1 Pathophysiology of portal hypertension

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administration corrects vasodilatation and systemic capillary hypotension, and ameliorates plasma volume expansion and sodium retention in portal hypertensive rats, Hepatology, 17, 84, 10.1002/hep.1840170116 van Leeuwen, 1991, Portal hypertension in chronic hepatitis: relationship to morphological changes, Gut, 31, 339, 10.1136/gut.31.3.339 Lieber, 1976, Portal hypertension in experimental alcoholic liver injury, Clinical Research, 24, 478(a Liebermann, 1967, Plasma volume in cirrhosis of the liver, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46, 1279, 10.1172/JCI105622 Lopez-Talavera, 1995, Tumor necrosis factor α: a major contributor to the hyperdynamic circulation in prehepatic portal-hypertensive rats, Gastroenterology, 108, 761, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90449-2 Lopez-Talavera, 1996, Thalidomide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α, decreases nitric oxide synthesis and ameliorates the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome in portal hypertensive rats, Hepatology, 23, 1616 Mittal, 1994, Nitric oxide modulates vascular tone in normal rat liver, American Journal of Physiology, 267, G416 Mosca, 1992, Pharmacology of portal-systemic collaterals in portal hypertensive rats: role of endothelium, American Journal of Physiology, 263, G544 Pinzani, 1992, Fat-storing cells as liver-specific pericytes—spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intracellular calcium transients, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 90, 642, 10.1172/JCI115905 Pizcueta, 1991, Glucagon hinders the effects of somatostatin on portal hypertension, Gastroenterology, 101, 1710, 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90411-D Pizcueta, 1995, Decreased systemic vascular sensitivity to norepineprine in portal hypertensive rats: role of hyperglucagonemia, American Journal of Physiology, 258, G191 Polio, 1986, Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: a pathophysiologic approach to treatment, 6, 318 Popper, 1958, Pathological aspects of cirrhosis, American Journal of Medicine, 24, 593, 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vasopressors in mesenteric vessels of portal hypertensive rats, Gastroenterology, 103, 235, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91118-N Sieber, 1992, In vitro hyporeactivity to methoxamine in portal hypertensive rats: reversal by nitric oxide blockade, American Journal of Physiology, 262, G996 Sikuler, 1986, Hemodynamic studies in long- and short-term portal hypertensive rats: the relation of systemic glucagon levels, Hepatology, 6, 414, 10.1002/hep.1840060315 Sikuler, 1985, Evolution of portal hypertension and mechanisms involved in its maintenance in a rat model, American Journal of Physiology, 248, G618 Sitzmann, 1993, Effect of portosystemic shunting on PGI2 and glucagon levels in humans, Annals of Surgery, 217, 248, 10.1097/00000658-199303000-00006 Vallance, 1991, Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a role for nitric oxide?, Lancet, 337, 776, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91384-7 Vane, 1990, Regulatory functions of vascular endothelium, New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 27, 10.1056/NEJM199007053230106 Wu, 1993, Effects of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase inhition on splanchnic hemodynamics in portal hypertension, Hepatology, 18, 1416, 10.1002/hep.1840180621