13 Future directions: anti-hormones in reproductive medicine

Abbasi, 1986, Predicating the predisposition to osteoporosis: gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist for acute estrogen deficiency test, Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 1600, 10.1001/jama.1986.03370120078026 Akerlund, 1987, Inhibition of uterine contractions of premature labour with an oxytocin analogue. Results from a pilot study, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 94, 1040, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02287.x Aksel, 1986, Effects of clomiphene citrate on cytosolic estradiol and progesterone receptors concentrations in secretory endometrium, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 155, 1219, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90147-X Belisle, 1986, Clinical efficacy and safety of cyproterone acetate in severe hirsutism. Results of a multicentered Canadian study, Fertility and Sterility, 46, 1015, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49873-0 Benz, 1987, Effects of cis and trans tamoxifen isomers on RNA incorporation of human breast cancer cells, Molecular Pharmacology, 32, 13 Berquyst, 1979, Inhibition of ovulation in women by intranasal treatment with a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist, Contraception, 19, 497, 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90064-7 Biosselle, 1979, New therapeutic approach to the hirsute patient, Fertility and Sterility, 32, 276, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44232-9 Bowman, 1981, Time-related effects of enclomiphene upon central and peripheral oestrogen target tissues and cytoplasmic receptors, Journal of Endocrinology, 89, 117, 10.1677/joe.0.0890117 Brochu, 1987, Effects of flutamide and aminoglutethimide on plasma 5-α-reduced steroid glucuronide concentrations in castrated patients with cancer of the prostate, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 28, 619, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90388-8 Bygdeman, 1985, Progesterone receptor blockage: effect on uterine contractibility and early pregnancy, Contraception, 32, 45, 10.1016/0010-7824(85)90115-5 Cabrol, 1985, Induction of labour with mifepristone after intrauterine fetal death [letter], Lancet, ii, 1019, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90575-6 Cann, 1986, Reversible bone losses induced by GnRH agonist, Endocrine Society Carvalho, 1985, Ketoconazole for hirsutism, Lancet, ii, 560, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90505-7 Cedars, 1987, Treatment of endometriosis with a long-acting GnRH agonist and medroxyprogesterone acetate, Society for Gynecologic Investigation Cedars, 1988, Assessment of the role of abnormal adrenal androgen metabolism and the development of ovarian dysfunction present in polycystic ovarian disease, Society for Gynecologic Investigation Cetel, 1983, The dynamics of gonadotropin inhibition in women induced by an antagonistic analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 62, 10.1210/jcem-57-1-62 Chang, 1983, Steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease after ovarian suppression by a long acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 56, 897, 10.1210/jcem-56-5-897 Chetkowski, 1984, Origin of serum progestins and polycystic ovarian disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 64, 27 Chillik, 1986, RU 486 induced menses in cynomolgus monkeys: uniformity of endometrial sluffing, Fertility and Sterility, 45, 708, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49345-3 Chillik, 1987, Characterizing pituitary response to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in monkeys: tonic follicle stimulating hormones/luteinizing hormone secretion versus acute GnRH challenge tests before, during and after treatment, Fertility and Sterility, 48, 480, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59422-9 Clark, 1981, Agonistic and antagonistic effects of clomiphene and its isomers, Biology of Reproduction, 25, 667, 10.1095/biolreprod25.3.667 Coddington, 1986, A long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog used to treat uteri, Fertility and Sterility, 45, 624, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49332-5 Collins, 1986, Blockade of the spontaneous midcycle gonadotropin surge in monkeys by RU 486: a progesterone antagonist or agonist?, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 63, 1270, 10.1210/jcem-63-6-1270 Comite, 1986, Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog therapy for central precocious puberty, Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 2613, 10.1001/jama.1986.03370190097031 Couzinet, 1986, Comparative effects of cyproterone acetate or a long acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in polycystic ovarian disease, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 63, 1031, 10.1210/jcem-63-4-1031 Couzinet, 1986, Termination of early pregnancy by the progesterone antagonist RU 486 (mifepristone), New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 1565, 10.1056/NEJM198612183152501 Crowley, 1981, Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with a long-acting LH-RH agonist: a potential new treatment of idiopathic precocious puberty, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 52, 370, 10.1210/jcem-52-2-370 Cuhna, 1987, Teratogenic effects of clomiphene, tamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol on the developing human female genital tract, Human Pathology, 18, 1132, 10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80381-7 