 7843, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39529-7 Hodges, 1992, Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing: a new tier for the control of gene expression, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 17, 77, 10.1016/0968-0004(92)90506-5 Horikawa, 1983, Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin B gene, Nature, 306, 611, 10.1038/306611a0 Hunt, 1988, Controlling mRNA lifespan, Nature, 334, 567, 10.1038/334567a0 Huttner, 1988, Protein sulfation on tyrosine, Modern Cell Biology, 6, 97 Itoh, 1983, Human preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide contains a novel PHI-27-like peptide, PHM-27, Nature, 304, 547, 10.1038/304547a0 Jackson, 1990, Do the Poly(A) tail and 3′ untranslated region control mRNA translation?, Cell, 62, 15, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90235-7 Jacobsen, 1990, Structures of neuropeptides and their precursors, 403 Jones, 1988, Trans-acting protein factors and the regulation of eukaryotic transcription: lessons from studies on DNA tumor viruses, Genes and Development, 2, 267, 10.1101/gad.2.3.267 Kelly, 1985, Pathways of protein secretion in eukaryotes, Science, 230, 25, 10.1126/science.2994224 Koromilas, 1992, mRNAs containing extensive secondary structure in their 5′ non-coding region translate efficiently in cells over-expressing initiation factor eIF-4E, EMBO Journal, 11, 4153, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05508.x Kozak, 1991, An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control, Journal of Cell Biology, 115, 887, 10.1083/jcb.115.4.887 Krieg, 1987, In vitro RNA synthesis with SP6 RNA polymerase, Methods in Enzymology, 155, 397, 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55027-3 Lamb, 1991, Diversity and specificity in transcriptional regulation: the benefits of heterotypic dimerization, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 10, 417, 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90167-T Larsson, 1977, Evidence for a common evolutionary origin of gastrin and cholecystokinin, Nature, 269, 335, 10.1038/269335a0 Leff, 1987, Splice commitment dictates neuron-specific alternative RNA processing in calcitonin-CGRP gene expression, Cell, 48, 517, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90202-9 Lehrach, 1977, RNA molecular weight determinations by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, a critical reexamination, Biochemistry, 16, 4743, 10.1021/bi00640a033 Leibold, 1988, Cytoplasmic protein binds in vitro to a highly conserved sequence in the 5′ untranslated region of ferritin heavy and light chain mRNAs, 85, 2171 Leiter, 1985, Exons of the human pancreatic polypeptide gene define functional domains of precursor, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 13013, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38830-0 Liddle, 1984, Bioassay of plasma cholecystokinin in rats: effects of food, trypsin inhibitor and alcohol, Gastroenterology, 87, 542, 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90524-9 Liddle, 1985, Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma: molecular forms, responses to feeding and relationship to gallbladder contraction, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 75, 1144, 10.1172/JCI111809 Loreni, 1992, Translational regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in Xenopus cultured cells: mRNA relocation between polysomes and RNP during nutritional shifts, European Journal of Biochemistry, 205, 1027, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16870.x Marino, 1989, Tumor necrosis factor induces phosphorylation of a 28-kDa mRNA cap-binding protein in human cervical carcinoma cells, 86, 8417 Marmur, 1961, Thermal renaturation of deoxynucleic acids, Journal of Molecular Biology, 3, 585, 10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80023-5 Martin, 1991, Simplified method for quantitating low abundance mRNA transcripts using commercially available molecular biology kits, Methods in Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2, 280 Milligan, 1989, Synthesis of small RNAs using T7 RNA polymerase, Methods in Enzymology, 180, 51, 10.1016/0076-6879(89)80091-6 Miner, 1991, Regulatory crosstalk at composite response elements, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 10, 423, 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90168-U Minth, 1986, Characterization, sequence, and expression of the cloned human neuropeptide Y gene, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 11974, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67189-3 Montiminy, 1984, Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin, 81, 3337 Morley, 1990, Differential stimulation of phosphorylation of initiation factors eIF-4F, eIF-4B, eIF-3, and ribosomal protein S6 by insulin and phorbolesters, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 10611, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86990-3 Mülner, 1988, A stem-loop in the 3′ untranslated region mediates iron dependent regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA stability in the cytoplasm, Cell, 53, 815, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90098-0 Nielsen, 1992, Endonucleolysis in the turnover of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 19404, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41790-5 Nielsen, 1990, Translational discrimination of mRNAs coding for human insulin-like growth factor II, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 13431, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77363-8 Noda, 1982, Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for bovine adrenal preproenkephalin, Nature, 295, 202, 10.1038/295202a0 Noda, 1982, Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene, Nature, 297, 431, 10.1038/297431a0 Ørskov, 1989, Complete sequences of glucagon-like peptide-1 from human and pig small intestine, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 12826, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51561-1 Proudfoot, 1989, How RNA polymerase II terminates transcription in higher eukaryotes, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 14, 105, 10.1016/0968-0004(89)90132-1 Rehfeld, 1988, Radioimmunoassay problems for gut hormones in the eighties, Advances in Metabolic Disorders, 11, 45, 10.1016/B978-0-12-027311-9.50005-6 Rehfeld, 1989, General characteristics of the diffuse peptide hormone systems, 1289 Rehfeld, 1991, Processing-independent analysis (PIA): a new analytical tool, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 51, 9, 10.3109/00365519109104591 Rehfeld, 1983, Residue-specific radioimmunoanalysis: a novel analytical tool, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 7, 161, 10.1016/0165-022X(83)90049-0 Richter, 1988, Information relay from gene to protein: the mRNP connection, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 13, 483, 10.1016/0968-0004(88)90236-8 Rigby, 1977, Labelling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I, Journal of Molecular Biology, 113, 237, 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3 Roeder, 1991, The complexities of eukaryotic transcription initiation: regulation of preinitiation complex assembly, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 10, 402, 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90164-Q Saiki, 1988, Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase, Science, 239, 487, 10.1126/science.2448875 1989 Sarkar, 1989, Access to a messenger RNA sequence or its protein product is not limited by tissue or species specificity, Science, 244, 331, 10.1126/science.2565599 Schwartz, 1986, The processing of peptide precursors: proline-directed arginyl cleavage and other monobasic processing mechanisms, FEBS Letters, 200, 1, 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80500-2 Shaw, 1986, A conserved AU sequence from the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation, Cell, 46, 659, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90341-7 Siebert, 1992, Competitive PCR, Nature, 359, 557, 10.1038/359557a0 Southern, 1975, Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis, Journal of Molecular Biology, 98, 503, 10.1016/S0022-2836(75)80083-0 Steiner, 1992, The new enzymology of precursor processing endoproteases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 23435, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35852-6 Studier, 1986, Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high level expression of cloned genes, Journal of Molecular Biology, 189, 113, 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90385-2 Takahashi, 1986, Structure of human cholecystokinin gene and its chromosomal location, Gene, 50, 353, 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90339-2 Takeuchi, 1986, Genes encoding pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y are on human chromosome 17 and 7, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 77, 1038, 10.1172/JCI112357 Treisman, 1985, Transient accumulation of c-fos RNA following serum stimulation requires a conserved 5′ element and c-fos 3′ sequences, Cell, 42, 889, 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90285-5 Tsukada, 1985, Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene, DNA, 4, 293, 10.1089/dna.1985.4.293 Tuazon, 1990, Association of initiation factor eIF-4E in a cap binding protein complex (eIF-4F) is critical for and enhances phosphorylation by protein kinase C, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 18, 10617, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86991-5 van Solinge, 1992, Co-transcription of the gastrin and cholecystokinin genes with selective translation of gastrin mRNA in a human gastric carcinoma cell line, FEBS Letters, 309, 47, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80736-Z van Solinge, 1993, Expression but incomplete maturation of progastrin in colorectal carcinomas, Gastroenterology, 104, 1099, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90279-L Wang, 1989, Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction, 86, 9717 Wiborg, 1984, Structure of a human gastrin gene, 81, 1067 Yalow, 1960, Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 39, 1157, 10.1172/JCI104130