Dahl, 1988, Naturally occurring antihormones: secretion of FSH antagonists by women treated with a GnRH analog, Science, 239, 72, 10.1126/science.3122320 Denis, 1985, Clinical applications of ketoconazole in prostatic cancer, Progress in Clinical and Biologic Research, 185A, 319 De Ziegler, 1986, Hormone secretion patterns in polycystic ovarian disease during recovery from chronic ovarian suppression by a GnRH agonist, American Fertility Society Di Mattina, 1988, Ketoconazole inhibit multiple steroidogenic enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis in the human ovary, Fertility and Sterility, 49, 62, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59649-6 di Zerega, 1983, Activity of a human follicular fluid protein(s) during normal and stimulated ovarian cycles, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 838, 10.1210/jcem-57-4-838 Dodson, 1987, The effect of leuprolide acetate on ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin in polycystic ovary syndrome, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 65, 95, 10.1210/jcem-65-1-95 Foster, 1984, Variable response to a long-acting agonist of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in girls with McCune-Albright Syndrome, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59, 801, 10.1210/jcem-59-4-801 Frydman, 1986, Obstetrical indication of mifepristone (RU 486), Society for Advances in Contraception Garcia, 1977, The use of clomiphene citrate, Fertility and Sterility, 28, 707, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)42670-1 Geier, 1987, Estrogen receptor binding material in blood of patients after clomiphene citrate administration: determination by a radio-receptor assay, Fertility and Sterility, 46, 778, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59164-X Givens, 1985, Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone, Fertility and Sterility, 43, 841, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48609-7 Gravanis, 1985, Endometrial and pituitary responses to the steroidal antiprogestin RU 486 in post-menopausal women, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 60, 156, 10.1210/jcem-60-1-156 Hahn, 1987, Evaluation of 1-deamin-[D-Tyr (Oethyl), 2Thr4, Orn8]vasotocin, an oxytocin antagonist, in animal models of uterine contractility and preterm labor: a new tocolytic agent, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 157, 977, 10.1016/S0002-9378(87)80099-6 Hanzel, 1988, Administration of nasal nafarelin as compared with oral danazol for endometriosis: a multi-centered double-line comparative clinical trial, New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 45 Heber, 1982, Pituitary desensitization and the regulation of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors following chronic administration of a super active GnRH analog in testosterone, Life Sciences, 30, 2301, 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90257-0 Henderson, 1987, Antiprogestational and antiglucocorticoid activities of some novel 11b-aryl substituted steroids, 184 Hodgen, 1985, Pregnancy prevention by intravaginal delivery of progesterone antagonist: RU 486 tampon for menstrual induction and absorption, Fertility and Sterility, 454, 263, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48748-0 Holland, 1985, Ketoconazole in the management of precocious puberty not responsive to LHRH analog therapy, New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 1023, 10.1056/NEJM198504183121604 Huggins, 1941, Studies of prostate cancer. I. Effect of castration, estrogen and androgen injections on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, Cancer Research, 1, 293 Ismail, 1974, The evaluation of the role of androgens and hirsutism and the use of a new antiandrogen cyproterone acetate for therapy, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 39, 81, 10.1210/jcem-39-1-81 Jordan, 1976, Effect of tamoxifen on initiation and growth of DMBA-induced rate mammary carcinomata, European Journal of Cancer, 12, 419, 10.1016/0014-2964(76)90030-X Judd, 1987, Evidence against the involvement of opiate neurons in mediating the effect of clomiphene of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, Fertility and Sterility, 47, 574, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59105-5 Kangas, 1986, A new triphenylethylene compound, FC-1157a, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 17, 109, 10.1007/BF00306737 Kawai, 1987, Pharmacokinetic properties of the anti-glucocorticoid and antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 in man, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 241, 401 Kenigsberg, 1986, Ovulation inhibition by administration of weekly gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 62, 734, 10.1210/jcem-62-4-734 Kenigsberg, 1984, Medical hypophysectomy: I. Doseresponse using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, Fertility and Sterility, 42, 112, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47968-9 Kenigsberg, 1984, Medical hypophysectomy: II. Variability of ovarian response to gonadotropin therapy, Fertility and Sterility, 42, 116, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47969-0 Kennedy, 1987, Short-term administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog to a patient with a testosterone secreting ovarian, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 64, 1320, 10.1210/jcem-64-6-1320 Keri, 1983, Desensitization of luteinizing hormone release in cultured pituitary cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 30, 109, 10.1016/0303-7207(83)90205-8 Kessel, 1987, Clomiphene citrate augments follicle stimulating hormone induced luteinizing hormone receptor content in cultured rat granulosa cells, Fertility and Sterility, 47, 334, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)50015-6 Knuth, 1984, Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones in normal men, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59, 963, 10.1210/jcem-59-5-963 Koering, 1986, Morphologic response of endometrium to a progesterone receptor antagonist, RU 486, in monkeys, Fertility and Sterility, 45, 280, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49168-5 Kokko, 1981, Cyclic clomiphene citrate treatment lowers cytosol estrogen and progestin receptor concentrations in the endometrium of postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 52, 345, 10.1210/jcem-52-2-345 Kurachi, 1983, Congenital malformations of newborn infants after clomiphene-induced ovulation, Fertility and Sterility, 40, 187, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47235-3 Kurl, 1978, Differential depletion of cytoplasmic high infinity oestrogen receptors after the in vivo administration of the anti-oestrogens, clomiphene, MER-25 and tamoxifen, British Journal of Pharmacology, 62, 487, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb07752.x Labrie, 1987, Combination therapy with flutamide and castration (orchiectomy or LHRH agonist): the minimal endocrine therapy in both untreated and previously treated patients, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 27, 525, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90350-5 Laufer, 1982, The effect of clomiphene citrate on preovulatory rat follicles and culture, Biology of Reproduction, 27, 463, 10.1095/biolreprod27.2.463 Laufer, 1983, The in vivo and in vitro effects of clomiphene citrate on ovulation, fertilization, and development of culture mouse oocytes, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 147, 633, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90440-4 Lemay, 1987, Endometrial histology during intermittent intranasal luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist sequentially combined with an oral progestogen as an antiovulatory contraception approach, Fertility and Sterility, 48, 775, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59529-6 Lobo, 1982, Clinical and laboratory predictors response, Fertility and Sterility, 37, 168, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46034-6 Lobo, 1983, Evidence for the importance of peripheral tissue events in the development of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 393, 10.1210/jcem-57-2-393 Lobo, 1985, The effects of two doses of spironolactone on serum androgens and anagen hair in hirsute women, Fertility and Sterility, 43, 200, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48373-1 Marut, 1982, Antiestrogenic action of high dose clomiphene in primates: pituitary augmentation but with ovarian attenuation, Fertility and Sterility, 38, 100, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46403-4 McLachlan, 1987, Circulating immunoactive inhibin in the luteal phase and early gestation of woman undergoing ovulation induction, Fertility and Sterility, 48, 1001, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59599-5 Meldrum, 1982, ‘Medical oophorectomy’: using a long-acting GnRH agonist: a possible new approach to the treatment of endometriosis, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 54, 1081, 10.1210/jcem-54-5-1081 Mikkelson, 1986, Single dose pharmacokinetics of clomiphene citrate in normal volunteers, Fertility and Sterility, 46, 392, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49574-9 Mishell, 1987, Termination of early gestation with the antiprogestin steroid RU 486: medium versus low-dose, Contraception, 35, 307, 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90068-0 Moguilewsky, 1987, Pharmacologic and clinical studies of the antiandrogen anandron, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 27, 871, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90162-2 Moorjani, 1987, Increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration following complete androgen blockade in men with prostatic carcinoma, Metabolism, 36, 244, 10.1016/0026-0495(87)90183-1 Navratil, 1987, Double-blind study of anandron versus placebo in stage D2 prostate cancer patients receiving buserelin Neumann, 1977, Pharmacology and potential use of cyproterone acetate, Hormone and Metabolic Research, 9, 1, 10.1055/s-0028-1093574 Neveu, 1987, Ovarian stimulation by a combination of a gonadotropin-releasing agonist and gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization, Fertility and Sterility, 47, 639, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59115-8 Nieman, 1985, Successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 536, 10.1210/jcem-61-3-536 Nimrod, 1980, Hormone-induced desensitization of cultured rat granulosa cells to FSH, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 92, 905, 10.1016/0006-291X(80)90788-3 Nuck, 1987, Epitestosterone: a potential new antiandrogen, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 89, 209, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470564 Peets, 1974, On the mechanism of the antiandrogenic action of flutamide in the rat, Endocrinology, 94, 532, 10.1210/endo-94-2-532 Philibert, 1985, Pharmacological profile of RU 486 in animals, 49 Pont, 1982, Ketoconazole blocks testosterone synthesis, Archives of Internal Medicine, 142, 2137, 10.1001/archinte.1982.00340250097015 Rabau, 1967, Current concepts in the treatment of anovulation, British Medical Journal, 4, 446, 10.1136/bmj.4.5577.446 Rittmaster, 1987, Hirsutism, Annals of Internal Medicine, 106, 95, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-1-95 Robertson, 1982, Tamoxifen antiestrogens—a comparison of the activity pharmacokinetics and metabolic activation of the cis and trans isomers of tamoxifen, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 16, 1, 10.1016/0022-4731(82)90137-6 Rose, 1977, Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia, Annals of Internal Medicine, 87, 398, 10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-398 Sammerstein, 1969, Mode of action of clomiphene. I. Inhibitory effect of clomiphene citrate on the formation of progesterone from acetate—1 14C by human corpus luteum slices in vitro, Acta Endocrinologica, 60, 635 Schmidt, 1986, The effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene citrates on mouse embryos fertilized in vitro and in vivo, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 154, 727, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90444-8 Schreiber, 1966, Studies with 14C labeled clomiphene citrate, Clinical Research, 14, 287 Schriock, 1985, Treatment of endometriosis with a potent agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (nafarelin), Fertility and Sterility, 44, 583, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48970-3 Scott, 1966, A new oral progestational steroid effective in treating prostatic cancer, Transaction of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, 58, 54 Serafini, 1985, The effects of spironolactone on adrenal steroidogenesis in hirsute women, Fertility and Sterility, 44, 595, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48972-7 Serafini, 1988, An alternate approach to controlled hyperstimulation in ‘poor responders’: pre-treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing analog, Fertility and Sterility, 49, 90, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59655-1 Smith, 1985, Clinical effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog in metastic carcinoma of the prostate, Urology, 25, 106, 10.1016/0090-4295(85)90523-0 Sogani, 1975, Advanced prostatic carcinoma: flutamide therapy after conventional endocrine treatment, Urology, 6, 164, 10.1016/0090-4295(75)90704-9 Sonino, 1987, The use of ketoconazole as an inhibitor of steroid production, New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 812, 10.1056/NEJM198709243171307 Sonino, 1985, Prolonged treatment of Cushing's disease by ketoconazole, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 718, 10.1210/jcem-61-4-718 Steingold, 1986, Treatment of severe androgen excess due to ovarian hyperthecosis with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing agonist, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 154, 1241, 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90706-4 Steingold, 1987, Treatment of endometriosis with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 69, 403 Steingold, 1987, Clinical and hormonal effects of chronic gonadotropin-releasing agonist treatment in polycystic ovarian disease, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 65, 773, 10.1210/jcem-65-4-773 Steingold, 1987, Effect of human pregnancy serum on the comparative bioavailability of progesterone and an antiprogesterone, RU 486, in the rat uterus versus liver, American Fertility Society Steingold, 1988, Increasing the bioavailability of a progesterone antagonist: binding of RU 486 to α-1 acid glycoprotein and displacement by promethazine, Society of Gynecologic Investigation Surrey, 1988, Effects of combined norethindrone and GnRH agonist in treatment of endometriosis, Society for Gynecologic Investigation Taguchi, 1985, Reproductive tract abnormalities in female mice treated neonatally with tamoxifen, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 151, 675, 10.1016/0002-9378(85)90163-2 Tenover, 1987, Serum bioactive and immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the response to clomiphene in healthy young and elderly men, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 64, 1103, 10.1210/jcem-64-6-1103 Tummon, 1987, Effect of ovarian suppression with GnRH agonist or danazol on bone mineral density in endometriosis, American Fertility Society Vacquez, 1987, Studies on the mechanism of the antiandrogenic effect of a putative 5-α reductase inhibitor, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 28, 227, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90381-5 Werlin, 1983, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist suppresses ovulation, menses, and endometriosis in monkeys: an individualized, intermittent regimen, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 56, 844, 10.1210/jcem-56-4-844 Wolf, 1988, Transplacental passage of a progesterone antagonist in monkeys, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90528-5 Wolf, 1988, Progesterone antagonist (RU 486) for cervical dilation, labor induction and delivery in monkeys: effectiveness in combination with oxytocin, Society for Gynecologic Investigation Yoshimura, 1986, Effect of clomiphene citrate on in vitro ovulated ova, Fertility and Sterility, 45, 800, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49396-9 Yoshimura, 1987, Estradiol reserves the limiting effects of clomiphene citrate on early embryonic development in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary, Fertility and Sterility, 48, 1030, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59604-6